ECE 4363/5363 Optical Engineering

Spring 2013 Lecture 14 27 March 2013

Last class Semiconductor Photodetectors Optical Receivers Today Point-to-point link power budget analysis Optical Amplifiers Test and measurement

Point-to-Point Digital Transmission Links

Link Requirements:
Transmission Distance Data Rate or Bandwidth A designer has the choice of the following:

1) Fiber Multimode or single-mode Core size and refractive index profile Attenuation Numerical aperture

2) Source Laser diode or LED Emission wavelength Spectral width Output power Speed (bandwidth) Effective emitting area Emission pattern

3) Detector Sensitivity (or responsivity) Speed (bandwidth) Operating

Model for a Point-to-Point Link

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Link Power Budget Analysis

PS - PR [ f L + m(lc) + n(lsp) + system margin ] where f = fiber attenuation (dB/km) L = fiber length (km) m = number of connectors lc = loss per connector (dB) n = number of splices lsp = loss per splice (dB) PS = source output power (dBm) PR = receiver sensitivity (dBm)

System Margin
System margin is typically specified at 6 to 8 dB to allow for new components, component aging, and temperature fluctuations.

Link Rise Time Budget

One accepted method for determining the dispersion limitiation of a fiber optic transmission system is to calculate the system rise time, tsys, and ensure that it does not exceed 70% of the NRZ bit period. tsys = [ ( ttx)2 + ( tGVD)2 + ( tmod)2 + ( trx)2 ]1/2

where ttx = transmitter rise time (spec'd by

manufacturer) tmat = material dispersion rise time = DL or tGVD = group-velocity dispersion |D|L where D = material dispersion = source spectral width L = fiber length tmod = modal rise time 0 for single-mode fiber trx = receiver rise time (spec'd by manufacturer)

Purposes of Timing
To allow the signal to be sampled by the receiver at the time when the SNR is at a maximum To maintain proper pulse spacing To indicate the start and end of each timing interval

Signal Coding

From: Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, R. Ramaswami and K. N. Kumar, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., 1998.

Signal Coding

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Example
A 1550 nm single-mode digital fiber optic link needs to operate at 622 Mb/s over 80 km without amplifiers. A single-mode InGaAsP laser launches an average optical power of 0 dBm into the fiber. The fiber has a loss of 0.25 dB/km, and there is a splice with a loss of 0.1 dB every km. The coupling loss at the receiver is 0.5 dB, and the receiver uses an InGaAs APD with a sensitivity of 39 dBm. a) Find the system margin. b) Find the system margin at 2.5 Gb/s with an APD sensitivity of 31 dBm.

Solution
PS - PR [ f L + m(lc) + n(lsp) + system margin ] so we can calculate the system margin from system margin PS - PR - f L - m(lc) - n(lsp) where PS = 0 dBm f = 0.25 dB/km L = 80 km m=1 lc = 0.5 dB n = 79 lsp = 0.1 dB

Solution (continued)
a) PR = 39 dBm for a data rate of 622 Mb/s
system margin 0 dBm (-39 dBm) (0.25 dB/km)(80 km) (1)(0.5 dB) (79)(0.1 dB) system margin 10.6 dB, which is very respectable

b) PR = 31 dBm for a data rate of 2.5 Gb/s

system margin 0 dBm (-31 dBm) (0.25 dB/km)(80 km) (1)(0.5 dB) (79)(0.1 dB) system margin 2.6 dB, which is really not good enough to ensure long-term, problem-free operation of the link

Example
You are assisting with the design of an OC-192 fiber optic transmission link. Given a 1550 nm laser diode with a rise time of 25 ps and a spectral width of 0.1 nm, and a receiver with a rise time of 25 ps: a) Determine the maximum dispersion-limited transmission distance through a fiber optimized for a 1310 nm source (assume a material dispersion of 15 ps/nm-km). b) Determine the maximum dispersion-limited transmission distance through a dispersion-shifted fiber optimized for a 1550 nm source (assume a material dispersion of 2 ps/nm-km).

Solution
2 2 2 2 tsys = ( ttx ) + ( tGVD ) + ( tmod ) + ( trx ) substituting for tGVD = D L 2 2 2 1 2

tsys = ( ttx ) + ( D L ) + ( tmod ) + ( trx ) and solving for L

2

( t ) ( t ) 2 ( t ) 2 ( t ) 2 sys tx rx mod L= D
2

Solution (continued)
From the problem statement, ttx = 25 ps tmod 0 trx = 25 ps = 0.1 nm For an OC-192, the data rate is approximately 10 Gb/s, so the NRZ bit period is Tb= 1x10-10 s = 100 ps. Thus, tsys should not exceed 70% of Tb, so set tsys=70 ps.

Solution (continued)
a) transmission through a fiber optimized for a 1310 nm source with D = 15 ps / nm km. Lmax ( 70 ps ) ( 25 ps ) ( 25 ps ) = (15 ps / nm km )( 0.1nm )
2 2 2 1 2

Lmax = 40.28km b) transmission through a dispersion-shifted fiber optimized for a 1550 nm source with D = 2 ps / nm - km. Lmax ( 70 ps ) ( 25 ps ) ( 25 ps ) = ( 2 ps / nm km )( 0.1nm )
2 2 2 1 2

Lmax = 302.08km

Optical Amplifiers

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Basic Operation

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Gain vs. Input Signal Power

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Energy-levels for EDFAs

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Gain Behavior

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Amplified-SpontaneousEmission (ASE) Noise

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

ASE vs. Pump Power

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

EDFA Noise

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Amplifier Cascades

From: Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, R. Ramaswami andK. N. Kumar, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., 1998.

SNR Degradation

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Power vs. Amplifier Spacing

From: Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, R. Ramaswami and K. N. Kumar, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., 1998.

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Gain Equalization

From: Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, R. Ramaswami and K. N. Kumar, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., 1998.

Automatic Gain Control (AGC)

From: Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, R. Ramaswami and K. N. Kumar, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., 1998.

Optical Supervisory Channel

From: Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, R. Ramaswami and K. N. Kumar, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., 1998.

Test & Measurement

Typical Problems
Low Levels
Patchcord TX Fiber Optic Cable Patchcord RX

Dirty Connectors Connectors not seated properly Pinched Fibers Tight bending radiuss Bad Patchcords Low Transmit Levels

Ferrule Must be Clean

Avoid Tight Bending Radiuss

Key/Keyway must be engaged in mating hardware Avoid Stress Points Tie wrap Cinched Tight, Must be Loose

Typical Problems
High Levels
Patchcord TX Fiber Optic Cable A Patchcord RX

Attenuators
High Transmit Levels (LASER) Not enough Loss in Fiber Plant
Barrel Type Variable Attenuator 3 to 30db Fixed Attenuator 5db increments

Screw adjustable Attenuator 3 to 30db

Typical Problems
No Receive Level
Patchcord TX Fiber Optic Cable Patchcord RX

Dirty Connectors Connectors not seated properly Bad Patchcord (Open) No Transmit Output Wrong Fiber

Ferrule Must be Clean

Avoid Tight Bending Radiuss

Key/Keyway must be engaged in mating hardware Avoid Stress Points Tie wrap Cinched Tight, Must be Loose

Optical Loss Measurements

Reference Measurement

Patchcord

Bulkhead Connection

Patchcord

850nm

Received Level Relative Reference Measurement

-15.0dBm Ref-0.00dBm 850nm

Light Source

Power Meter

Optical Loss Measurements

Attenuation Measurement ---Forward Direction
Bulkhead Connection Patchcord Fiber under test Loss 850nm Fiber Loss -5.00dBm 850nm Bulkhead Connection Patchcord

Light Source

Power Meter

Optical Loss Measurements

Attenuation Measurement ---Reverse Direction
Bulkhead Connection Patchcord Fiber under test Fiber Loss Loss -4.80dBm 850nm Bulkhead Connection Patchcord

850nm

Power Meter

Light Source

Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

OTDR Measurements

OTDR DEAD ZONES

Near End or Attenuation DZ Splice DZ Connector DZ End of Cable

OTDR Measurements
Optical Return Loss
Increases Bit Error Rates Increases Noise in Analog Systems Dirty Connectors also cause Reflections

----

Problems with Reflections

Large Reflection

Optical Return Loss

Small Reflection

Large Reflection

Flat Finish -14.5db PC Finish - 45db

Cleaved Fiber -14.5db

Pulse-Dispersion Measurements

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Chromatic Dispersion Measurement (phase-shift method)

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Optical Spectrum Analyzers

Characterization of optical sources EDFA gain and noise measurements

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

EDFA Gain Measurement

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

EDFA Noise Measurement

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Eye-Pattern Measurement

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Eye-Pattern Key Features

Opening (height) and width of the eye 20-80% rise and fall times for fiber systems (10-90% times are often obscured by noise and jitter effects) Overshoot on logic ones and zeros Undershoot on logic zero Jitter in the eye pattern

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

3-bit Long NRZ Combinations

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Eye Pattern Performance Parameters

From: Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, by Gerd Keiser, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

 Width and height of the eye opening defines best sampling time Noise margin (%) = (V1/V2)x100% Slope of the eye-pattern sides determines sensitivity to timing errors Timing jitter (%) = (T/Tb)x100% Nonlinearities of the channel transfer characteristics will create asymmetry in the eye-pattern

Next class
Geometrical optics Optical instruments