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Works Cited "Abiaka." Broward. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://www.broward.org/>. This is an image of the Seminole medicine man, Abiaka. Abiaka was once of the most significant members of the Seminole tribe, along with Osceola. American Native Press Archives and Sequoyah Research Center. American Native Press Archives and Sequoyah Research Center, n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://www.ualr.edu/>. This compilation of family memoirs about the Trail of Tears provided us with information from the perspective of the families of the victims of forced migration. "Andrew Jackson Speaks: Indian Removal." The Nomadic Spirit. The Nomadic Spirit, 1995. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://www.synaptic.bc.ca/>. Various quotes from Andrew Jackson's Inaugural Addresses and Messages to Congress were included in this website. These quotes helped us understand Jackson's opinion on Indian removal. "Andrew Jackson was President of the United States on Census Day, June 1, 1830." United States Census Bureau. United States Census Bureau, 2013. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.census.gov/>. President Andrew Jackson strongly supported the Indian Removal Act of 1830. He pushed for the migration of Indians from their original land because he thought Whites were superior to the Indian tribes. "Ardmore, Indian Territory (Oklahoma)." National Humanities Center. National Humanities Center, Sept. 2010. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org>. This is an image of the Ardmore Indian territory that was settled by the Chickasaw nation in 1862. This photo shows how this nation tried to improve after the Trail of Tears. We used this photo on the Aftermath page of our website to show how this tribe improved over the years.

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Chagger, Jessica. "The Cherokee Point of View." The Cherokee Point of View. The Cherokee Point of View, n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2014. <http://www.nhusd.k12.ca.us>. A quote from Cherokee Chief John Ross vividly describes the treatment of the Cherokee Indians by the Americans while they were being forced to move out of their native land. "Cherokee Indian Cases (1830s)." PBS. Educational Broadcasting Corporation, 2007. Web. 4 Jan. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/>. This website provided us with information about Supreme Court Cases occurring in the 1830s that dealt with the rights of the Cherokee Indian tribe. The Supreme Court Cases included Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia. "Cherokee Seminary Today Northeastern State University." Cherokee History Timeline. CBTC, 1970. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://wsharing.com>. This is an image of the Cherokee Seminary that was first built in 1892 and is now Northeastern State University. This image was used in our Aftermath page. "A Chickasaw Brave 1869." Legends of America. Legends of America, 2013. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://www.legendsofamerica.com>. This is an image of a Chickasaw member in 1869. We used this image in our five civilized tribes page. "Chief John Ross." InspiriToo. InspiriToo, n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.inspiritoo.com/>. This photograph of Cherokee Nation Chief John Ross is used on the Timeline page of our website. Chief John Ross served from 1828 to 1866 and fought against Indian removal. "Constitution of the Cherokee Nation." GeorgiaInfo. Digital Library of Georgia, 2013. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/>. This is a photograph of the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation. The Cherokee Constitution represents the level of advancement

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of the Indian tribes and suggests that they were not as uncivilized as the American government thought they were. "Creek Council House 1878." Muscogee (Creek) Nation History. Muscogee (Creek) Nation, 2013. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://www.muscogeenation-nsn.gov>. This is an image of a Creek Council House built in 1878. This image was put on our aftermath page. Creek Council Meeting. About Native Americans. Blogger, 2013. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://aboutnativeamericans.blogspot.com>. This is an image of a Creek nation council meeting. This image shows what the Creek Nation did to improve their people and society. "The Creek Indian Treaty of 1832." Timothy Hughes Rare & Early Newspapers. Timothy Hughes Rare & Early Newspapers, 2014. Web. 4 Jan. 2014. <http://www.rarenewspapers.com/>. This photograph is of a newspaper in which the Treaty of Cusseta was printed on April 14, 1832. This Creek Indian Treaty included the relinquishing of the tribe's land east of the Mississippi River to the United States. "A diorama of the infantry attacking the barricade at Horseshoe Bend." Tennessee History for Kids. N.p., 2010. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.tnhistoryforkids.org/>. This illustration of the Battle of Horseshoe Bend depicts Andrew Jackson's army attacking the Creek warriors. It suggests the result of the battle, a Creek cession of land to America. "1830-1920: Defining Rights and Responsibilities." Native Voices. National Institutes of Health, 17 July 2013. Web. 22 July 2013. <http://www.nlm.nih.gov>. This website provided a timeline of American Indian events from 1830-1920 which included information about the Indian Removal Act and the forced relocations of the Five Civilized Tribes.

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"Extract from Andrew Jackson's Seventh Annual Message to Congress." PBS. PBS, 2005. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/>. In Andrew Jackson's Seventh Annual Message to Congress, Jackson supported Indian Removal and stated its benefits to both Whites and Indians. The information obtained from this website about Jackson's opinions towards Indian Removal suggest his responsibilities of supporting the Native Americans during their migration. "Five Civilized Tribes." FamilySearch. FamilySearch, 20 Aug. 2013. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://familysearch.org/>. Information about the removal of the five civilized tribes from their original land was included in this website. It was helpful in highlighting the key removal treaties for each tribe. Fowler, Miriam R. "MENAWA A CHEIF OF THE UPPER CREEKS." Ancestry. Ancestry, n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/>. A quote by Menawa, a Creek Chief, was obtained from this website. This quote allowed us to understand the perspective of a tribe that was forced to emigrate. Hirsch, Mark. "Thomas Jefferson, Founding Father of Indian Removal." Westgatehouse. Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, 2009. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://westgatehouse.com/>. This website provided us with a quote by Thomas Jefferson that expressed his opinion on Indian removal. "Horseshoe Bend National Military Park." National Park Service. National Park Service, n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://www.nps.gov/>. This photograph is of Horseshoe Bend in Alabama, which is where Battle of Horseshoe Bend took place. This photograph was used in our Battles page.

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"INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 2, Treaties." INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 2, Treaties. Oklahoma State University Library, n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2014. <http://digital.library.okstate.edu/>. The final paragraph of Article 1 of the Treaty of New Echota states that the Cherokee nation ceded land east of the Mississippi River to the United States and that they were paid five million dollars for it. This is significant because it is the official treaty in which the land of the Cherokee was finally given up. "Indian Removal Act." Laws. Laws, 2013. Web. 1 Jan. 2014. <http://politics.laws.com/>. This website was helpful in providing analysis of the events surrounding the Indian Removal Act of 1830. "Indian Removal: 1814-1858." PBS. PBS, 2013. Web. 22 July 2013. <http://www.pbs.org>. This website provided insight on the background information of the Indian Removal Act and the relocations of the Five Civilized Tribes. "Indian Removal Timeline." Digital History. Digital History, 2013. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/>. An abundance of information regarding Indian Removal was included in this website. This timeline provided a simple, accurate organization of information and highlighted key events involved with the removal. "John Coffee." Ancestry.com. Ancestry.com, 14 Dec. 2001. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/>. American Colonel John Coffee was a key negotiator in signing the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. This image of Coffee will be used on our Treaties page in our website. "Johnson & Graham v. M'Intosh." The Founders' Constitution. University of Chicago, 2000. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/>. This website provided us with

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information over the Supreme Court Case Johnson & Graham v. M'Intosh. Quotes from Chief Justice John Marshall were also included in this website. "JOHNSON'S LESSEE v. M'INTOSH." The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. Oyez, 2011. Web. 4 Jan. 2014. <http://www.oyez.org/>. Information about the Supreme Court Case Johnson v. M'Intosh was available at this website. Facts, questions, and conclusions about the case were included on the webpage, which we used to understand and summarize the case. "Johnson v. MIntosh." CaseBriefs. CaseBriefs, 2014. Web. 4 Jan. 2014. <http://www.casebriefs.com/>. The history behind the case along with information about the law passed was provided in this website about the Supreme Court Case Johnson v. M'Intosh. This website was helpful in aiding us to understand the importance of this Supreme Court Case and the rights of the Native Americans in America during this time period. "New Echota: Cherokee National Capital Historical Marker." GeorgiaInfo. Digital Library of Georgia, 2014. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/>. This photograph is of the historical marker of New Echota, the Cherokee capital. It shows that the town where the Cherokee tribe centered in is a historical site. Perdue, Theda, and Michael D. Green. The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears. New York: Viking, 2007. Print. This book provided us with information about the Cherokee tribe and their relations with White Americans prior to the Indian Removal Act, the Treaty of New Echota, and the Trail of Tears. Powersource. Powersource, n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2014. <http://www.powersource.com/>. This website provided us with a timeline of the history of the Cherokee Nation, along with a

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picture of the seal of the Cherokee Nation. It was extremely helpful in educating us about the troubles that the Cherokees had to face during Indian removal. "Quotations from The Trail Where They Cried." Cherokees of California. Powersource, n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://www.powersource.com/>. Various quotes from historians, Andrew Jackson, and witnesses of Indian removal were included in this website. These quotes served as evidence of the horrors of Indian removal. "Quotations on Indian Removal." Mr. Mullady's Class. Blogger, 10 Feb. 2011. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://mrmulladysclass.blogspot.com/>. This website provided us with a quote by historian Charles Hudson and his opinion on Indian removal. Ross, John. "Letter from Chief John Ross, 'to the Senate and House of Representatives.'" Letter to House of Representatives. 28 Sept. 1836. MS. Cherokee Letter Protesting the Treaty of New Echota. U of Oklahoma Press, Norman. The Papers of Chief John Ross, vol 1, 1807-1839. This is a letter written by Chief John Ross of the Cherokee Nation protesting against the Treaty of New Echota to the "Senate and the House of Representatives". This letter was written on September 28th 1836. "Samuel Worcester." Savages and Scoundrels. Paul VanDevelder, 2012. Web. 4 Jan. 2014. <http://www.savagesandscoundrels.org/>. This image of Samuel Worcester was used to illustrate one of the key negotiators in the Supreme Court Case Worcester v. Georgia. Scott, Winfield. "Gen. Winfield Scott's Address to the Cherokee Nation." Letter to Cherokee Nation. 10 May 1838. MS. GeorgiaInfo. In this letter, General Winfield Scott addressed the Cherokee Nation in 1838 to remind them of the Treaty of Echota of 1835. The Cherokee Nation was expected to emigrate to the West of the Mississippi River voluntarily, if not the military would have to get involved.

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"Select quotations from the period confirming the Black Seminole slave rebellion." Rebellion. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://www.johnhorse.com/>. This website provided us with many quotes from officers, refugees, and abolitionists on their views toward the Second Seminole War. "Seminole Braves prepare for an ambush." PlanetGroupEntertainment. PlanetGroupEntertainment, 2009. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://planetgroupentertainment.squarespace.com/>. This illustration is of Seminoles preparing for war before the Second Seminole War. It serves to illustrate the organization of the Seminoles, yet the final conclusion of the war is clear. "Seminole War Chiefs." Jacks Florida Bromeliads. Jacks Florida Bromeliads, 2008. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://www.jacksbromeliads.com/>. These illustrations of the Seminole Wars served to depict the brutality of the battles. "The Seminole Wars." Map. Shamm.tripod. shamm.tripod, n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://shamm.tripod.com/>. This map illustrates the forts and battle sites of the three Seminole Wars. "Seneca Leader Osceola." History. A&E Television Networks, 2013. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.history.com/>. Osceola, the leader of the Seminole Indians during the Second Seminole War, is depicted in this image. After Osceola's death, the Seminole resistance against the American forces declined, and the tribe had to migrate west. "The signing of the Treaty of New Echota on Dec. 29, 1835, as depicted at the New Echota Historic Site in Calhoun, Ga. The signers are shown signing the treaty in the parlor of former Cherokee Phoenix Editor Elias Boudinot." CherokeePhoenix.org. CheorkeePhoeni.org, 2013. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://www.cherokeephoenix.org/>.

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This illustration of the signing of the Treaty of New Echota depicts many men busily surrounding a table. The Treaty of New Echota was responsible for the cession of Cherokee land to America, although it wasn't approved by the majority of the nation or by Cherokee Chief John Ross. Sturgis, Amy. The Trail of Tears: They Knew It Was Wrong. LearnLiberty. LearnLiberty, 2012. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://www.learnliberty.org/>. An interview on LearnLiberty.org with historian Amy Sturgis provided us information about the Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears. "The Third Seminole War." John and Mary Lou Missall. John and Mary Lou Missall, 2011. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://www.missall.net/>. This website provided us with information about all three Seminole Wars. We specifically looked at what these historians had to say about the Third Seminole War. "Trail of Tears." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2013. Web. 22 July 2013. <http://www.history.com>. This website provided detailed information about three big controversial subjects of the Native American History in the United States: The "Indian Problem", Indian Removal, and The Trail of Tears. "Trail of Tears: The Indigenous People of the United States." Trail of Tears. Native-IndianTribes, 2012. Web. 22 July 2013. <http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com>. This website provided information about the Trail of Tears and the history of the Cherokee Tribe. "Treaty of Cusseta." ABC-CLIO History and the Headlines. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 4 Jan. 2014. <http://www.historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com/>. This website provided us with information on the Treaty of Cusseta between the Muscogee Creek Indians and the United States. This information was used on our Treaties page of our website.

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"Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek." History Engine. U of Richmond, 2009. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://historyengine.richmond.edu/>. This website provided us with information about the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, which was a key treaty in the removal of the Choctaw Indians from their original territory. "Treaty of New Echota." Today in Georgia History. Today in Georgia History, 2013. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://www.todayingeorgiahistory.org/>. This website provided us information about the Treaty of New Echota and how Cherokee Nation Chief John Ross did not agree with it. This treaty provided the legal support for the Trail of Tears. "Tribal Seals." Cherokee Nation. Cherokee Nation, 2014. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://www.fivecivilizedtribes.org/>. These images of the seals of the Five Civilized Tribes were used to illustrate each tribe and its advancement in organization. Wilkins, David Eugene, and Heidi Kiiwetinepinesiik Stark. American Indian Politics and the American Political System. N.p.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011. Print. This book provided us with the historian definition of the Five Civilized Tribes. "Wilma Mankiller Quotes." Brainy Quote. BrainyQuote, 2014. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://www.brainyquote.com>. This website included a quote by the first female chief of the Cherokee Nation, Wilma Mankiller. This quote was put on our Aftermath page.