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Articles and Papers - Scientific Papers - Unexplained Powers of Animals - A Dog That Seems To Know When His Owner is Coming Home: Videotaped

ADogThatSeemsToKnowWhenHisOwnerisComingHome: VideotapedExperimentsandObservations
JournalofScientificExploration14,233255(2000) byRupertSheldrakeandPamelaSmart Introduction Manydogownersclaimthattheiranimalknowswhenamemberofthehouseholdisabouttocomehome.Typically,thedogissaidto goandwaitatadoor,windoworgatewhilethepersonisonthewayhome(Sheldrake,1994,1999a).Randomhouseholdsurveysin BritainandtheUnitedStateshaveshownthatbetween45and52percentofdogownerssaytheyhavenoticedthiskindofbehavior (Brown&Sheldrake,1998Sheldrake,Lawlor&Turney,1998Sheldrake&Smart,1997). Dog owners often ascribe their animals' anticipations to telepathy or a "sixth sense", but there could be more conventional explanations: First,thedogcouldbehearingorsmellingitsownerapproaching. Second,thedogcouldbereactingtoroutinetimesofreturn. Third,itcouldberespondingtosubtlecuesfrompeopleathomewhoknowwhentheabsentpersonisreturning. Fourth,theanimalmaygototheplaceatwhichitwaitsforitsownerwhenthepersonisnotonthewayhomethepeopleathomemay remember its apparent anticipation only when the person returns shortly afterwards, forgetting the other occasions. Thus the phenomenoncouldsimplybeanartifactofselectivememory. Inordertotestthesepossibilities,thedogshouldbecapableofreactingatleasttenminutesinadvance,thepersontowhomthedog respondsshouldcomehomeatnonroutinetimes,thepeopleathomeshouldnotknowwhenthispersoniscoming,andthebehavior ofthedogshouldberecordedinsuchawaythatselectivememorycanberuledout(Sheldrake,1994).Thisrecordingofthedog's behaviorcanbedonemosteffectivelybymeansoftimecodedvideotape. InthispaperwedescribeaseriesofvideotapedexperimentsandobservationswithadogcalledJaytee,belongingtoPamelaSmart (PS). Jaytee'santicipatorybehavior PSadoptedJayteefromManchesterDogs'Homein1989whenhewasstillapuppy,andsoonformedaclosebondwithhim. She livedinRamsbottom,GreaterManchester,inagroundfloorflat,adjacenttotheflatofherparents,WilliamandMurielSmart,whowere retired.Whenshewentout,sheusuallyleftJayteewithherparents. In1991,whenPSwasworkingasasecretaryinManchester,herparentsnoticedthatJayteeusedtogototheFrenchwindowinthe living rrom almost every weekday at about 4:30 PM, around the time she set off to come home. Her journey usually took 4560 minutes,andJayteewouldwaitatthewindowmostofthetimeshewasonherway.Sincesheworkedroutineofficehours,thefamily assumedthatJaytee'sbehaviordependedonsomekindoftimesense. PSwaslaidofffromherjobin1993,andwassubsequentlyunemployed.Shewasoftenawayfromhomeforhoursatatime,andwas no longer tied to any regular pattern of activity. Her parents usually did not know when she would be returning, but Jaytee still continuedtoanticipateherreturn.Hisreactionsseemedtooccuraroundthetimeshesetoffonherhomewardjourney. In April 1994, PS read an article in the British Sunday Telegraph about the research Rupert Sheldrake (RS) was doing on this phenomenon(Matthews,1994)andvolunteeredtotakepart.ThefirststageinthisinvestigationwasthekeepingofalogbyPSand herparents.BetweenMay1994andFebruary,1995on100occasionssheleftJayteewithherparentswhenshewentout,andthey madenotesonJaytee'sreactions.PSherselfkeptarecordofwhereshehadbeen,howfarshehadtravelled(usuallyatleast6km andsometimes50km),hermodeoftransport,andwhenshehadsetofftocomehome.On85ofthese100occasions,Jayteereacted bygoingtowaitattheFrenchwindowinthelivingroombeforePSreturned,usually10ormoreminutesinadvance. Whenthesedatawereanalyzedstatistically,alinearregressionofJaytee'swaitingtimesagainstPS'sjourneytimesshowedthatthe timeswhenJayteebeganwaitingwereverysignificantly(p<0.0001)relatedtothetimesthatPSsetoff(Sheldrake&Smart,1998).It didnotseemtomatterhowfarawayshewas. Jaytee'santicipatoryreactionsusuallybeganwhenPSwasmorethan6kmaway.Hecouldnothaveheardhercaratsuchdistances, especially against the background of the heavy traffic in Greater Manchester and on the M66 motorway, which runs close to Ramsbottom.Moreover,MrandMrsSmarthadalreadynoticedthatJayteestillanticipatedPS'sreturnwhenshearrivedinunfamiliar
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Articles and Papers - Scientific Papers - Unexplained Powers of Animals - A Dog That Seems To Know When His Owner is Coming Home: Videotaped

vehicles. Nevertheless,tocheckthatJayteewasnotreactingtothesoundofPS'scarorotherfamiliarvehicles,weinvestigatedwhetherhestill anticipatedherarrivalwhenshetravelledbyunusualmeans:bybicycle,bytrainandbytaxi.Hedid(Sheldrake&Smart,1998). PSdidnotusuallytellherparentsinadvancewhenshewouldbecominghome,nordidshetelephonetoinformthem.Indeed,she oftendidnotknowinadvancewhenshewouldbereturningaftershopping,visitingfriendsandrelations,attendingmeetingsorafter an evening out. But it is possible that her parents might in some cases have guessed when she might be coming, and then, consciouslyorunconsciously,communicatedtheirexpectationtoJaytee.Someofhisreactionsmightthereforebeduetoherparents' anticipation,ratherthandependingonsomemysteriousinfluencefromPSherself. Totestthispossibility,wecarriedoutexperimentsinwhichPSsetoffattimesselectedatrandomaftershehadlefthome.Thesetimes wereunknowntoanyoneelse.Intheseexperiments,Jayteestartedtowaitwhenshesetoff,eventhoughnooneathomeknewwhen shewouldbecoming(Sheldrake&Smart,1998).Thereforehisreactionscouldnotbeexplainedintermsofherparents'expectations. Our first series of investigations involved the recording of Jaytee's reactions in a notebook, and hence necessitated a subjective assessmentofhisbehavior.Inthispaperwedescribeapreplannedseriesof12experimentswithrandomlychosenreturntimesin which Jaytee's behavior was recorded throughout the entire period of PS's absence on timecoded videotape. We also discuss 4 videotapedexperimentswithrandomlychosenreturntimescarriedoutwithJayteeatourinvitationbyRichardWisemanandMatthew Smith(Wiseman,Smith&Milton,1998Sheldrake,1999b). In addition, we describe 95 videotaped observations of Jaytee's behavior in three different environments. We made these observationstofindoutmoreaboutthenaturalhistoryofthedog'santicipatorybehavior.Ontheseoccasions,PSdid not return at randomlyselectedtimes,butratherattimesofherownchoosing.Shewentoutandaboutshopping,visitingfriendsormembersofher family,attendingmeetingsorvisitingpubsandreturnedwhenshefeltlikeit.Herjourneysvariedindistancebetween7and22km awayfromhome.Theytookplaceatvarioustimesofthedayoreveningandfollowednoroutinepattern.WhensheleftJayteewith membersofherfamily,theywerenotinformedwhenshewouldbereturning,andsheusuallydidnotknowinadvanceherself.On50 occasions,Jayteewasleftonhisown. We also carried out a series of 10 control observations in which Jaytee was filmed continuously on evenings when PS was not returninghome,orwasreturningunusuallylate. Methods Intheseexperiments,whenPSwentoutsheleftJayteeeitherinherparents'flatwithherparents,WilliamandMurielSmartoralone inherownflatinRamsbottom,GreaterManchester,nextdoortoherparents'flatorwithhersister,CathieMacKenzie,inthenearby townofEdenfield.HavingleftJaytee,PStraveledaminimumdistanceof7km.Sherecordedinanotebookthedetailsofwhereshe hadbeento,whenshesetofftocomehome,howlongherjourneytookandhermodeoftransport.Insomecasesshetraveledintaxis orincarsbelongingtohersistersorfriends,butinmostcasesshetraveledinherowncar,sincewehadalreadyestablishedthat Jaytee'santicipatorybehaviorstilloccurredwhenshetraveledinunfamiliarvehicles,andhencecouldnotbeexplainedintermsofthe doghearinghercar(Sheldrake&Smart,1998). WhilePSwasout,Jaytee'svisitstothewindowandhisabsencesfromitweremonitoredcontinuouslyonvideotape.Thevideotaping procedurewaskeptassimpleaspossible,sothatthefilmingofJayteecouldbedoneroutinelyandautomatically.Thevideocamera wassetuponatripod,andleftrunningcontinuouslyinthelongplaymodewithalongplayfilm,withthetimecoderecordedonit.In this way up to 4 hours of continuous observation was possible without anyone needing to attend to the camera. PS switched the cameraonjustbeforesheleft,andswitcheditoffwhenshereturned.BecauseoftheneedtokeepJaytee'svisitstothewindowunder continuoussurveillance,allexperimentsinvolvedabsencesoflessthan4hours. ThecamerapointedattheareawhereJayteeusuallywaited.InbothPS'sparent'sflatandinPS'sownflat(agroundfloorflatadjacent toherparents')thiswasbytheFrenchwindowinthelivingroom,throughwhichhecouldseetheroadoutsidewherePSdrewupand parkedhercar.InPS'ssister'shouse,Jayteejumpedupontothebackofasofafromwhichhecouldseeoutofthewindow. Experimentswithrandomlyselectedreturntimes Inapreplannedseriesof12experimentswithrandomlyselectedreturntimes,JayteewasleftatPSparents'flatandPSdidnotknow inadvancewhenshewouldbereturning.Norwereherparentsinformed.Inalltheseexperiments,PStravelledinherowncar. PSwasbeepedonatelephonepagerwhenitwastimetosetoffhome.Onmostoccasions,therandomselectionofthetimesandthe beepingofPSweredonebyRS,whowasinLondon,over300kmaway.Ontwooccasions(on19November1996and1July1997) theselectionofrandomtimesandthebeepingwasdonebyanotherpersoninLondonwhowasunknowntoPSorJaytee. These"beep"timeswerewithinaprearrangedperiod,between45and90minuteslong.Thisperiodcommenced80minutesto170 minutesafterPShadgoneout.The"beepwindow"wasthendividedinto20equalintervals,andoneofthesewasselectedatrandom bythrowingadiethreetimes,todeterminethepage,rowandcolumninstandardrandomnumbertables(SnedecorandCochran,
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Articles and Papers - Scientific Papers - Unexplained Powers of Animals - A Dog That Seems To Know When His Owner is Coming Home: Videotaped

1967).Readingdownwardsfromthispointlookingatthefirsttwodigitsofeachrandomnumber,thefirstpairofdigitsbetween01and 20determinedthetimeatwhichthebeepwastobegiven. Threeofthe12experimentswerecarriedoutintheafternoon,withbeepsat2:22,3:04and3:36PMtheremainingexperimentswere carriedoutintheeveningwithbeepsatarangeoftimesbetween8:09and9:39PM. Observationsindifferentenvironments Wecarriedoutapreplannedseriesof30observationsinPS'sparents'flatbetweenMay1995andJuly1996.SevenofPSabsences were in the daytime, at various times in the morning and afternoon, with PS's times of return ranging from 11:13 AM to 3:36 PM. Twentythreewereintheevening,withPSreturningatarangeoftimesbetween7:30and10:45PM.Thelengthofherabsences rangedfrom85to220minutes. InPS'sparents'flatwealsocarriedoutapreplannedseriesof10controlexperimentsoneveningswhenPSwasnotreturningor coming home unusually late. Her parents were not informed that she would not be returning during the 4hour period that the videotapewasrunning.ThisseriesofobservationswasmadebetweenJulyandNovember1997,duringtheperiodwhenwewere doingexperimentswithrandomlyselectedreturntimes. Wealsocarriedoutapreplannedseriesof50observationsinPS'sownflat,whereJayteewasleftonhisown,betweenMay1995 and September 1997. On 15 of these occasions, PS went out and returned in the morning, with times of return ranging from 9:59 to11:57AMon34occasionsshereturnedintheafternoon,atarangeoftimesbetween12:20and4:50PMandononeoccasionshe returnedintheevening,at9:27PM.Thelengthofherabsencesrangedfrom81to223minutes. The 5 observations at PS's sister's house were conducted between October 1995 and June 1996, 2 in the morning and 3 in the evening,withabsencesrangingfrom93to199minutes. Analysisofvideotapesandtabulationofdata Thevideotapeswereanalyzed"blind"byJaneTurneyand/orDrAmandaJacks,whodidnotknowwhenPSsetofftocomehomeor otherdetailsoftheexperiments.Startingfromthebeginningofthetape,theyrecordedtheexacttimes(tothenearestsecond)when Jayteewasinthetargetareanearthewindow,andmadenotesonhisactivitiesthere:forexamplethathewasbarkingatapassing cat,sleepinginthesunorsittinglookingoutofthewindowfornoapparentreason.Incaseswherethesametapewasscoredblindby bothpeople,theagreementbetweentheirrecordswasexcellent,showingoccasionaldifferencesofonlyasecondorso.(Although thescoringwascarriedoutblind,whentheendofthetapewasreachedandPSwasseenenteringtheroom,thejudgesthenknewat what time she had arrived, and hence were no longer blind. But by this time the data had all been recorded and were not subsequently altered.) Some of the videotapes were also scored independently by PS and RS to see how well their records corresponded to each other and to the blind scores by Jane Turney of Amanda Jacks. Again the agreement was excellent, with occasionaldifferencesofonlyasecondortwo.

Forthetabulationofthedata,twomethodswereused.First,allthevisitsofJayteetothewindowwereincluded,evenifhewasthere forreasonsthatseemedtobeunconnectedwithhisanticipatorybehavior,forexampleifhewassimplysleepinginthesun,barkingat passingcatsorwatchingpeopleunloadingcars.Inthiswayanyselectiveuseofdatawasavoided,althoughthedatawere"noisy" becausetheyincludedirrelevantvisitstothewindowthathadnothingtodowithPS'sreturns.Second,thesevisitstothewindowthat seemedtohavenothingtodowithJaytee'santicipatorybehaviorwereexcluded.Thissetofdatawas"cleaner"butmoredependent onsubjectiveassessments.However,sincetheseassessmentsweredone"blind"theyshouldnothaveinvolvedanysystematicbias. Statisticalanalysis Weusedtwomainwaysofanalyzingthedata.Thefirstprovidedasimplewayofaveragingandcomparingdifferentexperiments.For eachexperiment,thepercentageofthetimethatJayteespentbythewindowwascalculatedforthreeperiods: 1.ThefirsttenminutesafterPSgotintohercarandstartedtravelinghomewards(the"returnperiod"). Inthecaseofexperimentswithrandomlyselectedreturntimes,thisreturnperiodwasdeemedtobeginatthetimePSreceivedthe beepsignalingthatsheshouldsetoff.Allhomewardjourneyslastedatleast13minutes.ThusJaytee'sreactionsinthelast3ormore minutesofPS'sjourneywereomittedfromtheanalysisincasehecouldhavebeenrespondingtothesoundsofhercarapproaching. Infactmostjourneytimesweremorethan15minuteslong,somorethanfiveminutesofJaytee'sbehaviorwereomitted.Incases wherethejourneytimelasted23minutesormore,thepercentageoftimeforthecombinedfirstandsecond10minuteperiodsofthe returnjourneywasalsocalculated,andaseparatestatisticalanalysiswascarriedoutforcomparisonwiththeusualmethodinvolving only10minutereturnperiods. 2.The10minuteperiodpriortothereturnperiod(the"prereturnperiod"). 3.ThetimewhenPamwasabsentpriortotheprereturnperiod(the"mainperiod"). Becausetheexperimentsvariedinlength,thelengthofthemainperiodrangedbetween50and200minutes. ThepercentageofthetimethatJayteespentbythewindowinthesethreeperiodswereanalyzedstatisticallybyarepeatedmeasures
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15/11/13 Articles and Papers - Scientific Papers - Unexplained Powers of Animals - A Dog That Seems To Know When His Owner is Coming Home: Videotaped ThepercentageofthetimethatJayteespentbythewindowinthesethreeperiodswereanalyzedstatisticallybyarepeatedmeasures

analysisofvariance,andcomparisonsofpairsofperiodsweremadeusingthepairedsamplettest. Thesecondmethodofanalyzingthedataalsoinvolvedtenminutereturnperiods,butthemainperiodwasalsodividedupintoten minuteintervals,definedinrelationtothetimeatwhichPSwasbeepedtocomehome.ThetotalnumberofsecondsthatJayteespent bythewindowineachofthesetenminuteperiodswasthenplottedongraphs.IncaseswherePS'sreturnjourneylasted23minutes ormore,datafortwo10minutereturnperiodsareshownonthegraphs,representingthefirst20minutesofherhomewardjourney. AstatisticalanalysisofthetimecoursedatawascarriedoutforusbyDrDeanRadinusingarandomizedpermutationanalysis(RPA) (Good, 1994 Hjorth, 1994). For each dataset, he calculated the correlation between timeatthewindow versus the 10minute segmentnumberoftheoriginaldata(asplottedinthegraphsinFig.4).Thesecorrelationsshowedstrongpositivetrends.TheRPA calculationsmadetheassumptionthatunderthenullhypothesis,Jayteeshouldhavespentaboutthesameamountoftimeat the windowineachofthe10minuteperiods.Thezscoreswereformedasz=(originalcorrelationaveragepermutatedcorrelation)/ (standarddeviationofpermutatedcorrelations),basedon500randompermutations.TheRPAtestsconvergedveryrapidlytypically onlyabout100randompermutationswereneeded,sotheestimatedzscoreswith500permutationswerequiteaccurate. Results Experimentswithrandomlyselectedreturntimes TheoverallresultssummarizedinFig.1showthatJayteewasatthewindowfarmorewhenPSwasonherwayhomethanduringthe mainperiodofherabsence.WhenallJaytee'svisitstothewindowwereincludedintheanalysis(Fig.1A),hewasatthewindowforan averageof55percentofthetimeduringthefirst10minutesofPSreturnjourney,asopposedto4percentofthetimeduringthemain periodofPS'sabsence.Duringthe10minuteprereturnperiodhewasatthewindow23percentofthetime.Thesedifferenceswere highlysignificantstatistically(repeatedmeasuresANOVA,Fvalue(df2,22)=20.46p<0.0001pairedsamplet test comparing main periodwithreturnperiodp=0.0001).

Fig1.TheaveragepercentageoftimespentatthewindowbyJayteeduringthemainperiodofP.Ssabsence(mainperiod)during the10minutespriortohersettingofftocomehome(prereturn),andduringthefirst10minutesofherhomewardjourney(return). Standarderrorsareindicatedbybars.(A)Dataforallvisitstothewindow.(B)Dataexcludingirrelevantvisits. WhenJaytee'sirrelevantvisitstothewindowwereexcludedfromtheanalysis,thegeneralpatternwasverysimilar(Fig.1B),butthe percentageoftimeatthewindowwasofcourse somewhat lower. In the main period Jaytee spent 0.5 per cent of the time by the windowintheprereturnperiod18percentandinthereturnperiod54percent.Thesignificanceofthesedifferenceswashigherthan whenallJaytee'svisitswereincluded(repeatedmeasuresANOVA,Fvalue(df2,22)24.36p=3x106 ). In6outofthe12experiments,PS'sreturnjourneystookmorethan23minutesandhenceincludedtwo10minuteperiodsratherthan justone.IntheanalysisshowninFigs1Aand1B,onlythefirst10minutereturnperiodwasincluded.Whenboth10minute return periodsfromtheseexperimentswereincludedintheanalysis,theaveragepercentageoftimeatthewindowduringthereturnperiod increasedfrom55to61percentwhenallvisitstothewindowwereincluded,andfrom54to59percentwhenirrelevantvisitswere excluded.Thestatisticalsignificanceofthedifferenceswasevenhigherthanbefore(repeatedmeasuresANOVA,Fvalues(df2,22) 25.43and29.03respectively). TheincreasedpercentageoftimetheJayteespentatthewindowduringthe10minuteprereturnperiodwasstatisticallysignificant (pairedsample t test comparing main period with prereturn period for data the included all visits to the window, p=0.04). The differencebetweentheprereturnandreturnperiodswasverysignificant(p=0.0009).However,Jayteedidnotvisitthewindowinthe prereturnperiodinallexperiments,butonlyin7outof12. www.sheldrake.org/Articles%26Papers/papers/animals/dog_video.html 4/14

15/11/13 Articles and Papers - Scientific Papers - Unexplained Powers of Animals - A Dog That Seems To Know When His Owner is Coming Home: Videotaped prereturnperiodinallexperiments,butonlyin7outof12.

Thedetailedtimecoursesforall12beepexperimentsareshowninFig.2.

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Fig.2Thetimecoursesformall12experimentsinwhichP.S.camehomeatrandomlyselectedtimesinresponsetobeingbeeped. TheordinateshowsthetotalnumberofsecondsthatJayteespentatthewindowineach10minuteperiod,theabcissatheseriesof 10minuteperiodsdefinedinrelationtothetimeatwhichP.Swasbeepedtocomehome.DataforallJayteesvisitstothewindow, includingirrelevantvisits,areindicatedbycircles,anddatafromwhichirrelevantvisitshavebeenexcludedareindicatedbysquares. Thebeepwindowisindicatedbyalinewithtwoarrowheads,andthisrepresentstheperiodduringwhichP.Scouldhavereceivedthe signaltocomehome.Experimentswithbeepsinthefirsthalfofthebeepwindow(earlybeeps)areontheleft,andthosewithbeepsin thesecondhalfofthebeepwindow(latebeeps)areontheright.Thepointsforthe10minuteperiodsimmediatelyfollowingthebeep duringwhichP.Swasreturningareindicatedbyfilledcirclesorsquares.Thegraphsshowthedurationof all Jaytee's visits to the windowineach10minuteperiod,bothwithandwithouttheexclusionofirrelevantvisits.Inoneoftheseexperiments,Jayteedidnot gotothewindowatall,butinalltheothershewasatthewindowforthehighestproportionofthetimewhenPSwasonherwayhome. In6oftheseexperiments,PSwasbeepedtocomehomeinthefirsthalfofthe"beepwindow"("earlybeep")andintheother6she wasbeepedinthesecondhalf("latebeep").InspectionofthegraphsshowthatJayteerespondedintheprereturnperiodinonly2of the earlybeep experiments, whereas he did so in 5 of the latebeep experiments (3 when irrelevant visits to the window were excluded). Thirtyordinaryhomecomings InordertoobservehowJayteebehavedundermoreorless"natural"conditions,wemadeapreplannedseriesof30videotapesof JayteeatPS'sparents'flatwhilePSwentoutandabout.Shereturnedattimesofherownchoosing,rangingfrom11:13AMto10:45 www.sheldrake.org/Articles%26Papers/papers/animals/dog_video.html 6/14

15/11/13 Articles and Papers - Scientific Papers - Unexplained Powers of Animals - A Dog That Seems To Know When His Owner is Coming Home: Videotaped JayteeatPS'sparents'flatwhilePSwentoutandabout.Shereturnedattimesofherownchoosing,rangingfrom11:13AMto10:45

PM,withabsencesrangingfrom85to220minutes.PSdidnottellherparentswhenshewouldbereturning,andusuallyshedidnot knowinadvanceherself. TheoverallresultsareshowninFig.3A.Thegeneralpatternisclear.Onaverage,Jayteewasatthewindowforthehighestproportion ofthetime(65%)inthe"return"period,whenPSwasonherwayhome.Hewasatthewindow31%ofthetimeinthe10minute"pre return"period,andonly11%ofthetimeduringthemainperiodofherabsence.Thesedifferenceswerehighlysignificantstatistically (p<0.0001).Usingthepairedsamplettest(twotailed),thedifferencebetweenthemainperiodandreturnperiodwassignificantat p<0.0001betweentheprereturnandreturnperiodatp=0.008andbetweenthemainperiodandprereturnperiodatp=0.0009. Anumberofinterestingdetailsarehiddenbythisaveragingprocess.Firstofall,althoughon24occasionsJayteespentmoretimeat thewindowwhenPSwasonherwayhome,onsixoccasionshedidnot.Onfive(allintheevening)hedidnotgotothewindowatall duringthefirsttenminutesofherhomewardjourney.Onthesixth(inthemorning)hedidsoforonly10seconds.Onsomeofthese occasionshewasunusuallyinactive,andmayhavebeenexhaustedafterlongwalks,orsick.Butirrespectiveofthereasonsforhis unresponsiveness,thefactisthathedidnotshowhisusualsignsofanticipationon6outof30occasions. Second,inthedaytimeJayteewasgenerallymoreactiveandalertthanintheevening,andonaveragewasatthewindowmore(Fig. 3B).Therewasmoreactivityoutsideforhimtowatch,andonsunnydayshetendedtosnoozebythewindowinthesunlight. Third, the effect of "noise" on the pattern of Jaytee's response can be examined directly by comparing "noisy" experiments with "normal" experiments (Fig. 3C). Noisy experiments were defined as one in which Jaytee spent more than 15% of the time at the windowinthemainperiod.Bythiscriterion7outofthe30experimentswere"noisy".Most"noisy"experimentsoccurredinthedaytime whentherewasmuchactivityoutdoorsthatJayteewenttothewindowtowatch.Also,onsunnydayshetendedtoliedownbythe windowinthesunandgotosleep.Nevertheless,inboth"normal"and"noisy"experimentsJayteewasatthewindowleastinthemain period, more in the prereturn period and most when PS was actually returning. These differences were highly significant for both "normal"and"noisy"experimentsanalyzedseparately(p=0.0004andp=0.0001respectively). Fourth,thequestionofwhetherJaytee'spatternofresponsechangedwithtimecanbeexaminedbycomparingtheaverageofthefirst tenexperiments(fromMaytoSeptember1995) with the second (from September 1995 to January 1996) and third batches of ten experiments(fromJanuarytoJuly,1996).Thepatternwassimilarinallthreegroups(Fig.3D). Finally,thelengthoftimethatPamwasawayfromhomevariedconsiderably.DidJayteebehaveinasimilarwaywhenshereturned aftershortabsencesandafterlongerones?Toexplorethisquestion,wehavedividedthedataupintothreegroups:long,medium andshortabsences,definedrespectivelyas180minutesormore110170minutesand80100minutes.Thegeneralpatterninall threegroupswassimilar,butintheshortabsencestheexperimentswerenoisier,andJayteeshowedmoreanticipationinthe pre returnperiod(Fig.3E).

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Figure3.PercentageoftimespentatthewindowbyJayteeduringthemainperiodofP.Ssabsenceduringthe10minutespriortoher settingofftocomehome(prereturn),andduringthefirst10minutesofherhomewardjourney(return).Standarderrorsareindicated bybars.(A)Averagesfrom30ordinaryhomecomings.(B)Comparisonofexperimentsinthedaytime(7)andintheevening(23).(C) Comparisonofnormalexperiments(23)andnoisyexperiments(7)inwhichJayteewasatthewindowformorethan15%ofthetime duringthemainperiodofP.S.sabsence.(D)Comparisonofthefirst,secondandthirdgroupsof10experiments.(E)Comparisonof long(13),medium(9)andshort(8)experiments. SinceJayteewasatthewindowmostinthefinalperiod,whenPSwasonthewayhome,coulditbethatJayteesimplywenttothe windowmoreandmorewhenPSwasout?Ifhedidso,hewouldautomaticallybeatthewindowmostinthefinalperiodwhateverthe lengthoftheexperiment,andmoreinthepenultimateperiodthatinthepreviousperiods. The goingtothewindowmoreandmore hypothesis can be tested by looking in more detail at the average timecourses of long, mediumandshortexperimentsinFig.4.ThisFigureshowsdatafromalltheexperiments,andalsofromthe"normal"experimentsafter theexclusionoftheminorityof"noisy"experiments,whichtendedtoobscuretheusualpattern. The data in Fig. 4 show that Jaytee's waiting at the window occurred soonest in the short experiments, later in the medium experimentsandlatestinthelongexperiments.Inotherwords,Jaytee'sbehaviorwasmorecloselyrelatedtoPS'simpendingreturn thantotheamountoftimethathadelapsedsinceshewentout.IfJayteehadsimplygonetothewindowmoreandmoreastimewent on,thereshouldhavebeenlittleornodifferencebetweenthetimehespentthereinthelong,mediumandshortexperimentsinany given period. This can be tested statistically. (In the following analyses, all the data were included, with no exclusions of "noisy" experiments.)

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Figure4.ThetimecoursesofJayteesvisitstothewindowduringP.S.slong,mediumandshortabsences.Thehorizontalaxisshows theseriesof10minuteperiods(p1,p2,etc.).TheverticalaxisshowstheaveragenumberofsecondsthatJayteespentatthewindow ineach10minuteperiod.Dataforall30experimentsareshown,aswellasdatafornormalexperimentsaftertheexclusionofthe sevennoisyexperiments.Thelastperiodshownonthegraphrepresentsthefirst10minutesofP.S.sreturnjourney(ret),thepointfor thisisindicatedbyafilledcircleofsquare.Thebarsshowstandarderrors.WhenPSwasreturningintheshortexperimentsinperiod 8,Jayteewasatthewindowasignificantlyhigherproportionofthetimethaninperiod8ofthemediumandlongdurationexperiments (byafactorialanalysisofvariance,p=0.004).Likewise,Jayteespentasignificantlyhigherproportionofthetimeatthewindowwhen Pamwasonthewayhomeinthemediumexperimentsinperiod11thaninperiod11ofthelongabsences,whenshewouldnotbe returningformorethananotherhour(p=0.003). InaRandomizedPermutationAnalysis(RPA),theobservedtimecoursesweretestedagainstthenullhypothesisthatJayteeshould havespendaboutthesameamountoftimeatthewindowineachofthe10minuteperiods.Theprobabilitiesthattheobservedpattern ofdatadifferedfromthenullhypothesisbychancewere: Longexperimentsp<0.0008 Mediumexperimentsp<0.01 Shortexperimentsp<0.008 Combinedp<0.000003 Jaytee'sbehaviorwhenPSwasnotreturning InordertostudyJaytee'sbehaviorwhenPSwasnotcominghome,wefilmedhimatPS'sparents'sflaton10eveningswhenPSwas eitherspendingthenightawayfromhome,orcominghomeatleastonehourafterthefilmingperiodhadterminated.Fig.5showsthe averagetimehespentatthewindowintheseriesof10minuteperiodsbetween6:30and10:00PM.Inthesecontrolobservations, Jayteemadeanumberofvisitstothewindowforavarietyofreasons,asusual,buthedidnotgotothewindowmoreandmoreasthe eveningwenton.

Figure5.TimesentbyJayteebythewindowonevenngswhenPSwasnotcominghome.Thefirstofthe3010minuteperiodswas from6:30top6:40p.m.,thelastform9:50to10:00p.m.Thefiguresshownareaveragesfrom10evenings.Thebarsshowstandard errors. ObservationsonJayteeatPS'ssister'shouse

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PSsometimesleftJayteeathersister'shouse,andheretooheusuallywenttothewindowwhenshewascominghome.PSdidnot tellhersisterwhenshewouldberetrurning,buthersisterusuallyknewwhenshewasonherwaybecauseofJaytee'sbehavior. Inthishouse,inordertolookoutofthewindowJayteehadtobalancehimselfonthebackofasofa.Unlikethe situtation in PS's parentsflatandinherownflat,Jayteecouldnotwaitbythewindowcomfortably,andrarelystayedforlong.Nevertheless,inaseries of5videotapedexperiments,hisgeneralpatternofresponse(Fig.6A)wassimilartothatinPS'sparents'flat(Fig.3),althoughthe percentageoftimespentatthewindowwaslower,thevariabilitywasgreateranddifferenceswerenotstatisticallysignificant.

Figure6. Percentage of time spent by the window by Jayteeduring the main period, prereturn and return periods. The bars show standarderrors.(a)InPS'ssister'shouse(averageof5experiments).(b)AloneinPS'sflat(averageof50experiments). ObservationsonJayteeleftonhisown Wecarriedoutapreplannedseriesof50videotapedexperimentsinwhichJayteewasleftbyhimselfinPS'sownflatwhileshewent out.Theoverallpattern(Fig.6B)wassimilartothatinPS'sparents'flat(Fig.3)andhersister'shouse(Fig.6A).Thedifferenceswere significant statistically (repeatedmeasures ANOVA, p<0.01 pairedsample t test comparing the main period with return period, p<0.005).ButtheaverageproportionofthetimeatthewindowwaslowerthaninPS'sparents'flat. AcloseranalysisofthedatarevealedthatJayteeshowedtwodifferentpatternsofresponse.Inmostofthetests(35outof50)Jaytee didnotgotothewindowwhenPSwasonherwayhome.Infacthemadefewornovisitstothewindowduringtheentiretimeshewas absent.Onereasonmaybethattheviewfromthewindowwaslargelyobscuredbyabush,sotherewasnotmuchscopeforwatching activitiesoutside,althoughitwasstillpossibletoseetheroadonwhichPSapproachedinhercar. By contrast, in 15 out of 50 experiments (30 percent), Jaytee behaved much as he did at PS's parents flat and showed his usual anticipatorywaitingwhilePSwaspreparingtocomehomeandwhileshewasonherway. Anindependentreplication DuringthecourseofourresearchwithJaytee,atourinvitationRichardWisemanandMatthewSmithcarriedoutfourexperimentswith Jaytee, three at PS's parents' flat and one at her sister's house. During these experiments, Wiseman filmed Jaytee while Smith accompaniedPSandreturnedwithheratrandomlyselectedtimesincarsunfamiliartoJaytee(Wiseman,Smith&Milton,1998). InallthreeexperimentsatPS'sparents'flat,thepatternofresponsewasverysimilartothepatternweobserved,withJayteeatthe windowmostwhenPSwasreturning.Usingthesamedefinitionofthemain,prereturnandreturnperiodsusedinFig.1,theaverage proportionofthetimethatJayteespentatthewindowwas4percentinthemainperiod,48percentintheprereturnperiodand78 per cent in the return period. The differences between the periods were significant (by repeated measures ANOVA, p=0.02 comparisonofthemainperiodwithreturnperiodbythepairedsamplettest,p=0.03).Whenthetimecourseswereplottedfollowing thesamemethodusedinourFig.2,theyshowedaverysimilarpattern(Fig.7).

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Figure7.ThetimecoursesformthethreeexperimentsconductedbyWisemanandSmithwithJayteeatP.S.sparentsflat.Thedata aretakenformWiseman,SmithandMilton(1998)thegraphsareplottedinthesamewayasthoseinfigure2and show the total amountoftimethatthedogspentatthewindowinsuccessive10minuteperiods,definedinrelationtotherandomlyselectedtimeat whichP.S.wastoldtoreturnhome.Thefinalpointoneachgraph,indicatedbyafilledcircle,representsthefirst10minutesofP.S.s returnjourney.Wiseman.SmithandMiltonrecordedJaytee'sbehavioronlyduringtheexperimentalperiodduringwhichPS could havebeenaskedtogohome,andhavenodataonhisbehaviorduringtheprecedingperiod,upto90minuteslong,fromthetimethat PSlefthomeuntilthebeginningoftheexperimentalperiod.ThisisthemaindifferencebetweenthegraphsfromWisemanandSmith's experimentsandourown. InWisemanandSmith'sexperimentatPS'ssister'shouse,thefirsttimeJayteewenttolookoutofthewindowfornoapparentreason coincidedwithPSsettingofftocomehome.
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Articles and Papers - Scientific Papers - Unexplained Powers of Animals - A Dog That Seems To Know When His Owner is Coming Home: Videotaped

Inspiteofthesestrikingeffects,Wiseman,SmithandMilton(1998,2000)portrayedtheirresultsasarefutationofJaytee'sabilityto anticipatePS'sreturns.TheyarrivedatthisconclusionbytheuseofnarrowandarbitrarycriteriaforJaytee's"signal",basedonhis goingtothewindowfornoapparentexternalreasonforabriefperiod(lessthanaminutein one experiment, and for at least two minutesintheothers).Theydisregardedtherestoftheirowndata,anddidnotplotgraphs. UnfortunatelyWiseman,SmithandMiltonbasedtheircriterianotonthewaitingbehaviorofJayteethatwehadalreadyobservedand documentedonmorethan100occasionsbeforetheycarriedouttheirtests(SheldrakeandSmart,1998),butratherona"claimmade by the media" about Jaytee's behavior. They showed, unsurprisingly, that statements on popular television shows are sometimes oversimplified.Ironically,thewaytheirownskepticalconclusionswerepublicizedinthemediaprovidedseveralstrikingexamplesof misleadingclaims(Sheldrake,1999b,2000). Discussion "Normal"explanationsofJaytee'sbehavior ThedatapresentedinthispaperimplythatJaytee'swaitingbythewindowwhenhisowneriscominghomecannotbeexplainedin termsofanyofthefollowinghypotheses: 1. Routine. Jaytee's anticipatory behavior when PS was coming home occurred at various times in the morning, afternoon and eveninganddidnotdependonaroutinetimeofreturn.Thiswasapparentintheseriesof30ordinaryhomecomings(Figs3and4)as wellasinourexperimentswithrandomlyselectedreturntimes(Figs1and2seealsoSheldrake&Smart,1998).Thedatafromthe experimentsofWiseman,SmithandMilton(1998)withrandomlyselectedreturntimesreplicateandconfirmourownfindings(Fig.7). Moreover,incontrolobservationswhenPSwasnotcominghomeJayteedidnotstartwaitingataparticulartime(Fig.5). 2.Hearingafamiliarvehicle.Inmanyexperiments,Jaytee'santicipatorybehaviorwasalreadyapparentintheprereturnperiods(Figs 2,3,4,and6)beforePShadactuallysetoffinavehicle,andhencebeforehecouldhaveheardanycharacteristicsounds.Whenshe wasactuallytravelinghome,Jayteewaswaitingatthewindowwhenthevehiclewasatleast7kmaway,andinsomecasesmore than25km.Althoughdogscanhearhigherpitchesthanhumanbeings,theirgeneralsensitivitytonoiselevelsissimilartothatof people(Shiu,Munro&Cox,1997Munro,Paul&Cox1997).ItisnotpossiblethatJayteecouldhaveheardthesoundsoffamiliarcars atsuchdistancesagainstallthebackgroundnoisesofGreaterManchester,andinamannerindependentofthedirectionofthewind. Moreover,JayteealsowaitedforPSinasimilarwaywhenshewastravelingintaxisorotherunfamiliarvehicles(Sheldrake&Smart, 1998Sheldrake,1999a),aneffectreplicatedbyWiseman,SmithandMilton(Fig7). 3.Pickingupcluesfrompeopleathome.PSdidnottellherparentsorhersisterwhenshewouldbecominghome,andoftendidnot know in advance herself. But perhaps in some of PS's ordinary homecomings, her parents or her sister might have guessed approximatelywhenshewouldreturnandconsciouslyorunconsciouslycommunicatedtheirexpectationtoJaytee.Butthispossibility cannotaccountforJaytee'sbehaviorinthetrialswithrandomlyselectedreturntimes(Figs1,2and7)norwhenhewasalone (Fig. 6B). 4.Selectivememoryorselectivereportingofdata.ThevideorecordingspermittedallJaytee'svisitstothewindowtoberecorded,and thedatapresentedinthispaperincludeallthevisitshemade,evenwhenthesewereobviouslyrelatedtoeventsgoingonoutside, suchascatspassingthewindow,orwhenhewassleepingbythewindowinthesunlight.Thevideotapeswereanalyzed"blind"by peoplewhodidnotknowthedetailsoftheexperiments.Hencetherewasnoscopeforselectivememoryorselectivereportingofdata. ThedatafromtheexperimentsconductedwithJayteebyWiseman,Smith&Milton(1998)alsoshowthesamepatternofbehaviorby Jayteeasourownexperiments(Fig.7). 5. Jaytee going to the window more and more the longer his owner was absent. The data in Fig. 4 and the statistical analysis describedaboveshowthatJaytee'svisitstothewindowwerenotexplicableintermsofhisgoingtheremoreandmorethelongerPS hadbeenabsent.Nordidhegotothewindowmoreandmoreastimewentoninthecontrolexperiments(Fig.5).Hiswaitingbythe windowwasrelatedtoPS'sreturns,ratherthantothelengthoftimeshehadbeenawayfromhome. Thepossibilityoftelepathy Jaytee seemed to be detecting PS's intention to come home in a way that could not be explained in terms of any of the "normal" hypothesesconsideredabove.Perhapshewasrespondingtoherintentionsorthoughtstelepathically. ThehypothesisoftelepathywouldnotonlyagreewithJaytee'swaitingbehaviorwhenPSwasactuallyonherwayhome,butitcould helptoexplainwhyJayteebegantospendmoretimeatthewindowbeforeshesetoff.In"reallife"situationswhenPSreturnedhome atnonroutinetimesofherownchoosing,Jaytee'santicipationsregularlybeganinthe"prereturn"period,beforeshestarteddriving home (Figs 3,4 and 6 see also Sheldrake & Smart, 1998). This pattern of behavior is in good agreement with the telepathic hypothesis,becausepriortogettingintoacaranddriving,orbeingdriven,PSwasformingtheintentiontogohome,andpreparingto doso.IfJayteewasrespondingtelepathicallytoherintentiontoreturn,hewouldbeexpectedtoshowthisanticipationbeforeshe actuallygotintothecar. ButJayteealsoshowedsignsofanticipationintheexperimentswhenPSreturnedatrandomlyselectedtimes,beforeshereceived
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Articles and Papers - Scientific Papers - Unexplained Powers of Animals - A Dog That Seems To Know When His Owner is Coming Home: Videotaped

thesignaltogohome(Figs1and2).HowcouldhehaveanticipatedwhenPSwasgoingtobebeeped?

ItisperhapsconceivablethatJayteewastelepathicallypickingupRS'sintentiontobeepPSfromover300kmaway,butwedonot takethispossibilityveryseriously.Ononeoccasions(on1July1997)thebeepingwasdonenotbyRSbutbysomeoneneitherPS norJayteehadmet,andJayteestillrespondedinadvance(Fig.2).ItisalsoperhapsconceivablethatJayteehadaprecognitionof when PS would be beeped. But this would involve introducing another "paranormal" hypothesis in addition to the telepathic hypothesis.ItismoreeconomicaltoconsiderapossibleexplanationintermsoftelepathyfromPS. Inalltheexperimentswithrandomlyselectedreturntimes,PSknewthatshewouldbebeepedtocomehomewithinaparticulartime period. Ideally, her mind would have been entirely engaged with other concerns until the beep came. But unavoidably she was sometimesthinkingaboutthesignaltogohomebeforeitcame,especiallyifitcametowardstheendoftheperiodoftimeinwhichshe knewshewouldbebeeped.Jayteemighthavepickeduptheseanticipatorythoughts,justasheseemedtorespondtoafullyformed intentiontogohome. IfJayteewasindeedrespondingtoPS'sexpectationthatshewouldsoonbereceivingthesignaltoreturn,thenthisanticipatoryeffect wouldbeexpectedtoshowupmorewhenthebeepcametowardstheendoftheperiodinwhichsheknewshewouldbebeepedthan atthebeginning.InfouroutofsixofthetrialsinwhichPSwasbeepedinthefirsthalfofthebeepperiod("earlybeep"),Jayteedidnot showanyanticipationpriortoPSsettingoff(Fig.2).Bycontrast,thereweresignsofanticipationinallbutoneofthe"latebeep"trials. TheexceptionwasatrialinwhichJayteedidnotgotothewindowatallthroughouttheentireexperiment.ThusJaytee'santicipationof thebeepsignalingPS'sreturnmayhavebeenrelatedtoherownanticipationofthebeep,whichtendedtobegreaterthelaterthe signalcame. AsimilaranticipationofPS'ssettingoffoccurredintheexperimentsconductedbyRichardWisemanandMatthewSmith(Fig.7).Here again,Jaytee'searlyresponsemaywellhavetakenplaceinresponsetoPS'santicipation.WhileshewaswithSmithwaitingforhimto tellherwhentoreturn,shefounditimpossiblenottothinkaboutgoinghome.Smithhimselfknewwhentheyweregoingtosetoff because the randomlydetermined time had been set in advance (Wiseman, Smith & Milton, 1998) . He could well have communicated his anticipation to PS unconsciously, for example through an increasing tenseness as the predetermined time approached.Moreover,inallthreeexperiments,therandomlyselectedreturntimewasinthesecondhalfoftheexperimentalperiod, correspondingtothe"latebeeps"inourownexperiments(Fig.2B). ThisincreasinganticipationbyPSthatshewouldsoonbegoinghomeastheexperimentalperiodprogressedwasanunavoidable featureoftheexperimentaldesignadoptedbothbyourselvesandbyWiseman,SmithandMilton. WhydidJayteesometimesnotreacttoPS'sreturns? InallourseriesofexperimentswithJaytee,onsomeoccasionshedidnotshowhisusualanticipatorybehavior.Inourpreliminary seriesof100observations,hefailedtodosoon15occasions.Onsomeoftheseoccasionshewastiredafterlongwalksonsomehe wassickonothershewasdistractedbyabitchonheatinaneighboringapartment(Sheldrake&Smart,1998).Butinafewcases therewasnoobviousreasonforhisfailuretoreact.Inourseriesof12experimentswithrandomlyselectedreturntimes,hedidnotgo tothewindowatallinoneexperiment(Fig.2).Intheseriesof30ordinaryhomecomings,hedidnotshowhisanticipatorybehaviorin 6experiments. WhenJayteewasleftinPS'sflatonhisown,hislackofanticipatorybehaviorwasusualratherthanexceptional.Onmostoccasionshe didnotgotowaitforheratthewindoworindeedvisitthewindowatall.Neverthelesson15outof50occasionsheshowedhisusual patternofanticipation,waitingatthewindowwhenPSwasreturning.ThusheseemedcapableofanticipatingPS'sreturnswhenhe wasonhisown,butdidnotusuallydoso.Whynot?Ourguessisthatitwasamatterofmotivation.HiswaitingatthewindowwhilePS wasonherhomewardjourneymayhavebeenmoreforthesakeofcommunicatinghisanticipationtomembersofPS'sfamily,asifto tell them she was on her way. When there was no one to tell, he was less motivated to wait at the window. Nevertheless, he sometimesdiditanyway. ThedifferenceinhisbehaviorinPS'sownflatandinherparents'wasamatterofdegree.Inbothplaces,hesometimeswaitedbythe windowwhenPSwasreturning,andsometimesfailedtowaitthere.InPS'sparents'flattheratioofoccasionsonwhichhewaitedto thosehedidnotwasaround80:20,whereaswhenhewasaloneinPS'sownflatitwas30:70. Evolutionaryimplications The hypothesis that some dogs, such as Jaytee, can anticipate their owners' arrivals telepathically obviously needs to be tested further.Wehavealreadyobtainedcomparableresultswithseveralotherdogs.Similaranticipatorybehaviorissaidbymanyanimal ownerstooccurwithotherdomesticatedspecies,especiallycats,parrotsandhorses(Sheldrake&Smart,1997Sheldrake,Lawlor& Turney,1998BrownandSheldrake,1998Sheldrake,1999a),andthereisaneedforexperimentalresearchonanticipatorybehavior byanimalsofthesespecies.Itwouldalsobeworthinvestigatingwhetheranimalsinthewildshowseemtoknowwhenmembersof theirgrouparecominghome:forexample,dowolfcubswaitingattheirdenshowsignsofanticipationbeforethereturnofadultswith food? Althoughparapsychologistsandpsychicalresearchershaveconductedmuchresearchonpersontopersontelepathy(forareview, www.sheldrake.org/Articles%26Papers/papers/animals/dog_video.html 13/14

15/11/13 Articles and Papers - Scientific Papers - Unexplained Powers of Animals - A Dog That Seems To Know When His Owner is Coming Home: Videotaped Althoughparapsychologistsandpsychicalresearchershaveconductedmuchresearchonpersontopersontelepathy(forareview,

seeRadin,1997),therehasverylittlepreviousresearchonpersontoanimaloranimaltoanimaltelepathy(Sheldrake,1999a).Ifit turns out that telepathic communication does indeed occur among nonhuman animals, then this would imply a biological and evolutionaryoriginforpersontopersontelepathy,andwouldenablethis"paranormal"phenomenontoseemmore"normal",atleast inthesensethatitisbiologicalandhasanevolutionaryhistory. Acknowledgements WearegratefultoMurielSmart,thelateWilliam Smart and Cathie MacKenzie for their invaluable cooperation in this research, to AmandaJacksandJaneTurneyfortheiranalysisofthevideotapes,andtoDeanRadinforcarryingouttheRandomizedPermutation Analysis.WethanktheLifebridgeFoundationandtheInstituteofNoeticSciencesforfinancialsupport. References Brown,D.J.&Sheldrake,R.(1998).Perceptivepets:asurveyinnorthwestCalifornia.JournaloftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch, 62,396406.. Good,P.(1994)Permutationtests:Apracticalguidetoresamplingmethodsfortestinghypotheses.NewYork:SpringerVerlag. Hjorth,J.S.U.(1994)Computerintensivestatisticalmethods.NewYork:ChapmanandHall. Matthews,R.(1994).Animalmagicormysterioussixthsense?TheSundayTelegraph,24April. Munro,K.J.,Paul,B.&Cox,C.L.(1997)Normativeauditorybrainstemresponsedataforboneconductioninthedog.JournalofSmall AnimalPractice,38,353356. Radin,D.(1997).TheConsciousUniverse:TheScientificTruthofPsychicPhenomena.SanFrancisco:Harper. Sheldrake,R.(1994). SevenExperimentsthatCouldChangetheWorld:ADoItYourselfGuidetoRevolutionaryScience. London: FourthEstate. Sheldrake,R.(1999a).DogsthatKnowWhenTheirOwnersAreComingHome.NewYork:Crown. Sheldrake, R. (1999b). Commentary on a paper by Wiseman, Smith and Milton on the "psychic pet" phenomenon. Journal of the SocietyforPsychicalResearch63,306311. Sheldrake,R.(2000).The"psychicpet"phenomenon.JournaloftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch64,126128. Sheldrake,R.,Lawlor,C.&Turney,J.(1998)Perceptivepets:asurveyinLondon.BiologyForum,91,5774. Sheldrake,R.&Smart,P.(1997)Psychicpets:asurveyinnorthwestEngland.JournaloftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch,61,353 364. Sheldrake, R. & Smart, P. (1998) A dog that seems to know when its owner is returning: preliminary investigations. Journal of the SocietyforPsychicalResearch,62,220232. Shiu,J.N.,Munro,K.J.&Cox.,C.L.(1997)Normative auditory brainstem response data for hearing threshold and neurootiological diagnosisinthedog.JournalofSmallAnimalPractice,38,103107. Snedecor,G.W.&Cochran,W.G.(1967)StatisticalMethods.Ames:IowaStateUniversityPress Wiseman,R.,Smith,M.&Milton,J.(1998)Cananimalsdetectwhentheirownersarereturninghome?Anexperimentaltestofthe 'psychicpet'phenomenonBritishJournalofPsychology,89,453462. Wiseman, R., Smith, M. & Milton, J. (2000) The 'psychic pet' phenomenon: A reply to Rupert Sheldrake Journal of the Society for PsychicalResearch,64,4649. TopofPage
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