Environment Environmental science Environmental Engineering

1.1. What is Environmental science? - Natural science - Environmental science - Quantitative environmental science 1.2. What is Environmental engineering? - Engineering - Environmental Engineering 1.3. Introduction to the Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science - Relationship Environmental Engineering Environmental science - Historical perspective 1.4. Environmental systems overview - Systems definition, explanations - Water resource management system - Air resource management system - Solid waste management - Multimedia systems (interaction) - Sustainability

Natural Science Science systematized knowledge derived from and tested by recognition and formulation of a problem, collection of data through observation, and experimentation Social science Natural science include disciplines as biology, chemistry, geology, physics and environmental science

Environmental science encompasses all the fields of Natural Science - historical perspective natural environment - modern applications to the build environment

Quantitative environmental science Science/ scientific method deals with data/ information that are related to recorded observations Science an organized body of knowledge;

Hypothesis when a data collection/organization reveal certain regularities Theory is formed when certain assumptions tie together a set of generalizations Laws are theories that have gained acceptance over a long time (ex. the gas laws ) Logic part of all theories Quantitative logic need mathematics to provide a theory showing a quantitative theory (ex. oxygen in lakes) Qualitative logic descriptive (ex. oxygen in lakes)

Quantitative environmental science organized collection of mathematical theories that may be used to describe and explore environmental relationships

Environmental Engineering Engineering a profession that applies science and mathematics to make the properties of matter and sources of energy usefull in structures, machines, products, systems, and processes.

Environmental engineering is manifest by sound engineering through practice in the problems of environmental sanitation, notably in the provision of safe, palatable, and public water supplies; the proper disposal of or recycle of wastewater and solid wastes; the adequate drainage of urban and rural areas for proper sanitation, and the control of water, soil and atmospheric pollution, and the social and environmental impact of these solutions. Furthermore the field of public health (diseases), elimination of industrial health hazards, provision of adequate sanitation in urban, rural, and recreational areas, and the effect of technological advances on the environment.

Historical Perspective -Inca cultivation of crops - Maya, Sumerians mathematics - Egyptians prediction and regulation of annual floods (Nile)

- 1687 Philosophiae Naturalis Principa Mathematics (Natural Philosophy and Mathematical Principles)

- 40, 60, 70, 80 ! . 90

How Environmental Engineers and Environmental Scientists work together ?

Short Historical highlights

1707 - 1778 1805 1838 1859 1866 1866 1872 1879 1895 1916
Foundation of the American Society of Ecology Linn the nature equilibrium (inventory) Alexandre de Humbolt Plants geography he observed the vegetation floors on the Chimborazo mountain (Ecuador). The German botanist Grisebach developed the concept of phytogeographical formation that derived directly to the Ecology of vegetation. C. Darwin is publishing the Species theory through natural selection revolutionary vision on the natural selection as engine of biodiversity (found populations dynamics) The German biologist propose the term Ecology to define a new science that refers to the relationship between the organisms and the relationship with their environment. First works on the Ecology of vegetation made by Eugene Warming (Danish Professor) The creation of the world first national park Yellowstone Mobius observing a mass of ostraige have noticed that the organisms are not regrouped by hazard but following alive communities (the biocenose concept ). Forbes Mc William and Cows (North America) they are publishing the first work presenting methodologies serving ecology.

1926 1935 1939 1941 1944 1953 1968 1969 1972 1973 1979

V.Vernadsky developed around the concept of biosphere (1875) and around the biogeochemical cycle an important program related to soil chemical and genetics studies. lately pushed the techniques of satellites surveying A.G. Tansley invent the ecosystem concept that include the organisms complex as well as the physical factors. The German bio-geograph Troll, create the expression of Landscape ecology (Landshaftkologie, cologie du paysage) Raymond Lindeman (American ecologist) present an ecosystems working theory starting from the photosynthetical vegetal production based on solar energy. Discovery of the ADN Fundamentals of Ecology (future Bible of the Ecology) LUNESCO organize in Paris one intergovernmental conference of experts on the scientific basis of the rational use and rational conservation of the biosphere resources. The foundation of the French Society of Ecology Stockholm UN Conference on the global environmental degradation First Oil shock The foundation of the French Association of the Ecological Engineering

1992 1995 1997 1998 2002 2007

The First World Summit (Rio de Janeiro): Environmental problems and the development problems are completely linked. A convention on the preservation of the biological diversity (156 countries) World Conference in Berlin discussing the climate changes and the Greenhouse effect The Second World Summit (New York): The conclusion is that the environment has a continuous deterioration International conference: Water and Sustainability 71% of the earth is covered by water but 40% of its population is suffering because of the water shortage World Summit (Johannesburg): Sustainability Paris 500 experts of the Intergovernmental group on the Climate evolution are confirming that the global warming is partially attributable to the mankind. They made prognostics on the 2100 horizon.

Environmental engineer - provision of safe, palatable, and public water supplies; - the proper disposal of or recycle of wastewater and solid wastes; - control of water, soil and atmospheric pollution (including noise as atmospheric pollutant)

Systems systems approach Ecosystems systems of natural science - the relationships and interaction of plants and animals with the water, air, and soil that makes up their environment

Environmental systems: - Water resource management system - Air resource management system - Solid waste management system - Single medium problems - Multimedia pollution problems Water resource management system Surface-water (streams, lakes, rivers, ..) Groundwater - The nature of the water source commonly determines the planning, design, and operation of the collection, purification, transmission, and distribution works.

Water resource management system - Water supply subsystem Water resource system to serve a small community (how is working )

-Water quantity population and water consumption patterns (prime factors) -The essential elements of water demand - average daily water consumption - peak rate of demand

Divide

Source

Transmission Works Treatment Works (water plant)

Collection Works (reservoir)

Distribution system Collection Works (Wells field) Source (groundwater)

Storage (reservoir)

average daily water consumption

Estimated to: (1) Determine the ability of water source to meet continuing demands over critical periods when surface flows are low or water tables are at the minimum elevation (2) To estimate quantities of stored water that will satisfy the demand during the critical periods

peak rate of demand

Estimated to: determine plumbing and pipe sizing, pressure loses and storage requirements necessary to supply sufficient water during periods of peak water demand (what is peak water demand ?)

Main factors that influence the water use: Industrial activity (Industry / communities/ small communities water demand per capita (person) Meterage (important sense of responsibility system management) System management (discuss loses in the network) Standard of living (high development versus less developed zones/countries) Climate (high temperature / low temperature)

Secondary factors that influence the water use: Extend of sewer System pressure Water price availability of private wells

Wastewater disposal subsystem - Safe disposal of all human waste is necessary to protect the health of the individual, family, and community and to prevent the occurrence of certain nuisances (troubles). Human waste must be disposed of so that: They will not contaminate any drinking water supply They will not give rise to a public health hazard by being accessible to insects, rodents, or other possible disease carriers that may come into contact with food or drinking water. They will not give rise to a public health hazard by being accessible to children They will not cause violation of laws or regulations governing water pollution or sewage disposal They will not pollute or contaminate the waters of any bathing beach, shellfishbreeding, ground, or stream used for public or domestic water supply purposes, or for recreational purposes. They will not give rise to a nuisance due to odor or unsightly appearance.

Source of Wastewater

- Source of wastewater: industrial/ domestic sewerage loses influence groundwater rainstorms

On-site processing

Wastewater Collection

Sewers: sanitary designed to carry municipal and (sometimes) industrial (with proper treatment) wastewaters Storm designed to handle excess rainwater and snowmelt to prevent flooding of low areas (during storm the excess water discharge without treatment in rivers and streams) Combined old fashion

Transmission and Pumping

Treatment

- Wastewater Treatment Plant

Disposal or reuse

Waste discharge onto the ground or receiving body Wastewater effluent - discharge

Air resource management system - Air resource management the balance of cost and benefit to obtain a desired quality

- Cost of control can be reasonably determined by standard engineering and economic means - Cost of pollution still far from being quantitatively assessed

- Air resource management programs are instituted when: (1) air quality has deteriorated (2) potential for a future problem is strong

Solid waste management -Solid waste is seen as a problem to be solved as cheaply as possible than a resource to be recovered. - Landfill -Waste reduction / recycling ..
Waste generation

Storage

Collection

Transfer and transport

Processing and recovery

Disposal

Multimedia systems

Air - Water - Soil boundary

Ex. Acid rain results from Sulfur oxides and Nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere

Observations: - Too dangerous to develop too simplistic models - The necessity to use a multimedia approach to solve environmental problems - The best solution to environmental pollution is waste minimization .. (if you are not producing waste )

Sustainability How we do maintain our ecosystem in the light of major depletion of natural resources !? Controlling pollution / sustaining environment

Solutions for polluting problems: - Pollution prevention by minimization of waste production - Life cycle analysis of our production techniques to include build-in features for extraction and reuse of materials - Selection of materials and methods that have long life - Selection of manufacturing methods and equipment that minimize energy and water consumption