UNIT V 1. What is the need for earthing of medical instruments?

Gr ounding is needed in medical equipments to avoid the macro and micro shocks. The leakage current is also reduced by proper grounding. 2. What are the safety measures we use while handle the medical equipments? Patient and the equipment user should prevented from any hazards cause by medical equipments Electrical system safety, electromagentic radiation safety, Isolation of system po er ith patient and user, etc. . What is diathermy? !ist its types. !iathermy is the treatment process by hich cutting, coagulation of tissues are obtained. Its various types are" #hort ave diathermy. $icro ave diathermy %ltrasonic diathermy. %ltrasonic diathermy. ".What is thermography & thermograph is a device that records temperatures over a fi'ed period of time. It consists of a rotating drum or disk and a stylus or pen. (ften, a bimetal mechanism for measuring temperature change is used. The pen is affi'ed to the free end of the bimetal strip. &s the drum or disk rotates, the pen makes a chart of the changes in temperature. #.$efine Infrared radiation Infra red ray is kind of electromagnetic ave higher frequency )more than radio frequency* and lies before the visisble light frequencyinfra red electromagnetic spectrum is usually +.,,-m and .++-m. %. $efine endoscopy &n endoscopy refers to a dedicated area here medical procedures are performed endoscopic cameras, hich are used to visualize structures and organs ithin in the body. &. What are the types of endoscophic sytems a'aila(le? Rigid endoscope Flexible endoscope / fiber endoscope 8. What are the parts in regid endoscope? ith

Rigid endoscope with light cable Objective / lens - for image formation Rod lense system - for image transport

Ocular lense - for image magnification 9. Define passive thermography The features of interest are naturally at a higher or lower temperature than the background !assive thermography has many applications such as surveillance of people on a scene and medical diagnosis specifically thermology 10. Define active thermography "n energy source is re#uired to produce a thermal contrast between the feature of interest and the background The active approach is necessary in many cases given that the inspected parts are usually in e#uilibrium with the surroundings 11. Whar are the avantages of the thermography? $ $ $ $ $ %t shows a visual picture so temperatures over a large area can be compared %t is capable of catching moving targets in real time %t is able to find deteriorating& i e & higher temperature components prior to their failure %t can be used to measure or observe in areas inaccessible or ha'ardous for other methods %t is a non-destructive test method

/ It can be used to find defects in shafts, pipes, and other metal or plastic parts )2. What are the types of laser (eams used in medicine? Pulsed 0d12aG laser 3ontinuous ave 3(4 laser 3ontinuous ave (rgan ion laser ) . list out !aser application areas in medicine Gynocology Gastroentrology (rthopedics )". $efine laser in medicine 5aser beam consits of high intense radiation in unique direction by focus the the enrgy at one point, the enrguy band move form higher enrgy level to lo er energy level, the laser beam is emitted to particular direction. It is used for many aplications in terms of diagnostic and theapheutic in medicine. )#. $efine two types of emission in laser (eam #pantaeous emission #timulated emission )%. what arethe applications of thermography in medicine?

Tumors Inflamation 6rain !eseaes 6urns (rthopedic !eseases )&. What are the de'ices are used to protect against electrical ha*ards? Ground fault interrupt Isolation transformer )+. $efine macro shoc, & physiological response to a current applied to the syurface of the body that produces effect in body such as muscle contrcation 7 tissue in8ury is called macro shock. The equipment user and the patients may get this macro shock due the malfunction of the system. )-. $efine micro shoc, & physiological response to a current applied to the syurface of the heart that produces effect in body such as muscle contrcation 7 tissue in8ury is called macro shock. The micro shock occurs hen current e'ceeds from .+micro amps. 2.. What is lea,age current? The e'tentaneous current flo ing along a path other the intended, due to resitive , inductive or capacitive coupling ith its main, the leakage current may oocurs due to ungrounded equipment , broken ire and un equal ground potential 2). $efine $iathermy !iathermy produces appropriate temperature for the different applications in medicine and also is used as a electrical knife to cut the tissues in surgical procedures. 22.What are methods used for diathermy in surgical procedures .. 3utting " It is simply cut the tissues very preciesly 4. 3oagulation " It is melt the tissues and arrest the blood bleadings )due to dilation of blood vessels* in organs. 2 . What are the types of the diathermy? #hort ave diathermy $icro ave diathemy %lterasonic diathermy #urgical diathermy 2". $efine shor wa'e diathemy #hort ave diathemy used to get relief of chronic pain in the body, it involves the high frequency 4,..4 $9z and avelength of .. m, this high frequency currents are used to supress the stimulation of sensory nerves and muscle contractions. 2#. !ist out the ad'antages of electro surgical diathermy It provides simple and effective surgery It provides bacterial and infection free surgery 6leeding canbe arrested by the coagulation method .