PETROLEUMS ORIGIN Petroleum is a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons which is present in suitable rock strata and can be extracted and

refined to produce fuels, including petrol, paraffin, and diesel oil. There are two theories on the origin of natural hydrocarbons: the biogenic theory and the abiogenic theory. Even though the biogenic theory is the most accepted, the abiogenic theory has a lot of concrete and convincing points making the theory valuable, trustworthy and true. The biogenic theory, the theory of fossil fuels, currently, is the most accepted explanation for the scientific community in general. n this theory, oil is a fossil fuel which appeared in the geological prehistory !"" million years ago, originating from the decomposition of dead plants and animals. #iving organisms died, were buried, compressed and heated under heavy layers of sediments in the Earth$s crust that had accumulated over long periods, where they underwent chemical transformations to form oil and natural gas. %n the other hand, the abiogenic oil theory seeks to formulate differently the formation and composition of crude oil and natural gas. & controversial point in the biogenic theory is that fossils of animals and plants was never found in oil reserves. 'uch issues were the basis for the construction of the theory of abiogenic oil, which maintains that oil has no fossil but a chemical origin, meaning that oil is, in fact, continuously produced naturally. The greatest consequence of this theory, if it were proven, would be to generate the issue called (peak oil(, the end of oil reserves. &ccording to the biogenic theory, the age of our planet, Earth, is measured in billions of years. The deposits of oil also have extreme ages, ranging from one to four hundred million years. )uring this period, there were large and numerous phenomena such as volcanic eruptions, pole shift, separation of the continents, oceans and drive action of rivers, accommodating the earth$s crust. Thus, large amounts of plant and animal remains were deposited at the bottom of seas and lakes, buried by the movements of the earth$s crust under the pressure of the rock layers and the action of heat. These organic remains decomposed until they became oil due to the increase of the temperature. The kerogen molecules began to be broken, generating liquid and gaseous organic compounds in a process called catagenesis.

%n the other hand, the abiogenic theory explains oil origin differently. *ydrocarbons such as oil and natural gas are key materials originally incorporated into the Earth during planetary accretion process and have no intrinsic connection with near Earth$s surface biological materials. 'everal studies based on thermodynamics+ experiments with high pressure and temperature+ much evidence from geophysical, geochemical and geological data, combined with information from space probes and telescopes in the 'olar 'ystem and the ,niverse have clearly demonstrated the abiotic origin of oil. This abiogenic theory was very well supported by )mitri -endeleev ./0123/4"56, who said (The capital fact to note is that petroleum was born in the depths of the Earth, and is only there that we must seek its origin ( and by -arcellin 7erthelot ./0853/4"56, who ashed (Do these fuels result always and necessarily in one way from the decomposition of a pre-existing organic substance? Is it Thus with the hydrocarbons so frequently obser ed in olcanic eruptions and emanations, and to which !" #h" $ainte-#laire De ille has called attention in recent years? %inally, must one assign a parallel origin to carbonaceous matter and to hydrocarbons contained in certain meteorites, and which appear to ha e an origin foreign to our planet? These are questions on which the opinion of many distinguished geologists does not as yet appear to be fixed .9 n addition, some other scientists and professors support the abiogenic theory, for example, :aymond ;. #earsy, 'cholar and &uthor of $$%il<s =rip %n %ur >uture$$ and ;.>. ?enney, Ph.). in physics and thermodynamics of geological processes. )eep hydrocarbon deposits were created during the formation of the planet. *undreds of miles down, the molecules of hydrocarbons, mainly methane, migrate from the mantle to the crust, making the molecules more complex. n this migration, primordial gases such as helium and nitrogen may be present and assist in transport. The presence of biological molecules associated with hydrocarbons is closely related to contamination by microorganisms such as bacteria. The main reason for the organic oil theory is to give more value to the product. >or example, as grass is everywhere, it is not feasible to sell it at high price. -oreover, government authorities and large companies, who have a lot of common interests, are not willing to lose their monopolies, which generate a huge profit from oil, by accepting

the abiogenic theory. n addition, experts are persuaded to avoid spreading the real truth about oil@s origin. &s a result, experts, large companies and government authorities, manipulate the theories and their real values so they can dominate the world$s population, consumers, using their monopolies. The abiogenic theory is almost being extinguished due to the popularity of the biogenic theory. -oreover, Experts and large companies, who have a great deal of financial power to manipulate the truth about petroleum@s origin, afraid of losing their monopolies are avoiding to spread the real truth of the abiogenic theory. &s an illustration, even though water cells batteries are extremely productive and cheap for use on cars, they are not being used due to the oil commerce, which profits from the production of fuels by petroleum. n other words, the oil commerce would be also affected if the theory of inorganic oil were accepted. &s a conclusion, the consumers are not supposed to strongly believe in the abiogenic oil theory. Aonetheless, there are so many powerful contradictions in the biogenic theory that consumers may think twice before defining what their beliefs are.