The Zeeman Effect Susan Hennessy PHA 10356321 2/12/13

Susan Hennessy PHA 10356321

Abstract
The aims of this experiment are as fo o!s" To un#erstan# an# appreciate the re ationship $et!een atomic ener%y e&e s an# the transitions in $et!een them usin% a ca#mium i%ht source 'n a ma%netic fie #( #eterminin% the po ari)ation states for transitions $et!een ener%y e&e s in the atom Stu#yin% the ine trip et for the norma trans&erse Zeeman effect an# for the trip et components !e #etermine the po ari)ation state *han%in% to the on%itu#ina Zeeman effect to o$ser&e the ine #ou$ et an# a%ain to #etermine the po ari)ation states of the #ou$ e components +etermine a &a ue for the ,ohr ma%neton

Introduction
'n 1-.5( H/ A/ 0oren) pre#icte# the effect 1no!n as the Zeeman Effect as part of theory of the e ectron/ ,ut it !as P/ Zeeman !ho %a&e his name to this effect !ho pro&i#e# the experimenta e&i#ence to confirm this theory/ The effect is the name %i&en to the sp ittin% of atomic ener%y e&e s #ue to an externa ma%netic fie # app ie# to the source/ 'n this case the source is a ca#mium amp/ 2hen &ie!e# throu%h an eyepiece !hich the i%ht is focuse# on( concentric circ es can $e seen/ 2ith the a##ition of a %reater current to increase the ma%netic fie # it !as seen that each circ e sp it up into 3 circ es perpen#icu ar to the ma%netic fie #/ Para e to the ma%netic fie # a ine #ou$ et !as o$ser&e#/ These circ es are the atomic structure of ca#mium an# the sp ittin% of the &a ency e&e s/ After more intense stu#ies it !as foun# that this phenomenon !as in fact the exception to the true Zeeman effect/ 3or this experiment( the transition $et!een the 1+2 an# 1P1 ener%y e&e s/ The !a&e en%th #ifference

Susan Hennessy PHA 10356321

$ein% 643/.45nm/ ,oth of these ha&e tota spin60/ 2hen !e are fin#in% the ma%netic moment in the experiment the spin $ein% e7ua to )ero he ps as on y or$ita an%u ar momentum is contri$utin% to the ma%netic moment/ 'n or#er to reso &e the &ery fine shifts in the !a&e en%th a 3a$ry8Perot Eta on spectrometer !i nee# to $e use#/ This !i ref ect a s i%ht y #i&er%ent ray many times insi#e itse f in or#er to create a c earer ima%e/ 3or the para e components on the !a&e( a 7uarter !a&e p ate is a##e# to the set8up an# the amp is rotate# $y -00/ These !i sho! sin% e pea1 patterns at $oth 00 an# -00 for the ine #ou$ et of the on%itu#ina !a&e/

Exercise: 1.

2.3or ,60( 9E = :BB= 0

3or ,61( 9E = :BB=9.27x10-24J

3. There are three #istinct ener%y transition ener%ies possi$ e/ The se ection ru e is M = 0, ;1.
Susan Hennessy PHA 10356321

There are - possi$ e transitions $ut these o&er ap causin% there to $e on y three #istinct transitions/

Procedure
1/ 2hen the e7uipment !as set up the ma%netic fie # at #ifferent currents !as ta1en ma1in% sure to re#uce the current after ta1in% each rea#in% to a&oi# the coi s from heatin% up to hi%h to cause error in the resu t/ The resu ts are %raphe#/ 2/ The ca#mium amp rep ace# the pro$e #etectin% the ma%netic fie #/ 3/ The eyepiece is focuse# an# the i%ht is a i%ne# to pass throu%h the centre of each part of the apparatus/ *oncentric circ es are seen/ 4/ The current !as chan%e# to $rea1 each circ e into three separate circ es/ 5/ The eyepiece !as rep ace# !ith the **+ camera an# the computer !as set up to ta1e rea#in%s for the trans&erse !a&es/ 6/ <sin% the settin% to ta1e a se ection of pixe s to set up the e7uipment proper y the a#=ustments !ere ma#e to the system inc u#in% focusin% the $eam !ith the 3a$ry8Perot 'nterferometer/ 5/ <sin% the fu pixe %raph( the current !as increase# !hen the %raph !as symmetric to pro#uce sp ittin% in the first 5 ine on either si#e of the centre/ The current !as increase# $y 1Amp unti 10Amps/ ./ >o&in% the po ari)ation fi ter to -0#e%rees the mi## e ine rea#in%s !ere ta1en in the same !ay -/ A ha f !a&e p ate is a##e# to the set8up an# the the apparatus !as a#=uste# to pro#uce on%itu#ina !a&es/ The resu ts !ere recor#e# in the same !ay as $efore %oin% up in steps of 1Amps/ 10/ A#=ustin% the ha f !a&e p ate to -0#e%rees the rea#in%s !ere a%ain ta1en/ 11/ <sin% the Exce sprea#sheet pro&i#e# the resu ts !ere input for the #ata ana ysis/

Susan Hennessy PHA 10356321

Results
3or the ma%netic fie # &s *urrent"

Transverse
3or the trans&erse !a&es at 3A an# at 0#e%rees"

Susan Hennessy PHA 10356321

3or 3A at -0#e%rees"

3or 10A at 0#e%rees"

3or 10A at -0#e%rees"

Susan Hennessy PHA 10356321

0on%itu#ina
3or 3A at 0#e%rees"

3or 3A at -0#e%rees"

Susan Hennessy PHA 10356321

3or 10A 0#e%rees"

3or 10A -0#e%rees"

Susan Hennessy PHA 10356321

Susan Hennessy PHA 10356321

Data Analysis
The #ata !as entere# into the exce sheets/ The rea#in%s !ere then comp ie# an# %raphe# a%ainst the ma%netic fie # ta1en at the start of the experiment/

3or Trans&erse !a&e"

The s ope of the %raph is m65/3345x1085 e?/T 3or on%itu#ina "

Susan Hennessy PHA 10356321

The s ope of the %raph is m62/623.-x1086 e?/T

Error Analysis
The t!o main areas !here error cou # arise are !hen ta1in% measurements an# the pixe si)e/ This is a tiny error as a pea1s are separate# $y aroun# on y a coup e of pixe s an# pea1s an# a fraction of this/ Therefore an error of on y a$out 0/5@ cou # ha&e arisen from the rea#in%s of the pixe s/

The other error is the ma=or error !hich !as the error in the e7uipment/ The i%ht from the ca#mium amp !as not a i%ne# throu%h the e7uipment an# !as off to the ri%ht/ The rin%s !ere therefore not a i%ne# an# cause# an error in the symmetry an# part of some rin%s !ere $ein% ost/ This error occurre# $oth !ith the trans&erse an# the on%itu#ina ( ho!e&er in the trans&erse the error !as not as $i% as the set up !as a tere# enou%h to create a $etter picture of the pea1s/

Susan Hennessy PHA 10356321

Ather more common errors are the thic1ness of the 3a$ry8Perot !hich can $e out $y a$out 5@/ A so the focus cou # not $e as accurate as it cou # $e as the e7uipment is $ein% chan%e# aroun# $et!een trans&erse an# on%itu#ina !a&es/ A so !hen the pre&ious error of the fu $eam %ettin% to the sensor/ An error from the coi s in the ma%net heatin% up at hi%h currents a so causes s i%ht #iscrepancies in the rea#in%s/

Conclusion
'n this experiment the re ationship $et!een the atomic e&e s of a ca#mium atom an# a ma%netic !as o$ser&e#/ ,oth the trans&erse an# the on%itu#ina &ariations !ere o$ser&e# an# sp ittin% of the atomic e&e s/ The ,ohr >a%neton %i&en in iterature is e7ua to 5/5..x1085e?/T/ 3rom the experiment the resu ts for trans&erse are 2/4.x1085 x ;0/053Bstatistica errorC x ;0/55Bsystem errorC e? T81/ An# for on%itu#ina 2/62x1086 x ;0/053Bstatistica errorC x ;0/55Bsystem errorC e? T81/ 'n or#er to impro&e the resu ts from this experiments a#=ustments to the e7uipment are nee#e# as it seems as it !as chan%e# or 1noc1e# $et!een stu#ents usin% it/ *aution is nee#e# !hen usin% hi%h currents as the ma%net heats up 7uic1 y( causin% $oth errors an# a so time !asta%e !hi e !aitin% for the coi s to coo $efore procee#in% !ith the experiment/

Susan Hennessy PHA 10356321