International Journal of CivilJOURNAL Engineering and (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 INTERNATIONAL OF Technology CIVIL ENGINEERING AND (Print),

, ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November December (2013), IAEME

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ISSN 0976 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November December, pp. 177-185 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.3277 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

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INTEGRATION OF SOIL AND LINEAMENT ON SUITABLE LANDFILL SITES SELECTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL AROUND MYSORE CITY, KARNATAKA, INDIA USING REMOTE SENSING & GIS TECHNIQUES
Basavarajappa H.T1,
1

Parviz Tazdari2,

Manjunatha M.C1

Centre for advanced studies in Precambrian Geology, Department of Studies in Earth Science, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570006, Karnataka, India 2 Khak Azma Oil Company, End of Shahre Ziba, 1487932571, Tehran, Iran

ABSTRACT Environmental appraisal is a complex process involving the interplay of geological, hydrological and several other environmental parameters including geospatial data of an urban area. This study aims to delineate the suitable landfill sites of municipal & industrial wastes in the city of Mysore, Karnataka, India through Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic information system (GIS) techniques along with Ground Truth Check (GTC). Mysore urban exhibits flat to gently undulating topography with an elevation varying from 700-725 m above MSL with a gentle slope towards the south. The perennial Cauvery River flows from west to east direction in the northern parts of the study area. The spectral signature of satellite images (7 bands) of IRS-1D, PAN+LISS-III including geo-spatial data from Survey of India (SoI) toposheet (scale-1:50,000) were processed using GIS (spatial analysis) to classify the study area into two zones i.e., buffer zone and core zone. Mysore is one of the major cities in Karnataka producing nearly 600 tons of solid wastes everyday that need more landfill sites in future due to increase in their volume. The existing waste treatment plant in the study area is operating within the core zone above a major lineament affecting the groundwater resource, human health and surrounding environment. The integration of Remote Sensing, GIS analysis and GPS survey demarcates seven alternative locations to the existing landfill site, considering the environmental, biophysical and socio-economical factors. Keywords: Soil, Lineament, Landfill Siting, Mysore City, RS & GIS.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November December (2013), IAEME 1. INTRODUCTION The rapid growth of population in a city demands for an increase in waste disposal and also larger area for disposal of effluent & toxic wastes from different sources (Allen et al, 1997; Azadhe and Basavarajappa, 2010, 2011). This becomes a major environmental issue posing threats to the existence of human being and surrounding environment (Kontos et al, 2005). Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS provide the alternative method of minimizing operational costs (Ogra, 2003; Kyessi & Mwakalinga, 2009) and digital data bank for long-term monitoring in suitable site selection and fast evaluation (Miles et al, 1999). Buffering is a spatial (proximity) analysis that generates a polygon around a point, line or polygon theme by locating boundaries at a specified distance (Adeofun et al, 2006 & Sani et al, 2010). Using spatial analysis, a buffer zone of 25km radius was created around the study area from the city centre (Krishna-Raja circle) for extensive study. Soil and lineament form the basic geological structures which are easily identifiable in the satellite imagery and helps in understanding the nature of lithology, to delineate the groundwater potential zones and also in landfill siting. The main factors considered to keep away the landfill sites are indicated as lakes, ponds, rivers, groundwater table, air quality index, geology, fault line, elevation, land use, habitation, highways and sensitive sites (Sumathi, 2006; Siddique et al, 1996; Basavarajappa et al, 2012). Mysore city is named as second cleanest city in 2010 by Nationwide Union Urban Development Ministry (NUUDM). Nearly 200 tons of solid waste is treated at the sewage farm (existing treatment plant at Vidhyaranyapuram) daily to produce compost, remaining nearly about 400 tons of garbage dumped as untreated. There will be a need to create a new landfill sites every few years due to increase in waste generation. The currently operating landfill site in the study area is located within the core zone and is rapidly running out of space. Hence, new landfill sites are needed urgently in the outskirts of core zone. The landfill sites should have sufficient capacity to meet the current and projected waste to be deposited within the next 10years. 2. STUDY AREA The study area is located between 120 18 31 N and 760 39 11 E with 25km radius from the centre of the city (Krishna-Raja Circle) (Fig.1). The total areal extent is 83.4 km2. The study area is classified into two zones viz., buffer zone and core zone for environmental appraisal. The extensive study was carried out in buffer zone (20.51 km2) while core zone (13.42 km2) for intensive study using visual image interpretation and thematic layers. Buffer zone also covers a small part of Mandya district in the northern part of the study area. The majority of the area is covered by agricultural fields with moderate plantations. The main crops grown are sugarcane, maize, ragi, paddy, jowar, vegetables and flowering plants etc. 3. CLIMATE AND RAINFALL The temperature ranges from 16.40C (Jan) to 340C (April). The maximum annual rainfall in the study area was 1295mm (year-1903) and the minimum was 412mm (year-1967). The normal annual rainfall exceeds 832mm (2012). The average wind velocity is 10.6 km/hr and the average annual humidity is 65%.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November December (2013), IAEME

Fig 1. Location Map of the Study Area

Table.1: Climatological Parameters of Mysore City Month Relative Temperature Rainfall (mm) Humidity (%) (0C) 17:30 8:30 Min. Max. Avg. no. of Rainy days January 30 75 16.4 28.3 0.4 February 25 69 18.2 31.2 0.4 March 21 71 20.2 33.5 0.9 April 34 75 21.4 34.0 4.6 May 51 79 21.2 32.6 8.1 June 66 81 20.2 28.9 5.5 July 70 84 19.7 27.3 7.5 August 67 84 19.6 27.3 7.5 September 61 83 19.3 28.7 7.8 October 61 85 19.6 28.4 9.0 November 54 80 18.3 27.4 4.6 December 43 78 16.5 27 0.9 Source: Department of Mines & Geology, Mysore (2005-10)

Norm al 4.3 6.6 13.2 63.5 151.1 60.5 69.1 87.1 117.1 153.7 71.6 11.9

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November December (2013), IAEME 4. METHODS & MATERIALS Factors considered for suitable landfill site are geological structure, bedrock and overburden lithology. Hydrological parameters including infiltration, percolation rates, pathways of rainwater passing through subsurfaces and hydrogeological characteristics. Topographic height above MSL, as surface slopes, exposure to the elements, particularly rain and wind were considered. Economic distances from waste sources, road networks, site access, management costs arising from the physical characteristics of the site etc (Allen & McCarthy, 1991). Satellite Imagery IRS-1D, PAN+LISS III, TM & ETM+ (year-2000), Path-144 & Row 51 with 52m resolution (USGS). Toposheets - TIFF Images of 57D/11, 57D/12, 57D/15, 57D/16 (scale-1:50,000) GIS Tools - ERDAS IMAGINE 9.2 & ArcGIS 9.2. GPS - A field survey using GPS (Garmin-12) was conducted to check the conditions of the suggested alternative sites and exact locations. 5. SOIL Mapping of soil in vegetated terrain and deriving information of soil types from satellite imagery is one of the advantages of Remote Sensing. To obtain more than three types of soil in a study, it demands wider area coverage. Leachate migration from the landfill could be a potential source of surface and sub-surface water contaminations. Clay soil is one of the best sites for landfill siting for the prevention of leachate problems. Clay pits are more suitable for depression type landfills whereas sand gravel pits should be avoided according to permeability, except when the bottom formations are impermeable (Azadhe et al, 2009). Following are the soil types identified in the study area (Fig.2). Clay soil is deep and moderately, well drained and slight salinity in particles. Clay-Mixed soil is deep and moderately, well drained with clayey soils of valleys with problems of drainage and slight salinity in particles. It is associated with deep, imperfectly drained, clayey over sandy soils. Clay-Skeletal soil is found to be very deep which is well-drained and has clayey soils on undulating interfluves with slight erosion. It is associated with shallow to excessively drained, gravelly clay soil which is moderately eroded. Rocky Land soil is associated with deep and moderately, gravelly clay soil on gently sloping interfluves and also slightly eroded in particles.

Fig 2. Soil Map of the Study Area

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November December (2013), IAEME 6. LINEAMENTS Faults are geological structures that cause limitation for siting a landfill (Gemitzi et al, 2007). The landfill site should be kept away at least about 100-200 m from any faults, fissures, joints, stream/lakes and other shear zones to avoid environmental damages of any area. Lineaments were digitized from the satellite imagery and are classified into minor, medium & major lineaments. The average direction of lineaments are towards NW, NE and SW direction; two major lineaments located towards NE and SW direction in the study area (fig. 3 & 4), (Basavarajappa et al, 2007, 2012).

Fig 3. Lineament Map of the Study Area

Fig 4. Lineament Map Overlaid on Satellite Imagery (IRS-1D) 7. FACTORS CONSIDERED The factors affect or interplay with other important parameters that should kept away at least about 100 m for landfill criteria (Church, 2002) such as environmental, biophysical, ecological (plant, animal habitat and bio-diversity), geology, elevation, land use, (climatic, local microclimate, air quality index, wind velocity, humidity, temperature), geotechnical (foundation characteristics, side slope stability relation, site design, mitigation of risks), socio-economic (noise, smell, dust,
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November December (2013), IAEME litter, vermin, insects, birds, visual impact, proximity to housing, domestic waterwells, highways, habitations, sensitive sites, distance from waste source, site access, management cost and physical characteristics of the site) (Chang et al, 2008; Rahman et al, 2008; Lunkapis 2010; Nishant 2010). 8. INTEGRATION OF LAYERS Integration of thematic map prepared from Remote Sensing & GIS, collateral data using GPS survey yields more accurate and effective results. The combinations of thematic layers were analyzed, interpreted, integrated and the following seven points were obtained as best sites having equal significance for proper way of scientific waste disposal in the buffer zone. Overlay and buffer analysis have been performed in ArcGIS 9.2. Landfill should be avoided in northern part due to the presence of major (Cauvery) lineament, however the waste disposal is possible in southern part due to the gneissic terrain with gentle slope area (Fig.5).

Fig 5. Integration Map of Soil and Lineament Layers Table.2.Newly selected landfill points (Fig.5) Site nos Latitude Longitude 1. 760 35 26 120 12 12 2. 760 37 09 120 11 53 3. 760 38 40 120 10 43 0 4. 76 40 16 120 13 00 5. 760 39 41 120 11 08 0 6. 76 41 55 120 12 11 0 7. 76 47 16 120 17 49 9. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Excellent groundwater potential zones are found in northern region (Cauvery river) while excellent to moderate found towards eastern and southern regions (Kabini river). The southern region is much drier when compared to the irrigation land in northern region. The existing landfill site is operating within the core zone just above a major lineament, affecting the groundwater table by adding effluents and toxic materials present in the huge wastes when heavy rainfall occurs (Azadhe &
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November December (2013), IAEME Basavarajappa, 2012). Selection of soils (clay) with less impermeability is an important factor for landfill. Transportation, natural drainage, vegetation cover, topography, geology, lineament, soil, and built-up area should be considered as important factors to keep away the newly selected disposal sites. The city wastes like medicare & biomedical wastes (from 8-10 major hospitals), chemical wastes (industries & factories) and green wastes (vegetables, cattle wastes & municipal wastes), should be treated individually in the suggested alternate sites due to their adverse effect on soil, water which is a difficult task to prevent. Waste management becomes less flexible due to the seasonal fluctuation in its volume. Environmental appraisal on waste disposal is more appropriate, based on geological, geotechnical, Remote Sensing, GIS and GPS survey study for rocky soil of gneissic terrains like Mysore city. All seven points were demarcated based on the study of advent high-tech tool of Remote Sensing, GIS and GPS survey to avoid most of the water bodies and seepage areas through the fractures and lineament zones around Mysore city (Basavarajappa et al, 2012). 10. CONCLUSIONS

Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS based approach provides a digital data bank for longterm monitor reducing the time, cost of site selection and fast evaluation. All the suggested sites were clay-rich environment and bare lands, based on the present investigation data. Solid wastes consist of everyday items such as product packaging, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, paint and batteries. Burning these, can generate energy reducing the volume of waste by up to 87%. The city waste should go from open dump to recycling at the source directly. Sorting of waste from city at the source level, allows the incineration of residuals minimizing the environmental burden. The crushed materials may used as good quality construction bricks by recycling methods. The best benefits of landfill is to dig a basin shape depression at certain depth to deposit huge solid wastes, it should be sealed in all directions except providing a pipe to generate GAS, BOOM energy to produce compost in low cost and other benefit to prevents greenhouse gases being emitted into the atmosphere. Implementation of recycling scheme where the papers are collected separately improves the material recovery of eco-friendly. The existing waste treatment plant is located within the core zone and operating above a major lineament blocking the movement of groundwater in the study area. At least 4 MW of electricity can be generated daily from 100 tons of solid waste with 5 acres of land in any one of the newly selected site, by adopting an advanced version of pyrolysis technology, which is an eco-friendly and cost-effective tool. Majority of the solid waste from construction and demolition of old buildings should be sorted, crushed using machines, later may used as good quality construction bricks by recycling methods. The existing treatment plant was set up in vidyaranyapuram in 1996, which produces unbearable stink emanating from these wastes proving a health hazard to the locals. Residents of JP Nagar, Vishveshwara Nagar and Vidyaranyapuram have been suffering from different ailments like nausea, eye infection, giddiness, headache and asthma. The existing treatment plant also burns plastic which emits bad smell and carbon dioxide. The presence of the plant is also said to have resulted in students dropping out of schools in the vicinity. Students are also under health risks. With accumulation of 12 lakh tons of garbage, over 2 lakh people living in the radius of 3 km are adversely affected. The existing treatment plant is located about 6 km from the centre of the study area with an area of 5 hectares. There is also a small vermin-composting is operational producing 5 tons/per day of solid wastes in the famous Mysore (Chamaraja Wodeyar) zoo.
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November December (2013), IAEME ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Authors are indepthly acknowledged to Prof. S. Sathyanarayan, Prof. S. Govindaiah, Chairman, DOS in Earth Science, University of Mysore, Mysore; Prof. R. Nagendra, Anna University, Chennai; UGC, New Delhi for their financial assistance and Amith Pujari, Oneness InfraTech, Infrastructure & GIS Company, Bangalore for their support in the preparation of thematic layers. REFERENCE 1. 2. Adeofun C.O and Nwagu C.J (2006). Selection of Solid Waste Landfill Site Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, Asset Series, Vol.6 (2), Pp: 301-310. Allen A.R & MacCarthy I.A.J (1991). Geological aspects of waste disposal site selection. In: Proceedings 1st Irish Environmental Engineering Conference, Kiely, G.K., McKeogh, E.J., O'Kane, P.J.P. (Eds.), Cork. Pp: 233-239 Allen AR, Dillon AM, OBrien M., (1997). Approaches to landfill site selection in Ireland, Engineering Geology and the Environment, Balkema, Rotterdam, Pp: 1569-1574. Azadhe (2009). Heavy Metal Contaminations of Soils and Vegetation in the Nagarthalli Mysore Dist. Karnataka, India, Journal of Environmental Geochemistry, Vol:12, No: 1&2. Pp:1-4. Azadhe T. Hejabhi, and Basavarajappa H.T, (2010). Heavy metal Pollution in Kabini river sediments, International Journal of Environmental Research (ijer) Vol: 4, No: 4 Automn. Azadhe T. Hejabhi, Basavarajappa H.T, (2011). Heavy metal Pollution in water and sediments of Kabini river, Karnataka, India, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, Pp: 12731283, Springer Science + Business media, DOI.10.1007/s 10661-010-1854-0. Azadhe T. Hejabhi and H.T.Basavarajappa, (2012). Heavy Metal partitioning in sediments of the Kabini River in south India., Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Springer Science +Business media., DOI.10.1007/s10661-012-2631-z-Pp.01-11. Basavarajappa. H.T., Pushpavathi. K.N (2007). Mapping of ground water potential zones through RS and GIS in Yelandur Taluk, Remote Sensing and GIS Applications, Edited Volume, University of Mysore, Pp. 168-178. Basavarajappa. H.T., Pushpavathi. K.N. and Balasubramanian A., Manjunatha M.C (2012). Mapping and Integration of Geology and Geomorphological Landforms of Mysore district, Karnataka, India using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques. Frontiers of Geosciences. Edited .,Vol:1, No:1, PP 64-75. Chang, N. B., Parvathinathan, G., Breeden, J. B., (2008). Combining GIS with fuzzy multicriteria decision-making for landfill siting in a fast-growing urban region. Journal of Environmental Management, 87, Pp: 139-153. Church, R.L., (2002). Geographic information system and location science. Computers and Operation Research 29, Pp: 541562. Gemitzi, A., Tsihrintzis, V.A., Voudrias, E., Petalas, C., Stravodimos, G., (2007). Combining geographic information system, multicriteria evaluation techniques and fuzzy logic in siting MSW landfills. Environ Geol, 51, Pp: 797-811. Kontos, T.D., Komilis, D.P., Halvadakis, C.P., (2005). Siting MSW landfills with a spatial multiple criteria analysis methodology. Waste Management 25, Pp: 818832. Kyessi, A. and Mwakalinga, V. (2009): GIS Application in Coordinating Solid Waste Collection: The Case of Sinza Neighbourhood in Kinondoni Municipality, Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. TS 4B SDI in Municipality and Natural Resources Management; 19pp.
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