SR 1343 1: 2006

SR 1343-1
ROMANIAN STANDARD WATER SUPPLIES
June 2006

CALCULATION OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLY QUANTITIES IN URBAN AND RURAL SITES

Approved by the General Manager of ASRO on June 2006 APPROVAL Replace SR 1343-1:1995

EQUIVALENCE

On the date of approval of this standard, there is no other international or European standard dealing the same subject

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TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Object and scope of application......................................................................................... 3 2. Normative references ........................................................................................................ 3 3. Terms and definitions........................................................................................................ 4
3.1. Water Supply System ..................................................................................................................4 3.2 Users...............................................................................................................................................4

4. Water requirements and Water demand............................................................................ 5

4.1. Water Demand Components ......................................................................................................6 4.3. Components required to compute the water demand ..............................................................8 4.4 Self water demands (purveyors needs) for the water supply system components...............14

5. Hourly and daily variation coefficients of water requirement......................................... 15

5.1 Daily variation coefficient (kzi) ..................................................................................................15 5.2 Hourly variation coefficient (kor)...............................................................................................15

6. Water demand for fire-fighting ....................................................................................... 17 7. FLOWS RATES SIZING AND CHECKING FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM COMPONENTS.................................................................................................................. 22
7.1 .......................................................................................................................................................22 7.2 .......................................................................................................................................................23 7.3 .......................................................................................................................................................23 7.4 .......................................................................................................................................................23 7.5 .......................................................................................................................................................23 7.6 .......................................................................................................................................................24

8. Synchronizing the flow rates with the continuous development of localities................... 26

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1. Object and scope of application

The present standard elaborates the underlying principles that lie at the base of computing the water demands that must be provided by the drinking water supply system of a locality, as well as the design flows necessary to ensure a continuous and stable operation of the water system. In the meaning of this standard the water consumers that can replace drinking water with non-potable water (industrial) to satisfy several needs, can and are recommended to do this, in order to save water resources and to minimise the demands on water supply system.

2. Normative references
This standard contains, by dated or undated references, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references subsequent references to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this standard, only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).

STAS 1343/2 1989 STAS 1478-1990 SR EN 805-2000 SR EN 1508:2000 SR 10898:2005

Calculation of water supply quantities for industrial sector Sanitary Installation. Water supply for civil and industrial buildings. Basic Design Prescriptions Water Supply. Provision concerning the components and systems located outside buildings. Water Supply. Provisions regarding the water storage system and components Water Supply and Sewage. Fundamentals and vocabulary.

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3. Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this Romanian standard, the terms and definitions given in SR EN 805-2000, SR EN 1508:2000, SR 10898:2005 apply as well as the following:

3.1. Water Supply System

A water supply system is a system of structures, installations, services and actions used to produce and distribute water to all or almost to all the population of a locality. In its entirety, the system ensures water abstraction from a natural source, treatment to achieve the required quality requested by the consumer, in compliance with the standards in force, conveyance, storage and to deliver water to consumers with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure.

3.2 Users
Private consumers (residential inhabitants, school pupils, hospital bed, civil servants from administration, hotels tourists and other types) or specific production establishments for which drinking water is utilized (tone of bread, hl of bottled juice, and tone of diary products) The general scheme of a water supply system is as shown in Figure 1.

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Figure 1 - General layout of water supply system of a locality LEGEND: C catchment; structure and works that enable the abstraction of water in controlled regime; SPi pumping stations, ensures the hydrodynamics conditions for water conveyance between the components of the system, whenever gravity flow conditions are not available; ST Treatment plant ensures the correction of raw water quality to bring it up to the required quality; R storage construction; storage the water in order to: ! ! ! supply with water during system failures, upstream of reservoir; storage the fire-fighting flow; ensure the compensations between the R supply and R consumption.

A main pipe; ensures the water conveyance from catchment to reservoirs RD distribution network; conveys water from the reservoir to every house connection with appropriate quality and quantity requested by users. - - continuously measuring systems for water volumes, so that water balance within the system is permanently controlled

4. Water requirements and Water demand

The water requirement represents the sum of water quantities delivered to each user/beneficiary through house connections. The water demand is the water quantity which must be extracted from a source in order to meet the water rational needs of the beneficiary/user.

C $ K p % K s % ' N g & N p & N ag .ec. & N Ri

Where: C water requirement;

"

(1)

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Ng Np water requirement for domestic use; water requirement for public use;

Nag.ec. water requirement for commercial/industrial; NRi Kp Ks water requirement for replenish fire suppression storage allowance required for covering real water losses within the water supply system up to the service connections; factor required for covering the water supply system needs (purveyors needs) such as: plant losses, reservoir washing and network distribution flushing;

4.1. Water Demand Components

Drinking water demand, partial or entirely includes: a) domestic water demand: drinking, washing, bathing, cooking, laundry and dish washing, house cleaning, flushing toilets, as well as for the animals around households. water for public needs: all types of educational units, day nurseries, hospitals, policlinics, public baths, canteens, hotels, restaurants, shops, units where the soft drinks are locally prepared, drinking water fountains; drinking water for domestic use, within the industrial premises, if the potable water is supplied by a centralize water supply system; drinking water for other use purposes that cannot be independently supplied. Example of this category include: streets water spraying, streets and market cleaning, lawn watering, sewage network flushing. For all these utilizations it is recommended to use non-potable water from alternative untreated water sources (settled water from rivers, groundwater); water demand for water supply system operation: preparation of coagulants, filter washing, main pipe and water distribution network flushing and reservoirs washing. water demand necessary to cover unavoidable water losses within the distribution system, due to failures and construction faults. water demand for fire fighting when the distribution network is design to accommodate the fire fighting water requirements.

b)

c) d)

e)

f) g)

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h) 4.2. Specific flows for water demand In water use there is hourly, daily, weekly and yearly variations. In order to take into account these variations the following specific flows shall be used:
!

Average daily demand (Qzimed ) is the average daily rate of flow of water in a year that must be supplied by the water system, m3/day:

Qzimed

YearlyVol. 1 n -m * $ N(i) % q s (i)( ' ' + 365 1000 k $1 , i $1 )

(2)

Maximum daily demand (Qzimax) is the largest daily rate of flow of water in a year that must be supplied by the water system to meet customer demands, m3/day:
Qzimax =

* 1 n -m +' N (i ) % q s (i ) % K zi (i )( ' 1000 k $1 , )

(3)

Peak hour demand (Qorarmax) is the largest hourly rate of consumption during peak consumption day (days), m3/h:
Qormax=

1 1 n -m * % ' +' N (i ) % q s (i ) % K zi (i ) % K or (i )( 1000 24 k $1 , i $1 )

(4)

Where: N(i) number of consumers ; qs(i) specific flow: average day demand required for a user, l/ per capita/ day; Kzi(i) dayly variation coefficient; expressed as the ratio of largest daily rate deviation value of flow to average daily rate of flow, dimensionless;
Qzi max (i ) Kzi(i) = Qzimed (i )

(5)

Korar(i), hourly variation coefficient, expressed as the ratio of peak hour demand deviation value of the consumption to average hour flow, during peak consumption days, dimensionless; Rev.9 7 of 29
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Kor(i) =
Qor max (i ) Qormed (i )
Qzi max 24

(6)

Qormed(i) =

(7)

In the equations (2), (3) and (4), the significations of indexes are: k refers to the water requirement category (public and domestic requirement); i refers to the type of consumer and the specific flow related to the type of consumer.

4.3. Components required to compute the water demand

4.3.1 Specific flow rate for domestic demand (qg)
The values for specific flow for domestic demand (qg) can be adopted according to Table 1. Other values can be adopted whenever the figures are justified by means of specific designated studies. Table 1 Area Areas or localities classified depending on No. sanitary-engineering installation endowment 1 2 3 Areas where water is supplied with stand pipes placed on streets without sewage systemN1) Areas where water is supplied with stand pipes placed in yards without sewage system Areas with residences having plumbing facility where the hot domestic water is locally prepared Areas with block of flats having sanitary-engineering installation where the hot domestic water is supplied by a Central Heating Systems Note 1: The values of qg(i) can increased depending on: ! Size area or inhabited centre, population density (p/ha) and type of dwellings; Rev.9 8 of 29
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qg(i)l/per capita/ day 50 5060 100120

Kzi(i) 1.50/2.00 1.40/1.80 1.30/1.40

150180

1.20/1.35

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! ! ! The geographic area delimited by altitude limits, annual precipitation values; Status of locality: urban, rural, health resort Comfort level of dwellings: apartments in block of flats with own heating system, or the heat and hot domestic water are supplied by a central heating system, standardized dwellings in urban and/or rural areas and villas in residential districts. Consumers behavior in the area, concerning the water utilization

The size shall be managed both by the designer and operator, based on special studies. The values proposed should be approved by local councils. Note 2: For Kzi(i) the values above slash are indicated for the localities having a temperate continental climate. The values under slash are indicated for the localities having an excessive continental climate. The climate shall be defined in accordance with the annual number of summer days per year (n), as a multi-annual mean, with the maximum temperature measured t C ! 25 C as it follows: ! ! n " 80 - continental temperate climate n > 80 - excessive continental climate

Note 3: In the Annex 1 of this present standard are indicated orientation values from IWA sources (International Water Association), AGHTM (General Association of Municipal Technique Hygienists - France), and others sources.

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4.3.2. Specific flows rate for public needs (qp) The water requirement for public consumers are computed analytically by the addition of all water quantities necessary for each user Table 2 Flows l/unit/day No. Consumption category Unit Range of values 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Airport Bar Offices Caf-bar Camping Rest houses Guest house Commercial centre Clubs Commercial centre (mall, storage) Dormitories building Hotel Hotel (resort) Prison Small shop with kitchen Motel Pension Swimming pool Employee Restaurant Cafeteria Table Consumer without kitchen Traveler Client Employee Employee Consumer Employee Person Person Person Employee Parking place User Employee Toilets Employee Person Client Employee Person Convicted Employee Consumer Employee Seat Seat Person Consumer 7 15 5 20 40 60 30 60 15 30 30 45 110 190 200 400 80 110 25 50 5 7.5 250 300 40 60 1500 2000 30 45 75 100 150 250 25 50 150 250 300 600 20 40 5 10 30 45 300 600 200 500 200 300 15 30 30 45 7 15 5 10 Rev.9

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21 22 Refectory Boarding school with canteen with showers, gyms, snack School only with snack bar without gym and snack bar Auto service Laundry(clothes) Hospital Daily Camp (without meal) Theatre Terrace Camp land Tourist areas Employee Served meal Pupil Pupil Pupil Pupil Vehicle Employee Machine Bed Employee Person Seat Seat Person Visitor 30 45 20 40 200 400 50 80 40 60 20 30 25 50 35 60 2000 2500 400 600 20 40 40 60 5 10 50 75 75 100 15 30

23

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Note 1:

These orientation values must be adapted considering: ! ! ! ! Location area of consumption category; Status of area: urban, rural, resort, shoreline or mountains; The quality category of supplied services; Consumers traditional behavior in the location area

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4.3.2.1 Equation to compute water quantities:

a)
Qzimed=

Average daily flow (8)

YearlyVol. 1 m $ ' ( N ni % q pi ) 365 1000 i $1 Where:

Qzimed - average daily flow, m3/day Nni number of units of a certain public category; qpi specific flow, l/unit, day b) Daily variation coefficients are determined for each unit depending on the activitys deviations against average; they can be adopted similar to the inhabitation area where the public user is located (see Table 1). The maximum daily flow for public users shall be calculated similar to equation (3). Hourly variation coefficient is determined for each water user based on the operating program, in the days in which the largest daily consumption is attained.

c)

For the entire area or the locality the hourly variation coefficient is set as a weighted average of each category which is to be used.

K or med $
Where

'K %T 'T
or i F i

F i

(9)

Kori hourly variation coefficient for a certain consumption category; TFi daily operating time assigned to each consumption category; The peak hour coefficient shall be similar calculated by using (4) d) When analyzing the future development of the water supply system one must take into consideration the decrease of specific public consumption (~ 10% in 20 years) whilst the endowment and the reliability of installations will be increased.

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4.3.3 Water requirements of uses which do not require drinking water Ensuring of water requirement by replacing (substitution) of drinking water must be done independent of the water requirement intended for human consumption, by using: ! ! Settled water from DWTP; Water from the accumulation lakes, located in the close proximity of localities; Non potable water from the groundwater sources located in the inhabited area.

The assurance of this water requirement shall be done through separate networks. Under special circumstances (established by the designer and water operator and with local authoritys approval) the water from the distribution network intended for human consumption may be used.

4.3.3.1 Water requirement for lawn watering (qsv) shall be analytically calculated by
sv considering a specific norm of q sp $ 1.5 . 2.5 l/m2/d; the differentiation shall be done depending on:

! !

Locality climate(area); Altitude, geographical area, endowment level, lawn designation

4.3.3.2. Water requirement for streets spraying and cleaning markets, maintenance
of the urban areas of general interest is computed analytically based on a specific norm of (1. 5 5) l/p ! d: ! When adopting the value of the specific norm one must take into consideration the occupied ratio and land using of maintained areas, as well as the population density and both demographical and the ecological parameters For commercial establishments and markets a specific norm of (1 - 1.5) l/m/d may be adopted.

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4.3.3.3 Water requirement for sewage network maintenance (qc) is analytically

computed, depending on: ! ! the scheme and the sewage system; number of cleaning manholes and the length of the sections where the selfcleaning velocity cannot be achieved; sewage network status.

The water requirement shall be adopted by the designer, together with the network operator. The water must be ensured from independent sources of water supply system intended for human consumption.

4.3.3.4 Process water requirement for industry (qi) shall be analytically computed in
compliance with the process norms and working capacity of each unit. The water requirement supplied by the drinking water network in order to meet the hygienic/sanitary needs of the staff shall be calculated similar to water requirement for public use. This is computed according to Tables 1 and 2 from STAS 1478 90.

4.4 Self water demands (purveyors needs) for the water supply system components
Demands shall be analytically computed, based on the following: a) Treatment process and DWTP components; allowable process losses within DWTP should not exceed 6 % of the produced water quantity; cases in which the recirculation of the supernatant from the settling tanks and filters washing is ensured, then the losses can be reduced up to 3%; the increment for groundwater shall be assessed from case to case; Water requirement for periodical cleaning of the distribution network shall be done according to the operative plan for cleaning the network sections; this depends on pipe material, water quality and the ability of materials to form biofilm; the water quantities used shall not exceed (12) of the distributed water volume; Water requirement for cleaning and washing the water reservoirs of the Rev.9 14 of 29
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b)

c)

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system; once or twice a year, each compartment of the reservoir will be emptied, washed and properly disinfected; water quantities necessary to perform the washing operation should not exceed 0.4 % ... 0.5 % of the water volume annually consumed.

4.4.1 The technically allowable water losses in the distribution network are
considered a water requirement and shall be treated as such. For the new distribution networks (< 5 years) it is projected that the losses shall not be higher than 15 % of the distributed water volume (Kp=1. 15); these may be a result of construction imperfections, daily pressure variations, defected materials. For the existing distribution networks being under modernization/extension process, the losses can be up to 35 % (Kp=1,.35). In case of losses percentage higher than 35 % which is abnormal considered, adequate measures shall be readily available

5. Hourly and daily variation coefficients of water requirement

5.1 Daily variation coefficient (kzi)
The daily variation coefficient (kzi) shall be established for each type of consumer. In the Table 1 are shown the orientation values for the daily variation coefficient upon areas and localities, depending on the endowment level with sanitary-engineering installation. Generally, the daily variation coefficient tends to decrease with locality (area) size and with the increasing of the endowment levels.

5.2 Hourly variation coefficient (kor)

The hourly variation coefficient (kor) is to be established for each type of water demand. Unless there are no other figures given by specific studies the ones from Table 3 may be adopted.

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Table 3 No. of inhabitants of the locality/ pressure zone considered / 10.000 15.000 25000 50000 100000 0 200.000

Kor 2.003.00 1.302.00 1.301.50 1.251.40 1.201.30 1.151.25

Note 1: When the water distribution is not incessant done (abnormal situation) but based on an own supply schedule, the kor coefficient may be increased upon justified calculation. But the intermittent water supply should be assumed as temporary. Note 2: For intermediate values of number of inhabitants the kor coefficient shall be computed by interpolation, whilst the number of inhabitants decreases, the value of the hourly coefficient variation increases (the maximum value is 5.0). Note 3: The coefficient shall be determinate depending on the number of inhabitants N(i) of each network pressure zone, the maximum flows resulted being properly summed. Note 4: For large water networks, which serve more than 100.000 inhabitants it is recommended to use an hourly variation coefficient that is proportional with the number of users projected, downstream of computed section. Note 5: In the Annex 2 of the present standard are pre-annexed, based on measuring after [1] the hourly consumption variations in a working day (t>18C) for villages, small, medium and large cities. It can be observed that the variation of the hourly coefficient range from 2.88 for villages to 1.368 for large cities. In the same annex is given an empiric equation, designed on statistical basis, in order to establish the maximum daily flow (implicit the global daily variation coefficient), depending on the number of inhabitants.

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6. Water demand for fire-fighting

Whenever a supply system is designed, one must provide proper facilities in order to ensure the water quantities required for fires suppression. The fire suppression may be performed by using interior fire hydrants, installed inside buildings and exterior fire hydrants installed on the water distribution networks. For special buildings (theatres or libraries) or industrial premises, special devices systems for fire fighting must be designed, in strictly compliance with the technical regulations in force. The water quality for interior hydrants should be the same as the distributed water. Generally, exterior hydrants use the water from distribution water networks. In special cases, for suppression an external fire, may be used water of other quality, supplied by independent facilities (own water cistern/cars, water storage, separate networks). This situation implies the existence of a water network designated in this scope. The number of theoretical simultaneous fires shall be adopted depending on locality size, as described in the Table 4. The flow for fire fighting by means of interior hydrants Qii (number of jets and the type of buildings equipped with interior hydrants) as well as the flow for special devices (Qis) shall be adopted in compliance with STAS 1478-90. Table 4 Hydrant flow(l/s) No. of inhabitants N=!N(i)
/ 5.000

No. of simultaneous fires 1 1 2 2

(14) floored buildings 5 10 10 20

Buildings exceeding 4 floors 10 15 15 25 Rev.9

500110000 1000125000 2500150000

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50001100000 100001200000 200001300000 300001400000 400001500000 500001600000 600001700000 700001800000 8000011000000 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 25 30 40 35 40 55 70 80 85 90 95 100

Note 1: The figures given in the Table 4 are applicable to separate districts as well, separated from the inhabited centre by a non built-up area. In this case 1N(i) represents the number of inhabitants of each district. Note 2: The flow for external fire, Qie and the number of simultaneous fires, n for inhabited centers having more than 1000000 of inhabitants shall be determined based on special studies. Note 3: Positioning of simultaneous fires in the perimeter under consideration in order to size the distribution network shall be done so that a fire theoretically shall be allocated to an area inhabited by maximum 10000 inhabitants. Nota 4: In case of networks with pressure zones, one must analyze the variant in which every zone operates independently in case of fire; the largest flows resulted from the analysis will be adopted. The number of fires shall be determined for the entire locality. Attention should by paid to Note 1 and Note 3. Note 5: For localities under 5000 inhabitants the provisions GP106-04 Annex IV should be applied, approved by MTCT 15/02/2005 and published on 21/04/2006 in the Official Gazette Part I No.338 bis. Unless there are not available special studies, the flow of exterior hydrants (Qie) may be adopted by using the figures shown in Table 4. The theoretical time of hydrants operation shall be determined according to STAS 1478-90. Theoretical operating time assigned to exterior hydrants is Te = 3h When the distribution network supplies business enterprises located in the residential Rev.9 18 of 29
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area, the number of simultaneous fires should be considered as shown in Table 5 of STAS1343-1/2006. In case of industry the provisions described both in STAS 1342/2-89 and 1478-90 should be applied, unless other figures are justified. The fire flow for premises must be adopted depending on the industry danger, in compliance with STAS 1342/2-89 and STAS 1478-90 or based on precise data provided by the process specialist. Table 5 Number of inhabitants of a locality (N) < 10000 Area of the plants, S, (ha) <150 No. of simultaneous fires (n) 1 Procedure for considering simultaneous fires For locality or industrial area, by taking into consideration the largest fire flow One in locality and one in the industrial area or both in localities, by taking into consideration the largest sum value One in locality and one in the industrial area or both in localities or both in the industrial area, by taking into consideration the largest sum value One in locality and one in the industrial area or both in localities or both in the industrial area, by taking into consideration the largest sum value

10001.25000

<150

"25000

!150

>25000

<150

>25000

>150

Shall be determined acc. to table 4 for locality and acc. STAS 1478-90 for industrial area, by summing them

In locality and industrial area, the number that results for each one.

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Note: If in between the commercial establishment and locality there is always a green land of 300m, than those (locality and industry) should be separately analyzed. The flows required for interior and exterior hydrants are provided by the designated volume stored in the reservoir, thus: a) (Vi) water demand for effective fire suppression;
n n n

Vi =

0.6' n j Qii % Ti & 3,6' Qie % Te & 3,6' Qis % Ts

1 1 1

(10)

Where: Vi stored capacity, in m3; n no. of simultaneous fires for which the suppression is made from outside by using exterior hydrants; nj no. of simultaneous jets that are compulsory for the building under consideration; Qii flow supplied by the interior hydrants, in l/s, design criteria are described in STAS 1478-90. Ti theoretical operating time assigned to interior hydrants, minutes, design criteria are described in STAS 1478-90. Qie - flow supplied by the exterior hydrants, l/s; Te - theoretical operating time assigned to exterior hydrants, hours; Te=3h Qis flow for fire suppression by using special devices whose operating time is Ts[hours], should be established in accordance with STAS 1470-90, l/s. b). the water demand for user consumption during the fire suppression is: Vcons = a Q ormax Te [m3] Where: Vcons is the water volume used by the consumer, m3; a=0.7 for p 0 0.7bar ; a=1 for high pressure networks; Qormax represents the hour peak flow for the area or locality where fire is suppressed. (11)

The total fire suppression storage water protected is: Rev.9 20 of 29

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VRI= Vi + Vcons (12),

The replenish fire suppression storage after it is depleted shall be calculated with the equation:
VRI x 24 QRI = Tri , m3/day

Tri is the time required for replenish the fire suppression storage and should be considered as shown in Table 6 of STAS1343-1/2006. Table 6 Localities and Industrial Areas interconnected with localities Localities A+B Qie>25l/s Industrial areas with buildings classified depending on fire hazard C having: Qie / 25l/s D and E having: Qie>25l/s Qie / 25l/s 36 36 48 Tri [h] 24 24 24

NOTE 1: When Qie " 10l/s and the flows are insufficient at source, the time for replenish fire suppression storage Tri can be increased up but no more than 72h. NOTE 2: When the flow from sources cannot satisfy the suppression storage replenishment in the maximum duration Tri as stipulated din Table 6, the extension of these durations are accepted but only if the volume of fire suppression storage Vri is increased with the amount that cannot be ensured in the standardized time. NOTE 3: The water suppression storage shall be kept in one or more compartments so that the entire volume for fire suppression shall be permanently available.

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7. FLOWS RATES SIZING AND CHECKING FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Figure 2 Flows rate sizing and checking for water supply system components

7.1 All units encompassed from catchment to Water Treatment Plant are to be sized
by using the following formula:
Q IC $ K p % K s % Q zi max & K p % K s % Q RI

(14)

Where: Kp water demand augment coefficient required for losses within the water supply system components; Ks dependent coefficient required for covering the water supply system need such as: water farm operating, reservoir washing, network distribution flushing etc.; Rev.9 22 of 29
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Qzimax is the total day peak amount, m3/day, in order to entirely fulfill the water demand; QRI flow required to replenish fire suppression storage.

7.2 All water treatment plant components should be sized at QIC as described
above.

7.3 All the components located between water treatment plant and reservoir (main
pipes systems) shall be sized for the following flow:
Q Q ' $ IC IC K s

Where the fire flow exceeds 20l/s the connection reliability between reservoirs and distribution should be checked.

7.4 The reservoirs should have sufficient capacity for:

! ! Fire suppression storage protected storage; Peak balancing storage (hour balancing volume and if possible, day balancing during the week); Emergency storage protected, required for supplying demand in event of pipeline or equipment breakdowns or maintenance shutdown.

The minimum volume of the reservoirs should be at least 50% of average consumption and must be provided by the operators who exploit centralized water supply systems, according to laws in force. When the topography is suitable, the reservoirs must to ensure the pressure in the distribution network.

7.5 All the units located downstream to reservoir should be calculated using the
equation:
n

QIIC $ K p % Qor max & K p ' n j Qii

1

(16)

Where: Rev.9 23 of 29
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njQii - number of jets and the flow of the interior hydrants (Qii) assigned to the simultaneous fires which are suppressed from exterior (n); Kp coefficient defined at item 4.4. The coefficient includes the water for periodical flushing of distribution network (12) and for reservoirs (0.4%...0.5%) acc. 4.4 b,c For this flow value all users considered (including interior hydrants) can use the water in standardized quantity and according to designed scheme (directly to the network pressure or by intermediary means) In case of a network having several pressure zones the flow njQii shall be computed for each zone with the adequate hourly variations coefficients (Ko) and njQii flow, depending on the endowment levels of buildings with interior fire hydrants.

7.6 The checking of water distribution network should be made in two different
circumstances, namely: ! when using water for suppress the fire by using the interior hydrants for one fire and, exterior hydrants for the other (n-1) fires; in case of suppress the fire from outside using only the exterior hydrants for the all n simultaneous fires.

7.6.1 Regardless the standardized position of the exterior hydrants, when the n
simultaneous fires occur the minimum pressure of the network must be: ! minimum 0.7 bars for low pressure networks (pressure zone)

QII(V) = aKpQormax = 3.6n KpQie, m3/h, where QII(V) is the checking flow ! the pressure of hydrants free use in case of high pressure networks for the flow

QII(V) = KpQomax + 3.6 n KpQie, m3/h, where QII(V) is the checking flow In order to assure a proper operating of the indoor hydrants a checking should be made for any inner fire, if the pressure required is available in any circumstances, including the case when the other theoretically simultaneous fires are suppressed from exterior. QII(V) =a KpQomax + 3.6 Kp (nijQii))max + 3.6 (n-1) KpQie m3/h, (nijQii)max is the major inner fire that could occur in the zone or locality under consideration.

7.6.2 For the important networks (looped networks having more than 50000
inhabitants) the operating reliability must be checked in case of failures occurred on Rev.9 24 of 29
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the main trunks. During the failure duration one must check: ! Operating parameters of the networks in case of fire, with to goal of checking the Qii conveyance capacity and to ensure the pressure in the zones under considerations. ! The assurance of normal pressure for network operating, while the damaged sections is out of service and blocked for the remainder users. ! Eliminate the risk concerning the lack of water required to supply vital consumers.

7.6.3 Depending on local circumstances, the designer, together with the operator
may justify other required checking (to verify if the buffer tank is filled and the network is supplied only by the buffer tank, controlled supply between the networks of two adjacent pressure zones, operation with a only one supply source)

7.6.4 For very developed networks (localities with more than 300000 inhabitants) it is
recommended to verify the network, for the sizing hypothesis considered and to determine the real - time of water flow (water age) in the network, linked to water quality.

7.6.5 It is recommended to place fire hydrants on the main pipes (trunk) of the
distribution network, based on an agreement concluded between the designer, operator, with the approval of the specialized institutions, regional commandment for emergency situations and local public authorities. In addition, this will allow the possibility of supply the moto-pumps of fire brigade directly from the reservoir within the water supply system.

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8. Synchronizing the flow rates with the continuous development of localities

The design of components must take into account, as structural and technological process point of view the possibility of system development, by using the same configuration (catchment extension, DWTP upgrading, to double up the main pipe or by including intermediary pumping stations). Synergy The water supply systems must to adapt to all modifications and developments that may arise in the supplied area or locality, by taking into account: ! ! Social and urban development prognosis for a time horizon of 25 years; Increasing of comfort level in dwellings and to public users (centralized installations for hot domestic water and heating ), endowment for cooking and cleaning, sport facilities endowed with showers, swimming pools, etc); The development of the city by increasing the number of users(inhabitants or public users); Water losses reduction within the distribution network under rehabilitation, up to values of maximum 2022%; At global level, the specific average requirement tends to decrease (or to remain constant) because of technological progress and increasing of life quality; social environment begun to appreciate the great importance of drinking water and its saving.

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ANNEX 1 (For information only) The variation of specific consumption according to IWA data(International Water Association), centralized at the IWA congresses Paris2000, Berlin 2001, Melbourne 2003
Country Austria Belgium Great Britain Germany France Luxembourg Holland Spain Sweden

Specifc consumption [dm3/capita,day]

131-271

108-166

132-267

146-196

1501)

171-259

159-195

150-200

175-.350

NOTE: These values encompass: domestic consumption, public and economic enterprises, supplied with drinking water 2 In the standard SR EN 805 Annex A is specified: When there is not available better information, the total water requirement may range from 150 to 250l/capita/day 3 In Romania, according to ARA Report (Romanian Water Association)-2000, page 44, is specified: for the urban area the domestic consumption is 256,1l/capita/day, the public consumption is 75l/capita/day In 2004 and 2005 has been reported by several important cities (Timisoara, Targu Murs) mean consumption for domestic purpose such as 115120l/capita/day.

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ANNEX 2 (For information only) 1. Hourly consumption in a working day (exterior temperature 18C) Hour 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 Total Village % 1,0 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 6,5 12,0 8,5 3,5 3,0 3,0 4,5 10,0 9,0 1,5 1,5 2,0 2,0 3,0 5,5 9,0 8,5 3,0 1,0 100% Small town % 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,5 1,5 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 5,0 7,0 9,5 10,0 8,5 5,0 3,5 3,0 5,0 8,0 6,0 4,0 3,0 2,5 100% Medium town % 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 2,0 3,0 4,5 5,5 6,0 5,5 6,0 6,0 5,5 5,5 5,5 6,0 5,5 6,0 5,5 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 2,0 100% Big town % 2,6 2,4 2,2 2,1 2,2 4,2 5,3 5,7 5,6 5,4 5,3 5,3 5,2 5,1 4,9 4,5 4,2 4,7 5,0 5,0 4,2 3,3 2,9 2,7 100%

According to [1], the equation used to compute the quantities of daily maximum consumption (Qzimax) is: Qzimax 0,37986E1,01939[m3/d] Where; Qzimax is the maximum daily flow, [m3/d] Rev.9 28 of 29
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(2.1)

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E number of inhabitants References

[1]

J. Mutschmann, F. Stimmelmayr - Taschenbuch der Wasserversorgung, Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft GmbH, 1999

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