Tutorial 1 Conduction (Solutions)

Problem - 1
The fuel rod can be considered as a solid cylinder with a
uniformly distributed heat source.
q
g
= 74.52 MW/m

h = 5!.7" #W/m
2
$
# = %.% #W/m $
T
a&e
= '%
o
( )*&erage fluid
tem+erature while +assing
through the ,ac#et-

The .oisson/s equation0
0
2
+
k
q
T
g
1n cylindrical coordinates
0
1
+

,
_

k
q
dr
dT
r
dr
d
r
g
1ntegrating twice with boundary condition
)i- r = r
o
2 T = T
o
)ii- r = %2
0
dr
dT
gi&es
( )
1
1
]
1

,
_

2 2
1
4
o o
o g
o
o
r
r
kT
r q
T
T r T
)'-
Ma3imum tem+erature occurs at the center and is gi&en
by
( )
o
o g
T
k
r q
T T +
4
0
2
max
)2-
1
4uel
rod
5ac#et
W
a
t
e
r
W
a
t
e
r
To find T
max
2 we need to #now T
o

Ma#ing an energy balance at the surface of the rod
( )
w o o o
T T h r
dr
dT
k r

,
_

2 2
)-
4rom 6q.)'-0
931 . 0
2

o g
o
r r
r q
dr
dT
k
MW/m
2
4rom 6q.)-0

,
_

+

h
dr
dT
k
T T
o
r r
w o
= '%7'!.4 = '4!.4(
8ence
2
2
max
(74.52)(0.025)
146.4
4 4 30
g o
o
q r
T T
k
+ +

= '4!.4797." = 54.(
2
Problem-2
Given conditions:
:+erating +ower 4.5 W
;
T
= (ase to ambient resistance = 29(/W
T
c2ma3
= Ma3imum allowable case tem+erature = 75(
*
f
= *rea of the frame )heat sin#-
;
t2c
= contact resistance between transistor and frame
= %.75(/W
3
*l 4rame
Transistor case
Thermal grease
and gas#et
T
o
T
c
T

;
con
;
rad

T
T
o
T
c

T
;
t2c
;
T
4or the transistor case tem+erature T
c
= 75(2 the rate of
heat transfer directly to the surroundings
75 26
28
c
T
T
T T
q
R



= '.75 W
1n addition2 heat is dissi+ated through the heat sin#
)frame-0 )4rom electrical networ# analogy-0
1
con
con
T T
q hA T
R
hA



( )
4 4
rad s a o
q AF T T


*ssume2 emittance = '2 <ha+e factor 4
s=a
= '
( ) ( )
2 2
1
o
rad
o o
T T
q
A T T T T

+ +
8ere T
o
is not #nown
*ssuming T
o
= T
c
=49$2 as a first a++ro3imation
4
;
con
;
rad
;
t2c

T
T
o
T
c
( ) ( )
8 6 2 2
1
5.67 10 1500 10 348 299 348 299
rad
R

+ +

= 9!.(/W
6
1 1
11 1500 10
con
s
R
hA



= !%.!(/W
con rad sink heat
R R R
1 1 1
+
;
heat sin#
= 5.!(/W
sink
, sink
75 26
0.75 35.6
c
heat
t c heat
T T
q
R R



+ +
= '.4 W
>ased on this result2 the tem+erature of the heat sin# )T
o
-
is calculated
sink
,
c o
heat
t c
T T
q
R

sink , o c heat t c
T T q R
= 75 ? '.4%.75 = 7.""(
@ou can reiterate with this tem+erature until assumed
&alue of T
o
is a++ro3imately same as the calculated
&alue.
Asing the abo&e &alue of q
heat sin#
= '.4 W2 we can see
that the total +ower that can be safely dissi+ated
= '.75 7 '.4 = .%" W B 4.5 W
5
Without the heat sin#2 the transistor can only o+erate at
'.75 W.
To o+erate the transistor at the rated +ower of 4.5W2 a
bigger heat sin# is required.
Problem-3
(a) 1f the heat losses from the ti+ is considered negligible
)adiabatic ti+-2the rate of heat transfer is gi&en by

tanh
f c b
q hPkA mL


T T
b b

= '2% ? 25 = "5
o
(

2
80 0.002 245 ( / 4) 0.002
c
hPkA = %.%'"! W/$
6
T
b
= T
s
= '2%
o
(
# = 245 W/m $
4in0
d = 2 mm
C = '% mm
T
a
= 25
o
(
h = 9% W/m
2
$

2
2
80 0.002
245 ( / 4) 0.002
c
hP
m
kA

= !5.%! )'/m
2
-
m = 25.55 )'/m-
mC = 25.55%.%' = %.255

tanh
f c b
q hPkA mL
= %.%'"!"5%.24"! = %.4!45 W
(b) The efficiency of the fin

b f
f f
f
hA
q
q
q

max
A
f
= total surface area of the fin
1n the most general case for which there is heat transfer
from the fin ti+2 the fin surface area should include the fin
ti+ area2 i.e. *
f
= .DC 7 *
ti+
. :nly when there is no heat
transfer from the fin ti+2 e.g. in the long fin/adiabatic fin ti+
case2 *
f
= .DC.

f
A DL

(0.002)(0.01)
f
A
= !.293'%
=5
m
2

5
0.4645
80 6.283 10 95
f

= "7.E
(c) The effecti&eness of the fin

2
,0
0.4645
19.45
80 ( / 4)(0.002) 95
f
f
c b
q
hA

(d) *rea occu+ied by fin = F *
fb

where *
fb
= base area occu+ied by each fin = *
c2o
F = no of fins +er m
2
Anfinned area = '= F *
fb
= *
uf
Total heat transfer from finned and unfinned area
=
b uf f
hA Nq +
7
8eat transfer from ' m
2
of +late
= 9%)W/m
2
$- 3 ' )m
2
- 3 "5 )$- = 7!%% W
8ence2 7!%%2 = F)%.4!5!- 7 9% )'= F*
fb
- "5
<ol&ing2 F = '72245
Problem - 4
4or the thermocou+le ,unction
# = 25 W/m$
c
+
= 9% 5/#g$
= 9%%% #g/m

Assumptions:
Aniform tem+erature of the ,unction at any instant of
time
8
Thermocou+le
Thermocou+le
5unction

T
= 25%
o
(
<team
h = 9% W/m
2
$
T
a at t=%
= %
o
(
Fegligible radiation effect
Fegligible losses through leads due to conduction
(onstant +ro+erties
The tem+erature &ariation with time is gi&en by the
following e3+ression
exp exp
s
i p
hA T T t
t
T T Vc

,
,

= time constant =
p
s
Vc
hA

2
s
A D
G
3
6
D
V

G
3
2
6 6
s
V D D
A D

8000 380
1
6 380 6
p
c
D D
h

H = 7.53'%
=4
m = %.75 mm
Time required to attain tem+erature T = 24%
o
(
( )
240250
!n 1 !n
30250
i
T T
t
T T

_
_

,
,
= .%" s
9