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Mortise And Tenon Joints

August 16, 2011 By admin Leave a Comment A framing joint used in carpentry and joinery, the mortise and tenon has great mechanical strength and creates a large gluing area. A rectangular tenon sa n at one end of a rail slots into the mortise, an elongated hole in the other part. !he rail is usually hori"ontal and the stile vertical. #ortise and tenon are generally one$third the thic%ness of the tim&er.

#ortise And !enon 'oints Tools you need

2( pencil #allet )teel rule Cramps !ry s*uare !enon sa #ortise gauge )moothing plane #ar%ing %nife +lue #ortise chisel

How to make a through mortise and tenon joint

#ortise And !enon 'oints 1. After selecting appropriate face sides and edges, mar% the position of the joint on &oth pieces of tim&er ith pencil and try s*uare. !he mortise chisel should &e a&out one$third the thic%ness of the tim&er. ,n practice, this is rounded up to the ne-t chisel si"e. Adjust the t o pins on the mortise gauge until they are the same idth as the &lade. !o ensure the joint is centrali"ed in the tim&er, slide the stoc% on the gauge so that the pins mar% the tim&er precisely the same distance from either side. Chec% &y lightly pressing the pins into the ood, and readjust the stoc% if necessary, tightening once the setting is correct. !his setting is used to mar% out &oth the mortise and tenon, so treat the tool ith care to avoid distur&ing the adjustment.

#a%e A !hrough #ortise And !enon 'oint 1 2. )cri&e the gauge lines for the mortise &et een the idth mar%s on the stile .B/. #ar% lines on &oth edges, al ays using the tool from the face side. 0ithout distur&ing the setting, mar% out the tenon on part A. !he gauge lines should continue along the end grain.

#a%e A !hrough #ortise And !enon 'oint 2 3. Cramp part B to the &ench top, prefera&ly so that the mortise sits directly a&ove the &ench leg. )tart the cut ith the chisel a&out 1 mm .123 in/ in from the mar%ed lines at one end, the &evel facing into the middle of the joint. 4eeping the &lade vertical and s*uare to the or%, stri%e the chisel ith the mallet. Cut to a depth of a&out 1 mm .123 in/, counting the num&er of &lo s to the chisel. #ove the &lade along the mortise and repeat in 1 mm .123 in/ steps. #a%ing the same num&er of &lo s each time means the depth ill remain constant across the idth. )top hen you are 1 mm .123 in/ a ay from the opposite end of the mortise.

#a%e A !hrough #ortise And !enon 'oint 1 4. Clean out the chippings, using the chisel ith the &evel side face do n. Lever the &lade against the short section of aste at each end of the mortise. 5o ma%e another series of cuts across the idth, removing the aste in the same ay. Continue cutting in steps until you have reached just over half the depth of the mortise.

#a%e A !hrough #ortise And !enon 'oint 6 5. 7emove the aste at each end of the mortise &y holding the chisel vertical. 4eep the &lade just inside the mar%ed line, ith the &evel facing in ards. )tri%e ith the mallet and chop do n to just over half the depth.!urn the or% piece the other ay up, tip out the loose chips and &rush

any de&ris from the &ench top. Cramp the or% piece do n again and start afresh from the other side. !his prevents the ood from splitting out at the &ottom of the mortise. Assuming you have %ept the chisel vertical, the final cuts ill match up ith those on the reverse.

#a%e A !hrough #ortise And !enon 'oint 8 6. 0hen cutting the tenon rail to si"e, leave a fraction e-tra on its length. 9ou ill plane this off once the joint is assem&led. ,n furniture construction the tenon rail .A/ is often thic%er than the stile !". ,f so, you ill need to reset the mortise gauge to mar% out the tenon. !he t o pins remain the same distance apart, ho ever, as these still match the idth of the chisel &lade.

#a%e A !hrough #ortise And !enon 'oint 6

#. )cri&e the shoulder lines of the tenon ith the %nife and s*uare. #ar% the aste .the chee%s/ in pencil. )et the rail .A/ upright in the vice and ma%e several hori"ontal sa cuts on the aste side of the gauged lines to a depth of a&out 1 mm .123 in/.

#a%e A !hrough #ortise And !enon 'oint : $. Adjust the rail so that it is facing a ay from you at an angle of 68 degrees. Continue sa ing do n &oth gauged lines until you reach the shoulder mar%. 7emove the rail and turn it around so that it is again facing you at an angle of 68 degrees. Again, sa do n until you reach the shoulder.

#a%e A !hrough #ortise And !enon 'oint 3

%. 9ou ill no have sa n lines along &oth sides and across the top. 7eposition the rail in the vice so that it is upright. ;inish cutting do n &oth chee%s to the shoulder line. (old the tenon rail flat on the &ench hoo% and sa carefully across the shoulder lines to remove the aste. !urn the rail over and repeat on the reverse side. !ry inserting the tenon into the mortise &efore gluing. 9ou may need to pare the chee%s carefully ith the chisel to remove any high spots. <o this ith the tim&er either cramped to the &ench top or held in the vice.

#a%e A !hrough #ortise And !enon 'oint =

&ariations
'tu( Mortise And Tenon Joint
>ften used in furniture$ma%ing, the stu&, or stopped, mortise$and$tenon joint is a neater alternative as the end grain of the tenon is not visi&le. !his stops short of the outside edge of the stile, so the mortise is %no n as ?&lind@. #ortise depth should &e a&out three$*uarters of the idth of the stile, so there is a sufficient amount of ood remaining.

How to make a stu( mortise and tenon joint

1.#easuring three$*uarters of the tim&er idth from the end of the rail .A/, scri&e the shoulder line of the tenon all the ay round ith the mar%ing %nife. Adjust the mortise gauge to the chisel idth and ma%e sure the pins are central on the or% piece. +auge the lines around the tenon and across the end grain, then pencil in the aste. Alace the rail .A/ on the inner edge of stile .B/ and mar% the idth of the mortise. Continue these lines across ith the s*uare, then scri&e the mortise &et een them ith the gauge. Aencil in the aste.

#a%e A )tu& #ortise An !enon 'oint 1 2.!o ma%e sure you do not cut the mortise too deep, rap mas%ing tape around the &lade of the chisel, allo ing a&out 1.8 mm .1216 in/ e-tra depth. !his is so that the tenon does not foul the &ottom of the mortise hen the joint is assem&led.

#a%e A )tu& #ortise An !enon 'oint 2 3.0ith the stile cramped to the &ench top, chop out the mortise from the inside edge. 0hen the tape on the chisel is level ith the tim&er, you have reached the full depth. Clean out the aste, ma%ing sure the &ottom of the mortise is level. )a the tenon in the same ay as for the through tenon .see page 20=/. Chec% the tenon fits into the mortise and adjust ith the chisel if necessary &efore gluing.

#a%e A )tu& #ortise An !enon 'oint 1

Haun)hed Hortise And Tenon Joint

Corners of frame or% can present a pro&lem hen mortise$and$tenon joints are used, particularly if the top edges must finish flush ith each other. A full$ idth tenon is actually a &ridle joint .see page 211/. Because the resulting mortise is open$ended, the joint &ecomes much ea%er. By introducing a haunch, the tenon idth is reduced and the mortise does not e-tend to the end of the stile. A haunch can &e either s*uare or sloping, and helps prevent the frame from t isting. !his joint is commonly used in joinery for door and indo construction. 0here stiles and rails are re&ated or grooved, a s*uare haunch is used. 0here a groove runs around the inside edges of a frame, the groove normally e-tends all the ay along each edge. !he tenon@s s*uare haunch fills the outside end of the joint as ell as the groove. )houlders are usually staggered to accommodate re&ates on frame or%. ,n ca&inet$ma%ing, here appearance is important, the sloping haunch is often used. Bnli%e the s*uare version, this haunch is not visi&le once the joint is assem&led. ,t is commonly used &et een the seat rails and legs in chair construction.

(ounched #ortise And !enon 'oint

(ounched #ortise And !enon 'oint

(ounched #ortise And !enon 'oint T*+'

Al ays cut a mortise &efore sa ing the tenon. 9ou can adjust the tenon to fit the mortise more easily than vice versa. Al ays use a mortise chisel hen cutting the joint &y hand. >ther chisel &lades are less sturdy and could &rea%.

,edged Mortise And Tenon Joint

!o strengthen through mortise$andtenon joints, edges can &e driven into the ends of the tenons. !his also prevents them opening up on items of joinery such as doors, hich are su&jected to heavy use. Before assem&ling the joint, the ends of the mortise are enlarged ith sloping cuts. )a cuts are then made in the end of the tenon, and the edges driven into these slots hen gluing up. !he tenon is splayed out ards, loc%ing the joint together. Cnds of the edges are sa n off once the glue has dried.

Twin Mortise And Tenon Joint

0here the mortise is cut into the face of the tim&er, rather than into the edge .as in the dou&le version, a&ove/, a t in mortise$and$tenon joint provides e-tra strength. !he tenons sit alongside each other, rather than &eing stac%ed one a&ove the other. !his time there is no haunch &et een the tenons and the gap &et een them should ideally &e the same as their thic%ness. Carcase con$ struction may call for a multiple version of the joint, hich has several tenons. (ere, a stopped housing may &e introduced to increase strength further.

-o. ,edged Mortise Andtenon Joint

0hen a stu& mortise$and$tenon joint needs e-tra strength, edges can &e inserted into the tenon. Bnli%e edges driven in from the outside, these must &e cut to length and idth precisely. >nce the joint is cramped together it cannot &e ta%en apart.

0edged #ortise And !enon 'oint

+osts /elated to Mortise And Tenon Joints

!ridle Joints
A &ridle joint is very similar to a mortiseand$tenon joint, &ut cut in reverse. 7emoving the aste is more a%in to cutting a halving joint. ...

T0hal1ing Joints
Bsed for construction such as frame or% and soft ood joinery, halving joints have little structural integrity. )trength comes from glue or reinforcing scre s, hile shoulders increase ...

Mortisers
!he &ench$top or floor$standing mortiser is designed specifically for cutting mortises accurately in tim&er. A hollo chisel feeds do n into the ood, ma%ing a s*uare ...

Housing Joints
(ousing joints .dadoes/ are used for fitting shelves and dividers in ca&inets of solid tim&er or sheet materials. A housing is a precisely cut groove ...

2a3 Joints
Bsed for corners in ca&inet and &o- construction the lap, or re&ate, joint is one of the easiest to ma%e ith hand tools. ,t consists ...

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