A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research

BY

A. T. Robertson, M.A., D.D., LL.D., L TT.D.

Professor of Interpretation of the New Testament in the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary Louisville, Ky.

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is with mingle* feelings of gratit+*e an* regret that let this book go to the ,+blic. am gratef+l for Go*-s s+staining grace thro+gh so man. .ears of intense work an* am f+ll. conscio+s of the ine/itable im,erfections that still remain. )or a *o0en .ears this Grammar has been the chief task of m. life. ha/e gi/en to it se*+lo+sl. what time was mine o+tsi*e of m. teaching. B+t it was twent.1si2 .ears ago that m. great ,re*ecessor in the chair of New Testament nter,retation ,ro,ose* to his .o+ng assistant that the. together get o+t a re/ise* e*ition of 3iner. The manifest *eman* for a new grammar of the New Testament is /oice* b. Tha.er, the translator of the American e*ition of 3iner-s Grammar, in his article on 4Lang+age of the New Testament5 in Hastings- Dictionary of the Bi le. act+all. began the work an* ,re,are* the sheets for the first h+n*re* ,ages, b+t soon became con/ince* that it was not ,ossible to re/ise 3iner-s Grammar as it o+ght to be *one witho+t making a new grammar on a new ,lan. 6o m+ch ,rogress ha* been ma*e in com,arati/e ,hilolog. an* historical grammar since 3iner wrote his great book that it seeme* +seless to go on with it. Then Dr. Broa*+s sai* to me that he was o+t of it b. reason of his age, an* that it was m. task. He rel+ctantl. ga/e it +, an* ,resse* me to go on. )rom that *a. it was in m. tho+ghts an* ,lans an* was gathering material for the great +n*ertaking. f 6chmie*el ha* ,+she* thro+gh his work, might ha/e sto,,e*. B. the time that Dr. 7ames Ho,e Mo+lton anno+nce* his new grammar, was
T

Winer WINER, G. B., De verborum cum praep. compos. in N. T. Usu (1834 1843!. """, Gramm. #. neu$. %prac&i#ioms (18''!. (. )u*+. von ,-nemann (+8.(!. T&a/er T0)1ER, 2. 0., Gree34En5+is& ,e6icon o* $&e N. T. (188(!. """, ,an5ua5e o* $&e N. T. (0as$in5s7 D. B., 1899!. Broa#us BR:)DU%, 2:0N )., ;omm. on <a$$. (188.!. <ou+$on <:U,T:N, 2. 0., ) Grammar o* N. T. Gree3. =o+. I, >ro+e5omena (189.!. 3# e#. (1898!. """, ;&arac$eris$ics o* N. T. Gree3 (T&e E6posi$or, 1894!.

too *ee, into the enter,rise to *raw back. An* so ha/e hel* to the titanic task somehow till the en* has come. There were man. *isco+ragements an* was often tem,te* to gi/e it +, at all costs. No one who has not *one similar work can +n*erstan* the amo+nt of research, the mass of *etail an* the reflection re8+ire* in a book of this nat+re. The mere ,h.sical effort of writing was a 9o. of e2,ression in com,arison with the rest. The title of #a+er-s brilliant book, Grammatica Militans :now in the thir* e*ition;, a,tl. *escribes the s,irit of the grammarian who to1*a. attacks the ,roblems of the lang+age of the New Testament in the light of historical research. )rom one ,oint of /iew a grammar of the Greek New Testament is an im,ossible task, if one has to be a s,ecialist in the whole Greek lang+age, in Latin, in 6anskrit, in Hebrew an* the other 6emitic tong+es, in #h+rch Histor., in the Talm+*, in (nglish, in ,s.cholog., in e2egesis.< certainl. la. no claim to omniscience. am a ling+ist b. ,rofession an* b. lo/e also, b+t am not a s,ecialist in the 6emitic tong+es, tho+gh ha/e a working knowle*ge of Hebrew an* Aramaic, b+t not of 6.riac an* Arabic. The #o,tic an* the 6anskrit can +se. The Latin an* the Greek, the )rench an* German an* Anglo16a2on com,lete m. mo*est ling+istic e8+i,ment. ha/e, besi*es, a smattering of Ass.rian, D+tch, Gothic an* talian. ha/e e2,laine* how inherite* the task of this Grammar from Broa*+s. He was a *isci,le of Gessner Harrison, of the =ni/ersit. of >irginia, who was the first scholar in America to make +se of Bo,,-s Vergleichende Grammatik. Broa*+s- /iews of grammar were th+s for long consi*ere* 8+eer b. the st+*ents who came to him traine* in the tra*itional grammars an* +n+se* to the historical metho*? b+t he hel* to his ,osition to the en*. This Grammar aims to kee, in to+ch at salient ,oints with the res+lts of com,arati/e ,hilolog. an* historical grammar as the tr+e ling+istic science. n theor. one sho+l* be allowe* to ass+me all this in a grammar of the Greek N. T., b+t in fact that cannot be *one +nless the book is confine* in +se to a few technical scholars. ha/e trie* not to in9ect too m+ch of general grammar into the work, b+t one har*l. knows what is best
""", Ein+ei$un5 in #ie %prac&e #es N. T. (1811!. """, Gramma$ica+ No$es *rom $&e >ap/ri (T&e E6posi$or, 1891, pp. '(1 '8'? 1893, pp. 194 1'1, 4'3 438. T&e ;+assica+ Revie@, 1891, pp. 31 3(, 434 441? 1894, pp. 19. 11', 1A1 1AA!. """, In$ro#uc$ion $o N. T. Gree3 (188A!. '# e#. (1894!. """, ,an5ua5e o* ;&ris$ (0as$in5s7 :ne4vo+. D. B., 1898!. """, N. T. Gree3 in $&e ,i5&$ o* <o#ern Discover/ (;ambr. Bib+. Essa/s, 1898, pp. 4.1 A9A!. """, T&e %cience o* ,an5ua5e (1893!. ;auer ;)UER, Gramma$ica <i+i$ans. 3# e#. (181'!. 1 ;*. Dr. 2ames <o**a$$7s remar3s in T&e E6posi$or, :c$., 1819, p. 383 *. 0arrison 0)RRI%:N, GE%%NER, ) Trea$ise on $&e >&i+o+o5/ o* Gree3 >reposi$ions (18A8!. Bopp B:>>, =er5+eic&en#e Gramma$i3 (18A(!.

when the *eman*s are so /arie*. 6o man. men now get no Greek e2ce,t in the theological seminar. that one has to inter,ret for them the lang+age of mo*ern ,hilolog.. ha/e sim,l. so+ght in a mo*est wa. to kee, the Greek of the N. T. o+t in the mi**le of the ling+istic stream as far as it is ,ro,er to *o so. n act+al class +se some teachers will ski, certain cha,ters. Alfre* G+*emann," of M+nich, sa.s of American classical scholars% 4Not a single contrib+tion marking gen+ine ,rogress, no work on an e2tensi/e scale, o,ening +, a new ,ers,ecti/e or breaking entirel. new gro+n*, nothing, in fact, of the slightest scientific /al+e can be ,lace* to their cre*it.5 That is a serio+s charge, to be s+re, b+t then originalit. is a relati/e matter. The tr+e scholar is onl. too gla* to stan* +,on the sho+l*ers of his ,re*ecessors an* gi/e f+ll cre*it at e/er. t+rn. 3ho co+l* make an. ,rogress in h+man knowle*ge b+t for the ceaseless toil of those< who ha/e gone before@ 'rof. 'a+l 6hore.," of the =ni/ersit. of #hicago, has a shar, answer to 'rof. G+*emann. He s,eaks of 4the nee* of resc+ing scholarshi, itself from the German .oke.5 He *oes not mean 4German ,e*antr. an* s+,erfl+o+s acc+rac. in insignificant research!b+t A in all serio+sness from German inacc+rac..5 He contin+es abo+t 4the *isease of German scholarshi,5 that 4insists on Bsweat1bo2ing- the e/i*ence an* straining after B/igoro+s an* rigoro+s- *emonstration of things that *o not a*mit of ,roof.5 There ,robabl. are German scholars g+ilt. of this grammatical /ice :are American an* British scholars wholl. free@;. B+t wish to recor* m. con/iction that m. own work, s+ch as it is, wo+l* ha/e been im,ossible b+t for the ,ainstaking an* scientific in/estigation of the Germans at e/er. t+rn. The re,+blic of letters is

Gu#emann GUDE<)NN, )., Grun#riB #er Gesc&ic&$e #. 3+ass. >&i+o+o5ie. '. )u*+. (1898!. ' T&e ;+. Rev., 2une, 1898, p. 11.. 1 C. 0. ;o+son, in an ar$ic+e en$i$+e# DT&e Gramma$ica+ ;&ap$ers in Euin$i+ian,F I, 4 8 (T&e ;+. Euar$er+/, 2an., 1814, p. 33!, sa/sG DT&e *ive c&ap$ers @&ic& Euin$i+ian #evo$es $o HGramma$ica7 are in man/ @a/s $&e mos$ va+uab+e #iscussion o* $&e subIec$ @&ic& @e possess,F $&ou5& &e #ivi#es D5ramma$icaF in$o D5rammarF an# D+i$era$ure,F an# (p. 3(! D$&e @&o+e o* $&is c&ap$er is +ar5e+/ #irec$e# $o mee$ $&e obIec$ion $&a$ 5rammar is Htenuis et jejuna.7F ' T&e ;+. Wee3+/, <a/ '(, 1811, p. ''8.

cosmo,olitan. n common with all mo*ern ling+ists ha/e leane* +,on Br+gmann an* D elbrCck as masters in ling+istic learning. cannot here recite m. in*ebte*ness to all the scholars whose books an* writings ha/e hel,e* me. B+t, besi*es Broa*+s, m+st mention Gil*erslee/e as the American Hellenist whose wit an* wis*om ha/e hel,e* me o/er man. a har* ,lace. Gil*erslee/e has s,ent m+ch of his life in ,+nct+ring grammatical b+bbles blown b. other grammarians. He e2ercises a sort of grammatical censorshi,. 4At least whole grammars ha/e been constr+cte* abo+t one em,tiness.5D t is ,ossible to be 4grammar ma*,5 to +se The In!epen!ent"s ,hrase.$ t is eas. to sco+t all grammar an* sa.% 4Grammar to the 3ol/es.5E Browning sings in # $rammarian"s %uneral&
4He settle* Hotis b+siness!let it beF! 'ro,erl. base* Oun! Bru5mann BRUG<)NN, J., E+emen$s o* ;ompara$ive Grammar o* $&e In#o4Germanic ,an5ua5es ($rans+a$ion b/ Wri5&$, 188A!. """, Griec&isc&e Gramma$i3. 3. )u*+. (1899!, $&e e#. Kuo$e#. =ier$e verme&r$e )u*+. o* ). T&umb (1813!. """, Grun#riB #er ver5+. Gr. #. in#o5. %prac&en. '. )u*+., B#e. I, II (188( 1813!. """, JurLe ver5+eic&en#e Gramma$i3 #er in#o5ermanisc&en %prac&en (1894!. De+br-c3 DE,BRM;J, B., )b+a$iv ,oca+is Ins$rumen$a+is (18.(!. """, Grun#riB #er ver5+. Gramm. #. in#o5. %prac&en. %/n$a6. B#e. III = (1883, 188(, 1899!. """, In$ro#uc$ion $o $&e %$u#/ o* ,an5ua5e (188'!. Ein+ei$un5 in #as %prac&s$u#ium. 4. )u*+. (1894!. A. )u*+. (1813!. """, %/n$a3$isc&e Corsc&un5en. A B#e. (18(1 1888!. Gi+#ers+eeve GI,DER%,EE=E, B. ,., E#i$ions o* >in#ar an# 2us$in <ar$/r. """, ,a$in Grammar. <an/ e#i$ions since 18.(. """, No$es on %$a&+7s %/n$a6 o* $&e Gree3 =erb (1819!. """, Numerous ar$ic+es in $&e )merican 2ourna+ o* >&i+o+o5/. 3 Gi+#ers+eeve, )m. 2our. o* >&i+o+., 2u+/, 1898, p. ''8. 4 1811, p. (1(. A )r$ic+e b/ C. ). W. 0en#erson, B+ac3@oo# *or <a/, 189..

Ga/e +s the *octrine of the enclitic De, Dea* from the waist *own.5

'erha,s those who ,it. the grammarian *o not know that he fin*s 9o. in his task an* is s+staine* b. the con/iction that his work is necessar.. 'rof. #. ). 6mith :The 'lassical (ee)ly, <G<", ,. <EH; tells of the 9o. of the ,rofessor of Greek at Bonn when he recei/e* a co,. of the first /ol+me of Gil*erslee/e-s Synta* of 'lassical $ree). The ,rofessor bro+ght it to the Seminar an* 4clas,e* an* h+gge* it as tho+gh it were a most ,recio+s *arling :Lie ling;.5 Dr. A. M. )airbairn< once sai*% 4No man can be a theologian who is not a ,hilologian. He who is no grammarian is no *i/ine.5 Let Ale2an*er McLaren ser/e as a goo* ill+stration of that *ict+m. His matchless *isco+rses are the fr+it of the most e2act scholarshi, an* s,irit+al enth+siasm. /ent+re to 8+ote another *efence of the st+*. of Greek which will, tr+st, .et come back to its tr+e ,lace in mo*ern e*+cation. 'rof. G. A. 3illiams, of Ialama0oo #ollege, sa.s"% 4Greek .et remains the /er. best means we ha/e for ,lowing +, an* wrinkling the h+man brain an* *e/elo,ing its gra. matter, an* wrinkles an* gra. matter are still the most /al+able assets a st+*ent can set *own on the cre*it si*e of his le*ger.5

1 )##ress be*ore $&e Bap$is$ T&eo+o5ica+ ;o++e5e a$ G+as5o@, repor$e# in T&e Bri$is& Wee3+/, )pri+ '., 189.. ' T&e ;+. Wee3+/, )pri+ 1., 1819.

Dr. 7. H. Mo+lton has shown that it is ,ossible to make grammar interesting, as Gil*erslee/e ha* *one before him. Mo+lton ,rotestsD against the notion that grammar is *+ll% 4An* .et there is no s+b9ect which can be ma*e more interesting than grammar, a science which *eals not with *ea* rocks or min*less /egetables, b+t with the e/er changing e2,ression of h+man tho+ght.5 wish to acknowle*ge here m. /er. great in*ebte*ness to Dr. Mo+lton for his brilliant +se of the (g.,tian ,a,.ri in ,roof of the fact that the New Testament was written in the /ernac+lar *. Deissmann is the ,ioneer in this fiel* an* is still the lea*er in it. t is har* to o/erestimate the *ebt of mo*ern New Testament scholarshi, to his work. Dr. D. 6. Margolio+th, it is tr+e, is rather ,essimistic as to the /al+e of the ,a,.ri% 4Not one ,er cent. of those which are
<ou+$on <:U,T:N, 2. 0., ) Grammar o* N. T. Gree3. =o+. I, >ro+e5omena (189.!. 3# e#. (1898!. """, ;&arac$eris$ics o* N. T. Gree3 (T&e E6posi$or, 1894!. """, Ein+ei$un5 in #ie %prac&e #es N. T. (1811!. """, Gramma$ica+ No$es *rom $&e >ap/ri (T&e E6posi$or, 1891, pp. '(1 '8'? 1893, pp. 194 1'1, 4'3 438. T&e ;+assica+ Revie@, 1891, pp. 31 3(, 434 441? 1894, pp. 19. 11', 1A1 1AA!. """, In$ro#uc$ion $o N. T. Gree3 (188A!. '# e#. (1894!. """, ,an5ua5e o* ;&ris$ (0as$in5s7 :ne4vo+. D. B., 1898!. """, N. T. Gree3 in $&e ,i5&$ o* <o#ern Discover/ (;ambr. Bib+. Essa/s, 1898, pp. 4.1 A9A!. """, T&e %cience o* ,an5ua5e (1893!. <:U,T:N, W. C., an# GEDEN, ). %., ) ;oncor#ance $o $&e Gree3 Tes$amen$ (188(!. <:U,T:N an# <I,,IG)N, ,e6ica+ No$es *rom $&e >ap/ri (T&e E6pos., 1898"!. """, T&e =ocabu+ar/ o* $&e N. T. I++us$ra$e# *rom $&e >ap/ri an# o$&er Non4 ,i$erar/ %ources. >ar$ I (1814!, II, III. 3 ,on#on Euar$er+/ Revie@, 1898, p. '14. <ou+$on an# Deissmann a+so #isprove $&e pessimism o* 0a$c& (Essays in Biblical Greek, p. 1!G DT&e +an5ua5e o* $&e Ne@ Tes$amen$, on $&e o$&er &an#, &as no$ /e$ a$$rac$e# $&e specia+ a$$en$ion o* an/ consi#erab+e sc&o+ar. T&ere is no 5oo# +e6icon. T&ere is no 5oo# p&i+o+o5ica+ commen$ar/. T&ere is no a#eKua$e 5rammar.F Deissmann DEI%%<)NN, )., Bib+e %$u#ies (1891!. Tr. b/ ). Grieve? c*. Bibe+s$u#ien (188A! an# Neue Bibe+s$u#ien (188(!. """, Bib+isc&e GrNci$N$ e$c. (T&eo+. Run#sc&au, :3$. 181'!.

*eci,here* an* e*ite* with so m+ch care tell +s an.thing worth knowing.5$ #ertainl. that is too gloom. a statement. A,art from the ling+istic /al+e of the ,a,.ri an* the ostraca which has been *emonstrate*, these letters an* recei,ts ha/e interest as h+man *oc+ments. The. gi/e +s real glim,ses of the act+al life of the common ,eo,le in the first #hristian cent+ries, their 9o.s an* their sorrows, the little things that go so far to make life what it is for +s all. B+t the st+*ent of the Greek New Testament fin*s a 9o. all his own in seeing so man. wor*s in common +se that were hitherto fo+n* almost or 8+ite alone in the New Testament or LJJ. B+t the grammar of the N. T. has also ha* a floo* of light thrown on it from the ,a,.ri, ostraca an* inscri,tions as a res+lt of the

""", Die 0e++enisierun5 #es semi$isc&en <ono$&eismus (N. 2a&rb. *. #. 3+. )+$., 1893!. """, Die neu$. Corme+ Din ;&ris$oF (188'!. """, Die %prac&e #. 5riec&. Bibe+ (T&eo+. Run#sc&au, 189., No. 11.!. """, Die Ur5esc&ic&$e #es ;&ris$en$ums im ,ic&$e #er %prac&*orsc&un5 (In$ern. Woc&., 39. :3$. 1898!. """, 0e++enis$isc&es Griec&isc& (0erLo540auc37s Rea+enc/c., =II, 1888!. """, ,ic&$ vom :s$en (1898!. """, ,i5&$ *rom $&e )ncien$ Eas$ (1819!. Tr. b/ %$rac&an. """, Ne@ ,i5&$ on $&e N. T. (189(!. Tr. b/ %$rac&an. """, >ap/ri (Enc/c. Bib+., III, 189'!. """, %$. >au+ in $&e ,i5&$ o* %ocia+ an# Re+i5ious 0is$or/ (181'!. <ar5o+iou$& <)RG:,I:UT0, D. %., ,an5ua5e o* $&e :. T. (0as$in5s7 D. B.!. 4 T&e E6posi$or, 2an., 181', p. (3.

work of Deissmann, Ma.ser, Milligan, Mo+lton, Ra*ermacher, Th+mb, >Klker, 3ilcken an* others. ha/e gratef+ll. a/aile* m.self of the work of these scholars an* ha/e worke* in this rich fiel* for other ,ertinent ill+strations of the New Testament i*iom. The material is almost e2ha+stless an* the tem,tation was constant to +se too m+ch of it. ha/e not tho+ght it best to +se so m+ch of it in ,ro,ortion as Ra*ermacher has *one, for the case is now ,ro/en an* what Mo+lton an* Ra*ermacher *i* *oes not ha/e to be re,eate*. As large as m. book is, the s,ace is ,recio+s for the New Testament itself. B+t ha/e +se* the new material freel.. The book has grown so that in terror often hol* back. t is a long ste, from 3iner, three generations ago, to the ,resent time. 3e shall ne/er go back again to that stan*,oint. 3iner was himself a great emanci,ator in the grammatical fiel*. B+t the battles that he fo+ght are now ancient histor.. t is ,ro,er to state that the ,+r,ose of this Grammar is not that of the a+thor-s Short $rammar which is now in +se in /ario+s mo*ern lang+ages of America an* (+ro,e. That book has its own ,lace. The ,resent /ol+me is *esigne* for a*/ance* st+*ents in theological schools, for the +se of teachers, for scholarl. ,astors who wish a
<a/ser <)1%ER, E., Gramma$i3 #er 5riec&. >ap/ri aus #er >$o+emNerLei$. ,au$4 un# Wor$+e&re (189.!. <i++i5an <I,,IG)N, G., T&e Gree3 >ap/ri @i$& %pecia+ Re*erence $o $&eir =a+ue *or N. T. %$u#/ (181'!. """, T&e N. T. Documen$s (1813!. Ra#ermac&er R)DER<);0ER, ,., Neu$. Gramma$i3. Das Griec&isc& #es N. T. im Ousammen&an5 mi$ #er =o+3ssprac&e (1811!. T&umb T0U<B, )., Die Corsc&. -ber #ie &e++en. %pr. in #en 2a&ren 189' 1894 ()rc&. *. >ap. 3, pp. 443 4(3!. """, Die 5riec&. %prac&e im Oei$a+$er #es 0e++enismus (1891!. """, Die sprac&5esc&. %$e++. #es bib+. Griec&. (T&eo+. Run#., 189'!. """, 0an#buc& #er 5riec&. Dia+. (1898!. """, 0an#buc& #. neu5riec&. =o+3ssprac&e. '. )u*+. (1819!. """, 0an#buc& #es %ans3ri$s. I, Gramma$i3 (189A!. """, Un$ers. -ber #. %p. )sper im Griec&. (1888!. =P+3er =Q,JER, C., >ap/rorum 5raecorum s/n$a6is specimen (1899!. """, %/n$a6 #. 5riec&. >ap/ri. I, Der )r$i3e+ (1893!. Wi+c3en WI,;JEN, U., Die Corsc&un5en -ber #ie &e++en. %pr. in #en 2a&ren 189' 1894 ()rc&iv *. >ap., 189., pp. 443 4(3!.

com,rehensi/e grammar of the Greek New Testament on the *esk for constant +se, for all who make a thoro+gh st+*. of the New Testament or who are intereste* in the st+*. of lang+age, an* for libraries. f new e*itions come, as ho,e, shall en*ea/o+r to make im,ro/ements an* corrections. Errata are s+re to e2ist in a book of this nat+re. Lccasionall. :cf. Acc+sati/e with nfiniti/e; the same s+b9ect is treate* more than once for the ,+r,ose of f+lness at s,ecial ,oints. 6ome re,etition is necessar. in teaching. 6ome nee*less re,etition can be eliminate* later. ma. e2,lain also that the works +se* b. me in the Bo*leian Librar. an* the British M+se+m ha* the citations co,ie* twice with *o+ble o,,ort+nit. for errors of reference, b+t ha/e g+ar*e* that ,oint to the best of m. abilit.. ha/e been caref+l to gi/e cre*it in *etail to the man. works cons+lte*. B+t, after all is sai*, am rel+ctant to let m. book sli, awa. from m. han*s. There is so m+ch .et to learn. ha* ho,e* that Ma.ser-s Syntax der griechischen a!yri co+l* ha/e a,,eare* so that co+l* ha/e +se* it, b+t he sorrowf+ll. writes me that illness has hel* him back. Neither Helbing nor Thackera. has finishe* his Synta* of the L++. The N. T. ,oca ulary of Mo+lton an* Milligan, tho+gh anno+nce*, has not .et a,,eare*. Deissmann-s Le*icon is still in the f+t+re. Th+mb-s re/ision of Br+gmann-s Griechische Grammatik a,,eare* after m. book ha* gone to the ,ress.< co+l* +se it onl. here an* there. The same thing is tr+e of Debr+nner-s re/ision of Blass0e+bin5 0E,BING, R., Die >rNpos. bei 0ero#o$ un# an#ern 0is$ori3ern (1894!. """, Gramma$i3 #er %ep$ua5in$a. ,au$4 un# Wor$+e&re (189(!. """, Mber #en Gebrauc& #es ec&$en un# soLia$iven Da$ivs bei 0ero#o$. T&ac3era/ T0);JER)1, 0. %T., ) Grammar o* $&e :. T. in Gree3. =o+. I, In$ro#uc$ion, :r$&o5rap&/ an# )cci#ence (1898!. """, Re+a$ion o* %$. >au+ $o ;on$emporar/ T&ou5&$ (1899!. <ou+$on an# <i++i5an <:U,T:N an# <I,,IG)N, ,e6ica+ No$es *rom $&e >ap/ri (T&e E6pos., 1898"!. """, T&e =ocabu+ar/ o* $&e N. T. I++us$ra$e# *rom $&e >ap/ri an# o$&er Non4 ,i$erar/ %ources. >ar$ I (1814!, II, III. 1 >ro*. E. 0. %$ur$evan$ (;+. Wee3+/, 2an. '4, 1814, p. 193! cri$icises T&umb because &e re$ains in &is revision o* Bru5mann7s boo3 $&e #is$inc$ion be$@een acci#ence an# s/n$a6, an# so is Dno$ abreas$ o* $&e bes$ sc&o+ars&ip o* $&e #a/.F Bu$ *or $&e N. T. $&e #is$inc$ion is cer$ain+/ use*u+. B+ass B,)%%, C., Gramma$i3 #. neu$. Griec&. '. )u*+. (189'!. """, 0ermeneu$i3 un# Jri$i3 (188'!. """, >&i+o+o5/ o* $&e Gospe+s (1888!.

Grammatik des neutest" Griechisch. New light will contin+e to be t+rne* on the Greek of the N. T. 'rof. 7. Ren*el Harris :The -*pository Times, No/., <G<D, ,. E$ f.; ,oints o+t, what ha* not been recentl. notice*, that 'rof. Masson, in his first e*ition of 3iner in <MEG, ,. /ii, ha* sai*% 4The *iction of the New Testament is the ,lain an* +naffecte* Hellenic of the A,ostolic Age, as em,lo.e* b. Greek1s,eaking #hristians when *isco+rsing on religio+s s+b9ects A A,art from the Hebraisms!the n+mber of which has, for the most ,art, been grossl. e2aggerate*!the New Testament ma. be consi*ere* as e2hibiting the onl. gen+ine fac.simile of the collo8+ial *iction em,lo.e* b. unsophisticate! Grecian gentlemen of the first cent+r., who s,oke witho+t ,e*antr. !as +( an* not as ,.5 The ,a,.ri ha/e sim,l. confirme* the insight of Masson in <MEG an* of Lightfoot in <MND :Mo+lton, Prol., ,. "$";. Lne-s min* lingers with fascination o/er the wor*s of the New Testament as the. meet him in +ne2,ecte* conte2ts in the ,a,.ri, as when -* :cf. < 'et. "%G; occ+rs in the sense of BTh. (2cellenc.,- .$ / 0 0 -0, L. '. <<D<, << f. :/OA.D.;, or when 1 :Ac. <%<D; is +se* of a ,igeon1ho+se, 1 2 " 31 45 +, L. '. <<"&, EP& :A.D. <MD;. B+t the book m+st now go forth to *o its ,art in the el+ci*ation of the New Testament, the treas+re of the ages.< in*+lge the ho,e that the toil has not been all in /ain. Marc+s Do*s :Later Letters, ,. "$M; sa.s% 4 a*mire the grammarians who are content to a** one soli* stone to the ,ermanent tem,le of knowle*ge instea* of twittering ro+n* it like so man. swallows an* onl. attracting attention to themsel/es.5 make no com,laint of the labo+r of the long .ears, for ha/e ha* m. rewar* in a more intimate knowle*ge of the wor*s of 7es+s an* of his re,orters an* inter,reters. 67 8* 9 :; # / # & <$* :7o. N%ND;. m+st recor* m. gratef+l a,,reciation of the s.m,ath. an* hel, recei/e* from man. frien*s all o/er the worl* as ha/e ,lo**e* on thro+gh the .ears. M. colleag+es in the 6eminar. )ac+lt. ha/e ,lace* me +n*er man. obligations in making it ,ossible for me to *e/ote m.self to m. task an* in ren*ering s+bstantial hel,. n ,artic+lar 'res. (. Y. M+llins an* 'rof. 7. R. 6am,e. ha/e been acti/e in the en*owment of the ,lates. 'rof. 6am,e. also kin*l. rea* the ,roof of the Aramaic an* Hebrew wor*s. 'rof. 3. L. #ar/er gracio+sl. rea* the ,roof of the entire book an* ma*e man. /al+able s+ggestions. Dr. 6. Ang+s, of (*inb+rgh, rea* the man+scri,t in the first ro+gh *raft an* was e2cee*ingl. hel,f+l in his comments an* s.m,ath.. 'rof. 3. H. '. Hatch, of the General (,isco,al Theological 6eminar., New York, rea* the man+scri,t for the ,+blishers an* ,art of the ,roof an* e2hibite* s.m,athetic insight that is greatl.
""", >ronuncia$ion o* )ncien$ Gree3 ($rans+a$ion b/ >ur$on in 1889 o* 3. )u*+. o* Mber #ie )ussprac&e #es Griec&. 1888!. 0arris 0)RRI%, 2. RENDE,, %i#e4,i5&$s on N. T. Researc& (1898!. 1 Bri++ian$ use o* $&e ne@ 3no@+e#5e is ma#e b/ Dr. 2ames <o**a$$7s Ne@ Tes$amen$ () Ne@ Trans+a$ion, 1813!. )n5us )NGU%, %., <o#ern <e$&o#s in Ne@ Tes$amen$ >&i+o+o5/ (0arvar# T&eo+. Rev., :c$., 1898!. """, T&e =*, $&e ,an5ua5e o* $&e Ne@ Tes$amen$ (>rinc. T&eo+. Rev., 2an., 1819!.

a,,reciate*. 'rof. 7. 6. Riggs, of the A+b+rn Theological 6eminar., rea* the ,roof till his health ga/e wa., an* was gracio+s in his enth+siasm for the enter,rise. 'rof. 3alter ' etersen, 'h.D., of Bethan. #ollege, Lin*sborg, Iansas, rea* all the ,roof an* freel. ga/e his ling+istic attainments to the im,ro/ement of the book. Last, b+t not least in this list, Mr. H. 6cott, of Birkenhea*, (nglan*, rea* the book in galle. ,roof, an* in the Acci*ence /erifie* all the references with min+te care an* lo/ing interest, an* all thro+gh the book contrib+te* freel. from his wealth of knowle*ge of *etail concerning the Greek N. T. The references in 6.nta2 were /erifie* b. a *o0en of m. st+*ents whose labo+r of lo/e is greatl. a,,reciate*. 'res. 7. 3. 6he,her*, of Rio 7aneiro, Bra0il, an* 'rof. G. 3. Ta.lor, of 'ine/ille, La., ha* /erifie* the 6cri,t+re references in the M6., which were again /erifie* in ,roof. The n*e2 of Q+otations has been ,re,are* b. Re/. 3. H. Da/is, of Richmon* #ollege, >a.? the n*e2 of Greek 3or*s b. Re/. 6. L. 3atson, T+tor of N. T. Greek for this session in the 6eminar.. All this work has been *one for me freel. an* gla*l.. The mere recital of it h+mbles me /er. m+ch. 3itho+t this e2,ert ai* in so man. *irections the book co+l* not ha/e been ,ro*+ce* at all. m+st a**, howe/er, that all errors sho+l* be attrib+te* to me. ha/e *one the best that co+l* with m. almost im,ossible task. ha/e ha* to ,+t on an ol* man-s glasses *+ring the rea*ing of the ,roof. m+st a** also m. sincere a,,reciation of the kin* wor*s of 'rof. (*win Ma.ser of 6t+ttgart, Lberlehrer H. 6tocks of #ottb+s, 'res. D. G. 3hittinghill of Rome, 'rof. #as,ar RenR Gregor. of Lei,0ig, the late 'rof. (. Nestle of Ma+lbronn, 'rof. 7ames
0a$c& 0)T;0, W. 0. >., %ome I++us$ra$ions o* N. T. Usa5e *rom Gree3 Inscrip$ions o* )sia <inor (2ourn. o* Bib+. ,i$., 1898, pp. 134 14.!. >e$ersen >ETER%EN, W., Gree3 Diminu$ives in > (1819!. %$oc3s %T:;J%, 0., Das neu$es$amen$+ic&e Griec&isc& im ,ic&$e #er mo#ernen %prac&*orsc&un5 (Neue 3irc&+ic&e Oei$sc&ri*$, RRI=. 2a&r5an5, .33 (99!. Gre5or/ GREG:R1, ;. R., ;anon an# Te6$ o* $&e N. T. (189(!. """, Die 5riec&. 0an#sc&ri*$en #. N. T. (1898!. """, Nov. Tes$. Graece, e#. Tisc&en#or*. B#. III, >ro+e5omena (1884 1884!. """, Te6$3ri$i3 #. N. T. 3 B#e. (1899 1898!. Nes$+e NE%T,E, E., Ein*-&run5 in #as 5riec&. N. T. '. )u*+. (1888!. In$ro#. $o $&e Te6$ua+ ;ri$. o* $&e N. T. (Tr. 1891!. """, Novum Tes$amen$um Graece. 8$& e#. (1819!. """, %ep$ua5in$ (0as$in5s7 D. B., 189'!. """, %ep$ua5in$a4%$u#ien. I = (188. 189(!. """, Oum neu$es$. Griec&isc& (O. N. W., vii, 189.!.

6talker of Aber*een, 'rof. Gio/anni L+00i of )lorence, 'rof. 7. G. Machen of 'rinceton, 'rofs. G. A. 7ohnston Ross an* 7as. (. )rame of =nion 6eminar., an* man. others who ha/e cheere* me in m. .ears of toil. )or sheer 9o. in the thing 'rof. #. M. #obern of Alleghen. #ollege, 'enn., an* Mr. Dan #rawfor*, the a+thor of Thin)ing Blac), ha/e rea* a large ,art of the ,roof. gla*l. recor* m. gratit+*e to Mr. G. 3. Norton, Misses L+cie an* Mattie Norton, Mr. R. A. 'eter :who ga/e in memor. of his father an* mother, Dr. an* Mrs. Arth+r 'eter;, Re/. R. N. L.nch, Re/. R. 7. B+r*ette, Mr. ). H. Goo*ri*ge, an* others who ha/e genero+sl. contrib+te* to the en*owment of the ,lates so that the book can be sol* at a reasonable ,rice. am in*ebte* to Mr. I. B. Grahn for kin*l. co1o,eration. am *ee,l. gratef+l also to the Boar* of Tr+stees of the 6eminar. for making ,ro/ision for com,leting the ,a.ment for the ,lates. t is a ,leas+re to a** that Mr. Doran has shown gen+ine enth+siasm in the enter,rise, an* that Mr. Linsenbarth of the =ni/ersit. 'ress, #ambri*ge, has taken the +tmost ,ains in the final ,roofrea*ing. sho+l* sa. that the te2t of 3estcott an* Hort is followe* in all essentials. =se is ma*e also of the Greek Testaments of Nestle, 6o+ter, an* >on 6o*en whose +ntimel. *eath is so recent an e/ent. n the cha,ter on Lrthogra,h. an* 'honetics more constant +se is ma*e, for ob/io+s reasons, of /ariations in the man+scri,ts than in the rest of the book. t is now fo+r h+n*re* .ears since #ar*inal )rancisco Jimenes *e #isneros ha* ,rinte* the Greek New Testament +n*er the a+s,ices of the =ni/ersit. of AlcalS or #om,l+t+m, near Ma*ri*, tho+gh it was not circ+late* till <E"". (rasm+s got his e*ition into circ+lation in <E<N. 4The #om,l+tensian e*ition of <E<$ was the first of more than a tho+san* e*itions of the New Testament in Greek5 :(. 7. Goo*s,ee*, The Bi lical (orl!, March, <G<$, ,. <NN;. t th+s comes to ,ass that the a,,earance of m. Grammar marks the fo+r h+n*re*th anni/ersar. of the first ,rinte* Greek New Testament, an* the book takes its ,lace in the long line of ai*s to the st+*. of the 4Book of H+manit..5 The )reer Gos,els an* the Iori*ethi Gos,els show how m+ch we ha/e to e2,ect in the wa. of *isco/er. of man+scri,ts of the New Testament. think with ,leas+re of the ,reacher or teacher who +n*er the ins,iration of this Grammar ma. t+rn afresh to his Greek New Testament an* there fin* things new an* ol*, the /ital message all electric with ,ower for the new age. That will be m. 9o. so long as the book shall fin* +se an* ser/ice at the han*s of the ministers of 7es+s #hrist. A. T. RLB(RT6LN. LL= 6> LL(, IY., <G<$.

%ou$er %:UTER, )., Novum Tes$amen$um Graece (1819!. T&e Revisers7 Te6$ @i$& a Ne@ )ppara$us ;ri$icus. %o#en %:DEN, 0. =:N, Die %c&ri*$en #es N. T. in i&rer N+$es$en erreic&baren Te6$5es$a+$. Tei+ I, Un$ersuc&. (189' 1819!? Tei+ II, Te6$ un# )ppara$ (1813!. """, Griec&isc&es N. T. Te6$ mi$ 3urLem )ppara$ (1813!. Goo#spee# G::D%>EED, E. 2., Di# )+e6an#ria In*+uence $&e Nau$ica+ ,an5ua5e o* %$. ,u3eS (T&e E6posi$or, =III, 1893, pp. 139 141!.