Engineering Structures 40 (2012) 6474

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Engineering Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/engstruct

Experimental testing and analytical modeling of CFRP-conned large circular RC columns subjected to cyclic axial compression
Zhenyu Wang a, Daiyu Wang a, Scott T. Smith b,, Dagang Lu a
a b

School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t
A physically informed analytical model which describes the cyclic axial stressstrain behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) columns conned with ber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite wraps is necessary for the non-linear analysis and seismic design of such columns. Although extensive studies have been conducted on the monotonic axial behavior of small sized FRP-conned unreinforced concrete columns, there is a lack of research on FRP-conned RC columns and also their cyclic axial response. As a consequence, there is a lack of cyclic axial stressstrain models which can enable seismic response to be reliably simulated by numerical means. Due to such knowledge gaps, this study reports the results of thirty CFRP-conned large-scale unreinforced and RC circular columns subjected to monotonic and cyclic axial compression loading. The test results indicate that the overall shape of the stressstrain curves, the peak compressive stress and strain at failure, the unloading/reloading paths, and also the plastic strain of CFRPconned concrete are inuenced by the CFRP wrap and internal hoop steel reinforcement. On the basis of the experimental results, a cyclic stressstrain model for CFRP-conned circular RC columns is then proposed. The proposed model consists of three main components, namely (i) a monotonically ascending portion to describe the envelope curve, (ii) a polynomial equation to describe unloading paths, and (iii) a straight line to describe reloading paths. The inuence of internal hoop reinforcement on the monotonic model, as well as the unloading and reloading responses is also considered. The accuracy of the proposed model is validated with the test data reported in this paper as well as other test results of relevance extracted from the open literature. 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Article history: Received 4 June 2011 Revised 8 January 2012 Accepted 11 January 2012 Available online 22 March 2012 Keywords: Circular columns Connement Cyclic compression FRP Reinforced concrete Stressstrain models

1. Introduction Externally bonded ber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite wrapping is an effective means with which to seismically retrot existing reinforced concrete (RC) columns. For the safe and economical design of FRP-conned RC columns though, a thorough understanding of their physical behavior as well as a robust axial stressstrain model to describe such behavior under the inuences of both monotonic and cyclic axial compression is necessary. Considerable experimental investigations have been conducted to date on FRP-conned unreinforced (herein plain) concrete cylinders and as a result many axial stressstrain models have been developed. Most of these experimental and analytical investigations, however, have been directed towards plain concrete conned with FRP wrap and subjected to concentric monotonic loading [e.g. 113]. Practically speaking though, columns in buildings are reinforced with internal steel bars and hence research attention of late has focused on the axial compressive behavior of FRP-conned RC columns [e.g. 1420]. Although there is some
Corresponding author. Tel.: +852 2241 5699; fax: +852 2559 5337.
E-mail address: stsmith@hku.hk (S.T. Smith). 0141-0296/$ - see front matter 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.01.004

research on the interaction between internal steel reinforcement and external FRP wrap, as well some research on the development of monotonic stressstrain models, there is a general lack of information on the cyclic axial response and the behavior of larger sized specimens. At present, limited experimental investigations have been conducted on the cyclic stressstrain behavior of FRP-conned plain concrete cylinders [2123] and prisms [24] and there has been even less research on FRP-conned circular RC columns [25]. The majority of all this research has also been conducted on small scale cylinder specimens. The need to develop a robust cyclic axial stressstrain model for FRP-conned RC circular columns, which is informed from large sized test specimens, is of particular importance in order to realize reliable seismic designs for practical applications. In light of research demands, this paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on large-sized plain concrete and RC columns of circular cross-section which have been conned with carbon ber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) wraps and subjected to concentric monotonic and cyclic compression loading scenarios. The main test parameters are (i) section size, (ii) volumetric ratio of internal hoop steel reinforcement (also known as lateral

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reinforcement but herein referred to as hoop reinforcement), (iii) number of layers of CFRP wrap, and (iv) nature of loading (i.e. monotonic or cyclic loading). The behavior of the test specimens is presented in the context of physical observations and measured stressstrain responses. From such results, a cyclic axial compression stressstrain model for FRP-conned circular plain and RC columns is then proposed. The analytical model consists of three main components, namely: (i) a monotonic ascending relationship to describe the envelope curve, (ii) a polynomial expression to describe unloading paths, and (iii) a straight line to describe reloading paths. The accuracy of the proposed model is nally validated with the experimental results reported in this paper as well as other relevant test data collected from the open literature.

2. Experimental program 2.1. Test specimens Thirty plain concrete and reinforced concrete columns of circular cross-section were fabricated and then tested under concentric axial monotonic or cyclic compression loading regimes. The test specimens were divided into two series denoted as C1 and C2 to distinguish between the two different sized columns and complete details of all specimens are given in Table 1 and Fig. 1. The specimens are identied in Table 1 by the rst letter C dening circular column, with the following numbers 1 or 2 referring to different column diameters. The following letter H and number refers to the volumetric ratio of hoop reinforcement with 0 denoting plain concrete, while 1 and 2 refer to concrete reinforced with 0.5% and 1.0% volumetric ratio of hoop reinforcement, respectively. The third letter, L, and the number immediately following refers to the number of layers of CFRP wrap. Finally, the last symbol M refers to monotonic compression loading, while C and P refer to complete
Table 1 Specimen details and selected test results. Specimen C1H1L0M C1H2L0M C1H0L1M C1H0L2M C1H1L1M C1H1L1C C1H1L2M C1H1L2C C1H2L1M C1H2L2M C2H1L0M C2H2L0M C2H0L1M C2H0L1C C2H0L1P1 C2H0L2M C2H0L2C C2H0L2P1 C2H1L1M C2H1L1C C2H1L1P1 C2H1L1P2 C2H1L2M C2H1L2C C2H1L2P1 C2H1L2P2 C2H2L1M C2H2L1C C2H2L2M C2H2L2C D (mm) 305 305 305 305 305 305 305 305 305 305 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 h (mm) 915 915 915 915 915 915 915 915 915 915 612 612 612 612 612 612 612 612 612 612 612 612 612 612 612 612 612 612 612 612 Longitudinal bars 8u12 8u12 8u12 8u12 8u12 8u12 8u12 8u12 6u10 6u10 6u10 6u10 6u10 6u10 6u10 6u10 6u10 6u10 6u10 6u10 6u10 6u10 Hoop steel

unloading/reloading and partial unloading/reloading cyclic loading, respectively. In order to further investigate the effect of unloading/reloading, two partial unloading levels P1 (50%) and P2 (25%) were considered, in which the percentage levels refer to the ratio of remaining load after partial unloading to the load at the commencement of each unloading cycle. Both test series had the same height (h) to diameter (D) ratio of 3.0. The C1 series consisted of 10 columns of 305 mm diameter and 915 mm height. The remaining 20 columns in series C2 were of 204 mm in diameter and 612 mm in height. For the RC columns, the longitudinal steel consisted of eight 12 mm diameter hotrolled deformed bars for series C1 columns and six 10 mm diameter bars for the series C2 columns. Also, 6 mm diameter plain bars were used as hoop reinforcement for all columns. The longitudinal steel reinforcement was maintained at a constant ratio of approximately 1.5% for both series. Three different hoop reinforcement volumetric ratios were utilized, namely (i) 0% for plain concrete, (ii) 0.5% for deciently conned concrete (also referred to light hoop reinforcement), and (iii) 1.0% for normally conned concrete (also referred to as normal hoop reinforcement). For the C1 series columns, the center-to-center spacing of the hoop reinforcement corresponding to 0.5% and 1.0% volumetric ratios was 80 mm and 40 mm, respectively. For the C2 series columns, these two volumetric ratios translated to hoop reinforcement spacings of 120 mm and 60 mm centers, respectively. In all RC column tests, the thickness of the cover from the outside of the concrete to the outside of the hoop reinforcement was 18 mm for the C1 series columns and 12 mm for the C2 series columns. 2.2. Materials All columns were cast in one batch using standard ready-mixed concrete and cured at room temperature. The 28 day average compressive strength obtained from standard cylinders in accordance

CFRP layers, n 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2

fcc (MPa) 28.7 29.1 35.0 55.3 41.5 43.1 52.2 61.8 47.0 62.1 25.8 30.1 46.1 42.3 46.5 65.2 66.8 64.6 52.1 49.9 45.6 54.5 66.1 68.9 67.4 77.4 52.2 57.0 69.5 75.0

ecc (%)
0.438 0.639 1.850 3.255 1.824 1.961 2.683 3.223 2.316 3.298 0.528 0.663 2.450 1.938 2.400 3.655 3.817 3.407 2.305 2.382 1.730 2.715 3.410 3.394 3.194 3.892 2.535 2.806 3.407 4.033

eh,rup (%)
1.602 1.615 1.431 1.446 1.249 1.554 1.398 1.520 1.678 1.469 1.398 1.453 1.357 1.085 1.387 1.534 1.181 1.308 1.306 1.328 1.522 1.738 1.306 1.504 1.298 1.538

fcc/fc0 1.17 1.19 1.43 2.26 1.69 1.76 2.13 2.52 1.92 2.53 1.05 1.23 1.88 1.73 1.90 2.66 2.73 2.64 2.13 2.04 1.86 2.22 2.70 2.81 2.75 3.16 2.13 2.33 2.84 3.06

ecc/ec0
2.19 3.20 9.25 16.28 9.12 9.81 13.42 16.12 11.58 16.49 2.64 3.32 12.25 6.69 12.00 18.28 19.09 17.04 11.53 11.91 8.65 13.58 17.05 16.97 15.97 19.46 11.77 14.03 17.04 20.17

eh,rup/efu
0.901 0.908 0.805 0.813 0.702 0.874 0.786 0.855 0.949 0.826 0.786 0.817 0.763 0.610 0.780 0.862 0.664 0.735 0.734 0.747 0.856 0.977 0.734 0.846 0.730 0.865

u6@80 u6@40

u6@80 u6@80 u6@80 u6@80 u6@40 u6@40 u6@120 u6@60

u6@120 u6@120 u6@120 u6@120 u6@120 u6@120 u6@120 u6@120 u6@60 u6@60 u6@60 u6@60

Note: D = diameter of cross section; h = height of specimen; n = number of layers ber sheet wrap; fcc = peak stress of conned concrete; ecc = strain corresponding to fcc; eh,rup = average lateral fracture strain recorded from all CFRP hoop strain gauges; fc0 = peak stress of unconned concrete; ec0 = strain corresponding to fc0; efu = ultimate tensile strain capacity of at CFRP coupon (1.78%).

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Fig. 1. Specimen dimensions and reinforcement details.

Table 2 Tested mechanical properties of steel reinforcement and CFRP wrap. Material Diameter/ nominal thickness (mm) ds = 10 ds = 12 ds = 6 tf = 0.167 Yield/peak strength (MPa) fy = 312 fy = 340 fy = 397 Ultimate strength (MPa) fsu = 484 fsu = 520 fsu = 623 ff = 4340 Elastic modulus (MPa) Es = 200,000 Es = 200,000 Es = 200,000 Ef = 244,000

Strain gauges on hoop reinforcement Load cell Gauge length Strain gauges on CFRP surface
Fig. 2. Test setup and instrumentation details.

Strain gauges

Longitudinal steel Hoop steel CFRP wrap

Steel frame LVDTs

with Ref. [26] was 23.9 MPa and the compressive strength was 24.5 MPa at the time of testing all columns. Upon the concrete reaching an age of 28 days, uni-directional CFRP wraps were applied in the column hoop direction in a wet lay-up manner with an overlap of 150 mm. In order to avoid premature failure, both ends of the columns were strengthened by (i) additional hoop reinforcement spaced at 30 mm centers prior to concrete casting of all column specimens (refer Fig. 1), and (ii) one additional layer of CFRP wrap which extended 120 mm from each column end for the CFRP-wrapped specimens. The material properties of the CFRP wrap are summarized in Table 2. They were obtained from tension tests on six at coupons of 25 mm width and 200 mm length in accordance with ASTM D3039 [27]. Three of the coupon specimens contained one layer of carbon ber sheet of 0.167 mm nominal thickness while the other three coupon specimens contained two layers of the same thickness carbon ber sheet. All steel reinforcement materials were tested in accordance with ACI 318 [26] from tension tests and the resulting material properties are provided in Table 2. 2.3. Instrumentation and test protocol

opposite to each other. The gauge length of the LVDTs was approximately equal to one-third of the height of the column and the LVDTs were mounted on the columns by two steel frames which were secured onto the test specimens. For the specimens containing hoop reinforcement, four strain gauges of 5 mm gauge length were bonded onto the hoop steel in the hoop direction at column mid-height. As shown in Fig. 2, the strain gauges bonded onto the hoop reinforcement and the CFRP wrap were located at the same circumferential position to each other. Finally, the axial load was measured by a load cell placed upon the top of each column specimen. An automatic data acquisition system of a sufciently high sampling frequency was then used to record the results of the strain gauges as well as the LVDTs and the load cell throughout the duration of each test.

3. Experimental results 3.1. Failure modes The test set-up is shown in Fig. 2 and all tests were performed using a 5000 kN capacity Amsler universal testing machine at a loading rate of approximately 0.15 MPa/s. Fig. 2 also shows the positioning of the various instrumentation. In particular, four electric resistance strain gauges of 30 mm gauge length were mounted on the surface of the CFRP wrap at evenly spaced circumferential distances in the hoop direction at column mid-height in order to measure the lateral strains of the CFRP wrap (also referred to as hoop strains). None of these strain gauges were mounted on the overlap region though. The axial strain responses for all test columns were calculated from two longitudinally oriented linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) positioned diametrically Typical failure modes of the test specimens are shown in Fig. 3. All conned columns failed by tensile rupture of the CFRP wrap in the column mid-height region in a sudden explosive manner. In addition, the axial strength of the columns was lost immediately upon rupture of the CFRP wrap. After removal of the ruptured wrap post-test, the severely crushed state of the concrete was evident and the concrete failure plane was generally conical. For the CFRP-conned RC columns, the hoop steel was found to have fractured due to buckling of the longitudinal steel bars. The nal failure modes of all specimens were found to be similar for the different loading patterns.

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(a) Ruptured FRP wrap and

(b) Ruptured FRP (c) Ruptured FRP wrap and fracture of (d) Ruptured FRP wrap and buckling hoop reinforcement of C1H2L1M of steel reinforcement of C2H1L1C

cracked concrete of C2H0L1C wrap of C1H0L2M

Fig. 3. Typical failure modes.

Fig. 4. Selected monotonic and cyclic axial stressstrain test results (cyclic loading: P, C = partial, complete unloading/reloading; M = monotonic loading).

3.2. Stressstrain responses Selected monotonic and cyclic stressstrain responses are shown in Fig. 4 and key strain and stress results for all specimens are given in Table 1 (note that axial compressive stresses and strains are denoted as positive and the tensile hoop strains are denoted as negative). In all cases the axial stress was obtained from dividing the axial load by the column cross-sectional area, while the axial strain was obtained from the average value of the two longitudinally externally mounted LVDTs divided by their gauge length. In addition, the hoop strain (also known as lateral strain) was obtained from the average of all the CFRP mounted strain gauge readings immediately prior to rupture of the wrap. In terms of the key results in Table 1, the peak stress is the compressive strength which occurs at CFRP rupture and is dened by fcc while the corresponding strain is ecc. In addition, the average hoop strain of the CFRP mounted strain gauges at rupture failure is denoted by eh,rup, while fc0 refers to the unconned strength of the concrete (i.e. compressive cylinder strength) and ec0 is the corresponding strain. The results contained in Table 1 and Fig. 4 reveal that the connement provided by the CFRP wraps resulted in signicant

enhancement both in the axial stress capacity and axial strain capacity of the columns. In addition, the curves presented in Fig. 4 show the similarity between the monotonically and cyclically loaded specimens. It is also evident in Fig. 4 that the unloading responses (also known as unloading paths) are non-linear and this is particularly evident when the unloading stress is near zero. The reloading paths, however, are described by largely linear responses (i.e. they resemble straight lines). In light of all these observations, a schematic representation of an envelope curve in addition to unloading and reloading paths of CFRP-conned circular RC columns is shown in Fig. 5. Expressions to calculate the various stresses and strains shown in this gure are discussed in Section 4 of this paper. 3.3. Effectiveness of CFRP wrap The results reported in the last column of Table 1 reveal that the ratio of eh,rup to the tensile strain capacity of at CFRP coupons (efu) varies from 0.61 to 0.98. The average of the ratio eh,rup/efu for all test specimens, which can also be referred to as the effective CFRP strain coefcient ke, is equal to 0.80. In addition, the average value

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understand the various mechanics at play, however, such work is outside the scope of this study and is therefore identied as necessary future research. 3.4. Effect of internal steel reinforcement The inuence of the internal steel reinforcement is found to be mainly affected by the amount of CFRP wrap and the size of the columns as evident in the axial stressstrain responses. Fig. 6 in turn shows selected stressstrain responses for a constant number of layers of CFRP wrap within each of the two test series but with varying amounts of hoop reinforcement. For the columns with the least amount of CFRP wrap connement (i.e. one layer of wrap in Fig. 6a), the strength and strain capacity is signicantly enhanced upon an increase of hoop reinforcement volumetric ratio. The presence and amount of hoop reinforcement also affects the shape of the stressstrain responses by increasing the extent of the softening response and the strain capacity (refer Fig. 6a). For the columns conned with a greater amount of CFRP wrap (i.e. two layers of wrap in Fig. 6b), the inuence of hoop reinforcement is observed to have a minimal effect. In addition, the softening response and strain capacity of the stressstrain relationships is increased upon the addition of hoop reinforcement although the amount of such steel is not inuential. Overall, the ratio of lateral connement pressure provided by the hoop reinforcement to the total lateral connement pressure (i.e. sum of connement pressure provided by the hoop reinforcement and CFRP wrap) decreases with an increase in the number of layers of CFRP wrap. In addition, the connement effectiveness of the CFRP wrap reduces as the diameter of the column is increased. Fig. 6 also assists in explaining the response of the columns at failure. Upon rupture of the CFRP wrap, the stress is rapidly lost for the plain concrete columns. For the RC columns, strength is lost upon rupture of the wrap, however, residual strength provided by the original columns enables stress to be gradually unloaded. Fig. 7 provides a comparison of the cyclic stressstrain behavior of selected plain and RC columns conned with the same number of layers of CFRP wrap within each graph. Series C2 specimens are selected for consistency of comparison between groups. Inspection of Fig. 7 reveals that the unloading/reloading paths were signicantly inuenced by the internal steel reinforcement. Degeneration of the unloading curves of the CFRP-conned plain concrete columns was much larger than that of the CFRP-conned RC columns, especially in the later stages of unloading when the axial stress was near zero. As a result, the plastic strain capacity of the

Fig. 5. Schematic representation of proposed axial stressstrain response.

of ke is 0.83 for the larger C1 series columns of 305 mm diameter and 0.79 for the smaller C2 series columns of 204 mm diameter. The cross-sectional dimensions therefore have a small inuence on the effective strain of the CFRP wraps. In addition, the average value of ke is 0.82 for the CFRP-conned plain concrete columns while it is 0.80 for the CFRP-conned RC columns. It is hypothesized that buckling of the longitudinal internal reinforcement may have reduced the efciency of the CFRP wrap in the reinforced concrete specimens. Moreover, the connement effectiveness of the CFRP wraps was found to increase with additional layers of CFRP wrap while it decreased with an increase of cross-sectional size. Based on the results presented in Table 1 and the proceeding discussion, ke in this study is taken as 0.80. This value is virtually identical to the value of 0.81 as measured from an extensive array of hoop oriented strain gauges mounted onto CFRP-conned plain concrete cylinders of 250 mm diameter in Smith et al.s [12] study. In other studies, Lam and Teng [28] recommended a value of 0.586 based on CFRP-wrapped plain concrete cylinders of 100200 mm diameter while Carey and Harries [29] recommended values of 0.57 and 0.61 for FRP-conned medium- and large-scale plain columns, respectively. In addition, for FRP-conned RC columns ke was found to be closer to 0.73 by Benzaid et al. [18] while it varied from 0.79 to 0.93 in Chastre and Silvas [19] study. It is evident there are factors contributing to the different connement effectiveness coefcients which have not been conclusively identied to date. Detailed investigations are clearly required in order to

Fig. 6. Comparison of selected stressstrain curves with varying hoop reinforcement subjected to monotonic loading (H0 = no hoop reinforcement, H1 = light hoop reinforcement, H2 = normal hoop reinforcement).

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Fig. 7. Inuence of hoop reinforcement on unloading/reloading paths subjected to cyclic loading (C) (H0 = no hoop reinforcement, H2 = normal hoop reinforcement, L1 = 1 layer of CFRP wrap, L2 = 2 layers of CFRP wrap).

CFRP-conned RC columns was larger than that of the CFRP-conned plain concrete columns under the same load cycle. In addition, the reloading paths mainly resembled straight lines for the conned RC columns, but the paths exhibited non-linear responses with an increase of axial strain for conned plain concrete columns. In general, the inuence of internal steel reinforcement on the axial stress and strain responses (and capacity) should be considered when modeling the monotonic and cyclic stressstrain responses of CFRP-conned RC columns. An analytical model is therefore proposed in the following section which is informed from the physical behavior and calibrated from the measurements of the test specimens reported in this study. 4. Analytical modeling The analytical model proposed in Fig. 5 is further developed in this section. In particular, models for calculating the stress and strain coordinates which correspond to key points on this idealized representation are provided. 4.1. Effective lateral connement pressure The lateral connement pressure (fl) resulting from external FRP wraps to a circular section can be calculated by the following well known expression [30]:

provided by the hoop reinforcement. In determining flf, the effective rupture strain, efe, is of most importance. As a result efe = keefu in which efu is the ultimate tensile strain capacity of at FRP coupons and the efciency factor ke is equal to 0.80 as discussed in Section 3 of this paper. For the calculation of fls, the volumetric ratio of the hoop reinforcement, qst, is required in addition to the yield strength of the steel, fyt, and the connement effectiveness coefcient of the hoop reinforcement in the horizontal plane kes. The coefcient kes is the ratio of effectively conned concrete area to the conned area. For circular columns, the effectively conned area is equal to the conned area and hence kes = 1.0. The nal factor to consider in fls is the coefcient kv which accounts for the effectiveness of lateral connement provided by the hoop and longitudinal reinforcement in the longitudinal direction between the transverse hoop reinforcement. For circular concrete columns conned with circular hoop reinforcement, kv is given as follows as originally proposed by Mander et al. [31]:

 kv

s 1 2d cor

2 5

1 qcc

fl

2Ef nt f efe D

where s0 is the clear spacing between hoop reinforcement, dcor is the diameter of the conned concrete core measured to the outside of the hoop reinforcement, and qcc is the longitudinal steel ratio relative to the conned concrete core. For circular concrete columns conned with steel spirals, kv is given as follows as proposed in Mander et al. [31]:
s 1 2d cor
0

where Ef is the elastic modulus of the FRP (MPa), n is the number of layers of FRP wrap, tf is the nominal thickness of a single layer of ber sheet (mm), efe is the effective rupture strain of the FRP wrap, and D is the cross-sectional diameter (mm) of the circular section. The results reported in Section 3 of this paper show that the effect of hoop reinforcement is inuential and its connement effect should not be ignored. As a direct consequence, the following mod0 ied lateral connement pressure (f1 ) equation is proposed as follows which is similar in form to that proposed by Haralji [14].
0 f1 flf fls

kv

1 qcc

2 3 4

flf

2Ef nt f efe 0:5qf Ef efe D

fls 0:5kes kv qst fyt

In Eq. (3) flf is the lateral connement pressure provided by the FRP wrap (refer to Eq. (1)) and fls is the lateral connement pressure

Generally, the ratio of the lateral connement pressure fl (based solely upon connement provided by the FRP wrap) to the peak unconned stress, fc0, is used to determine whether the response of the stressstrain curve post-fc0 is ascending or descending. Based on tests of FRP-conned plain concrete by Lam and Teng [28], the ratio fl/fc0 should not be less than 0.08 in order to ensure a nondescending stressstrain response post-fc0. Similarly, for FRP-conned RC columns, the ratio of the modied effective lateral conne0 ment f1 to the peak stress of unconned concrete fc0 can be used. For the tests reported herein, the connement ratio was larger than 0.08 and all the axial stressstrain responses were of an ascending nature. Therefore, the limit proposed by Lam and Teng [28] to ensure a non-descending response is proposed to be retained for FRP-conned RC columns.

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4.2. Peak axial stress fcc and axial strain ecc The peak stress fcc and strain ecc refers to the stress and strain at CFRP rupture failure, respectively, and they are two very important parameters for a stressstrain model of FRP-conned concrete. For conned circular columns, the peak stress for moderate to high connement ratios is higher than the unconned concrete strength. In addition, the stressstrain relationship is usually ascending due to the uniform connement around the circular cross-section and a sufcient amount of conning material. An equation relating the peak stress of FRP-conned concrete to parameters that would impact upon its value is usually referred to as a strength model. To date, researchers have found the ratio of fcc/ fc0 and fl/fc0 to be linearly related, as per the following equation [e.g. 28], primarily based upon tests on FRP-conned plain concrete cylinders:

4.3. Monotonic stressstrain response for envelop curve The test results presented in Section 3 of this paper show that the envelope curves of the cyclic stressstrain responses are almost identical to the monotonic stressstrain responses for specimens of the same geometric congurations. This observation has also been obtained and veried by others for FRP-conned plain concrete cylinders [2123]. Such an observation suggests that stressstrain models for CFRP-conned RC columns developed from monotonically loaded test specimens can be used to predict the envelope curve of cyclic stressstrain responses. As a result, a monotonic stressstrain model for circular RC columns conned with FRP wraps should be initially developed. Based on test results, a monotonic ascending stressstrain model for FRP-conned circular plain and reinforced concrete is proposed rstly as follows:

fcc fl 1 k1 fc0 fc0

Ax Bx2 1 Bx xr

11

In Eq. (7) fl is the connement pressure provided by the FRP wrap alone, k1 is a connement effectiveness coefcient, and fc0 is the compressive strength of the unconned concrete. Note that Eq. (2) can be used to calculate the connement pressure, however, without the presence of hoop reinforcement this equation reduces to that of connement provided solely by the FRP wrap as given in Eq. (1). The results presented in Section 3 of this paper revealed that the connement provided by hoop reinforcement should not be ignored for FRP-conned RC columns. Consequently, the peak stress fcc should consider the conning inuence of both the CFRP and hoop reinforcement. Based on a multi-parameter regression analysis of all 30 test results presented in this paper, the following equation for fcc is proposed in which the correlation coefcient (R2) is 0.956:

where x = ec/ec0 and y = rc/fc0, ec and rc are particular levels of axial strain and stress respectively, while ec0 = 0.002. The parameter A, which is determined from the boundary condition of drc/dec = Ec at ec = 0, can be obtained by substituting this boundary conditions into Eq. (11). The resulting expression for A is given as follows:

Ec Ec 0

12

 0:57  0:95 flf fcc fls 1 1:33 3:54 fc0 fc 0 fc0

p where Ec 4736 fc0 (MPa) [26] is the elastic modulus of unconned concrete, fc0 is the concrete cylinder compressive strength, and Ec0 = fc0/ec0 (MPa) is the secant modulus at the peak unconned concrete stress. The parameter B is determined from the boundary condition of rc = fcc at ec = ecc. Upon substituting this boundary conditions into Eq. (11), the following expression is derived:

AX X r Y Y XY X 2

13

This equation is applicable for CFRP-conned plain columns, CFRPconned RC columns, as well as unconned RC columns. A comparison between the simulated peak stress and strain results with the test data from this paper and other data gathered from the open literature on FRP-conned RC circular columns [15,18,19] and FRPconned plain concrete circular columns [7], is shown in Fig. 8. Similar to the strength model provided in Eq. (7), a commonly recognized expression for the peak strain ecc is provided as follows [e.g. 28]:

where X = ecc/ec0 and Y = fcc/fc0. The parameter r, as can be found in Eqs. (11) and (13), is of particular importance because it inuences the overall shape of the monotonic stressstrain response. From a multi-parameter regression analysis of each monotonic stressstrain test response presented in Section 3 of this paper, the shape factor r can be obtained for each curve. This exercise reveals that r is related to the lateral connement provided both by the hoop reinforcement and the external CFRP wrap. Utilizing regression analysis, the

ecc fl 2 k2 ec0 fc 0

9
150

Theoretical value of fcc (MPa)

where ec0 is the strain corresponding to the peak unconned concrete stress, and k2 is a connement effectiveness coefcient. In order to modify Eq. (9) to account for hoop reinforcement, the following equation for peak strain is proposed in which the correlation coefcient is 0.84 when calibrated with the same data used to calibrate Eq. (8).

120 90 60 30

Chastre and Silva [17] Benzaid et al. [16] Matthys et al. [14] Jiang and Teng [7] This article

flf ecc fls 2 26:4 ec0 fc0 fc 0

0:7 ! 10

In Eq. (10) the peak strain ec0 of unconned concrete is taken as 0.002. It is noted though that this proposed peak strain model is approximately the same as the peak strain model proposed by Teng et al. [32] for concrete columns conned by FRP tubes. The reason for this is due to the effective rupture strain of FRP being close to the ultimate tensile strain capacity of at CFRP coupons.

R =0.956
0 30 60 90 120 150

Experimental value of fcc (MPa)

Fig. 8. Comparison between experimental and predicted peak stress.

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71

following equation relating r to the ratio of flf/fc0 and fls/fc0 is proposed in which the correlation coefcient is 0.90:

4.5. Plastic strain, epl The plastic strain of concrete in this study refers to the residual axial strain when the stress is unloaded to zero for each unloading cycle. As a result, the plastic strain is a basic parameter for modeling the unloading/reloading response. Previous studies [e.g. 2123] on FRP-conned unreinforced concrete have shown the plastic strain to be linearly related to the envelope unloading strain eun (refer to Fig. 5 for denition of eun). By means of relevant modeling approaches, Lam and Teng [23] proposed a linear relationship between epl and eun for FRP-conned plain concrete cylinders. Their model was based on three assumptions, namely (i) epl = 0 when eun 6 0.001, (ii) linear increase in epl when 0.001 6 eun 6 0.0035, and (iii) an additional linear response for eun P 0.0035. The results presented in Section 3 reveal that the linear relationship between the plastic strain and the envelope unloading strain also exists for CFRP-conned RC columns, as shown in Fig. 10. This gure also reveals that the slopes of the lines differ for CFRP-conned plain and RC columns. Using Lam and Tengs [23] approach as a point of reference, a regression analysis of all the test results on cyclically loaded specimens presented in Section 3 was undertaken by relating the plastic strains and the corresponding unloading strains of each unloading path. This translated to 109 unloading/reloading curve results from 8 cyclically loaded test columns.

 0:14 flf fls r 3:64 1:26 fc 0 fc0

14

4.4. Verication of the monotonic model Comparisons between the predictions of the proposed monotonic stressstrain model with the test results presented in this paper and other papers extracted from the open literature [i.e. 1,7,9,11,18] are shown in Fig. 9. It can be seen that the proposed model simulates the shape of the stressstrain curves well for both FRP-conned plain concrete columns and FRP-conned RC concrete columns. The calculated peak stresses and strains are generally larger though than most test results because the expressions for such stresses and strains were derived from the tests reported in this paper on specimens failing with the CFRP wrap strain being close to the at coupon rupture strain of the material. A design version of the model would, however, introduce safety. In some cases though, the overall match between test and prediction is less convincing. One example is the use of much higher strength concrete in Cui and Sheikhs [9] tests than the concrete strength used to calibrate the model.

Fig. 9. Comparison between experimental and predicted monotonic axial stressstrain relationships.

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Z.Y. Wang et al. / Engineering Structures 40 (2012) 6474

0.04 FRP-confined reinforced concrete FRP-confined plain concrete 0.03 Plastic strain pl
pl=0.884un-0.002 (un>0.004)
2

5.0 4.5 4.0 B1

B1=-0.02(un/c0) +0.46un/c0+1.76 (for un<0.02) R =0.993
2 2

0.02

R =0.999

3.5 3.0
B1=0.09un/c0+2.5 (for un<0.02) R =0.925
2

0.01

2.5
pl=0.815un-0.002 (un>0.004)

R =0.999
1.5

2.0 0 2 4 6

FRP-confined reinforced concrete FRP-confined plain concrete 8 10 12 un/c0 14 16 18 20

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

Envelope unloading strain un

Fig. 10. Plastic strain versus various envelope unloading strains.

Fig. 11. Unloading branch shape factor B1 versus eun/ec0.

The results reveal that the plastic strain epl = 0 when eun 6 0.001 for both FRP-conned circular plain and RC columns. In the high strain range of response, the resulting equations of plastic strain are given as follows: For FRP-conned RC columns:

  eun 2:5 for B1 0:09

ec 0

eun  0:02

21 22

B1 3:4 for

eun > 0:02

epl 0:512eun 0:0005 for 0:001 6 eun 6 0:004 epl 0:884eun 0:002 for eun > 0:004
For FRP-conned plain concrete columns:

15 16

For FRP-conned plain concrete columns, B1 is given as follows where the correlation coefcient is 0.993:

 2   eun eun 1:76 for B1 0:02 0:46

ec0

ec0

eun  0:02

23 24

epl 0:42eun 0:0004 for 0:001 6 eun 6 0:004 epl 0:815eun 0:002 for eun > 0:004
4.6. Unloading path

17 18

B1 4:36 for

eun > 0:02

The regression analysis of the test results for B1 is shown in Fig. 11 and the relationship between B1 to the ratio of eun/ec0 is evident. 4.7. Reloading path The test results presented in this paper have shown that the reloading paths resemble straight lines and such an observation has been made by other researchers as well [2123]. As a result, the reloading path is modeled as a straight line herein in which the reference stress, rnew, and strain, enew (as dened in Fig. 5), are used to dene the intersection coordinates of the unloading curves and reloading curves in each load cycle. The following equation is therefore proposed:

To date, tests have shown [e.g. 2123] that the unloading paths of FRP-conned plain concrete columns are non-linear and this is particularly so when the unloading stress is near zero. From the test results of this study and others [i.e. 21,22], the unloading curve is found to depend upon the unloading stress, run, the unloading strain, eun, and the plastic strain, epl. As a result, the following equation is proposed:

ec epl rc B0 run eun epl

B1 1 B 0

ec epl eun epl

 19

The parameters of each unloading curve (B0 and B1), which affect the curvature of the curve, can be obtained from a multi-parameter regression analysis of each unloading path for the same test results used to calibrate Eqs. (15)(18). The results reveal that parameter B1 inuences the shape of the unloading curve more than parameter B0. In addition, the parameters are inuenced by the unloading strain as well as the internal reinforcement. As a means of calibration methodology, the parameters B0 and B1 were rstly obtained for each unloading curve from a regression analysis of each test unloading curve. The parameters were then related to the unloading strain as well as the lateral connement provided by the internal hoop reinforcement and the CFRP wrap. The parameter B0 for both FRP-conned plain and RC columns is given as follows in which the correlation coefcient is 0.887:

rc

rnew e e enew epl c pl

25

Based on a regression analysis of the same data used to calibrate Eqs. (15)(18) and Eqs. (20)(24), the following equations for the reference stress and strain are proposed;

rnew 0:912run enew eun

26 27

where the correlation coefcient for rnew is 0.996 and that for enew is 0.999. 4.8. Partial unloading/reloading path For columns subjected to partial unloading/reloading cycles, the unloading path is represented by a portion of the complete unloading curve which originates from the unloading point to a predetermined stress level (epp, rpp), as illustrated in Fig. 5. The partial reloading path is represented as a straight line which originates from the reloading point and terminates at the envelope curve.

 B0 0:5 0:3

flf fc0

0:07 0:1

fls fc 0

0:04 20

The parameter B1 is found to be particularly dependent on the internal steel reinforcement. As a result, for FRP-conned RC columns, B1 is proposed as follows in which the correlation coefcient is 0.925:

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73

Fig. 12. Comparison between experimental and predicted cyclic stressstrain relationships.

4.9. Verication of the proposed cyclic stressstrain model Fig. 12 presents the results of a comparison of the predictions of the proposed cyclic stressstrain model to the test results of this paper and also the results of Lam et al. [21]. It is evident that the proposed model exhibits an overall acceptable performance for the prediction of the peak stress and strain, in addition to the shape of the envelope curve and the unloading/reloading paths both for FRP-conned plain and RC circular columns. 5. Conclusions In this paper, the results of thirty CFRP-conned large plain and RC circular columns were fabricated and tested to failure under either monotonic or cyclic uniaxial compression loading patterns. The stressstrain responses have been presented as well as a discussion on the effect of internal steel reinforcement, effective lateral connement and load pattern. Based on the test results, a constitutive model is derived for the axial stressstrain response of CFRP-conned plain and RC circular columns subjected to axial monotonic and cyclic compression. The following conclusions are drawn from this work: (1) The connement provided by the CFRP wraps resulted in signicant enhancement both in axial stress capacity and axial strain capacity for CFRP-conned plain and RC circular

columns. The average effective strain coefcient of the CFRP wrap was found to be equal to 0.80 and not noticeably inuenced by the internal steel reinforcement as well as the cross-sectional dimensions. Size therefore was not deemed to noticeably inuence the behavior of the specimens. (2) For the CFRP-conned RC columns, the internal steel reinforcement was found to inuence the shape of the stress strain curve in addition to the unloading/reloading paths. The internal steel was also found to inuence the peak axial stress and strain, as well as the effective lateral connement. Such inuence should not be ignored in constitutive modeling. (3) The envelope curves of cyclic stressstrain response were almost identical to the monotonic stressstrain responses of geometrically equivalent specimens. A monotonic axial stressstrain model was then developed based on monotonic tests for the envelope curves of FRP-conned plain and RC circular columns. The unloading paths were non-linear, while the reloading paths mainly resembled straight lines. Polynomial and linear expressions were therefore used to represent the unloading and reloading paths, respectively. (4) A cyclic compression stressstrain model was developed by combining the monotonic stressstrain model with the unloading/reloading path model (i.e. also referred to as the cyclic rules). The good agreement between the predictions of the proposed model with the tests results of this paper

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Z.Y. Wang et al. / Engineering Structures 40 (2012) 6474

and other relevant tests extracted from the open literature demonstrate the capability and accuracy of the proposed model.

Acknowledgments Support provided to the rst author by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51078109 and 50408010) and also the Heilongjiang Provincial Foundation for the Returned Overseas Scholars (Project No. LC2011C23) are acknowledged.

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