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SR. PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.
CERTIFICATE i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES ix
ABSTRACT xi
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Aim of Project 1
1.2 Brief History 1
1.3 Recent Trends and Development in the Field 2
1.4 Literature Survey And Technological Survey 4
1.5 Criteria for choosing Micro controller 5
1.6 Criteria for choosing SMART CARD 5
1.7 Use of smart cards 6
2. THEORETICAL DETAILS OF TOPICS & ANALYSIS 7
2.1 Why Energy Saving? 7
2.2 How Energy Saving? 7
2.3 Why Data Keeping Of Students? 7
2.4 How Data Keeping Of Students? 8
2.5 Why Centralized Message Conveying System? 8
2.6 How Centralized Message Conveying System? 8
3. ALGORITHM 9
3.1 Algorithm for Energy Saving 9
3.2 Algorithm for Attendance 10
3.3 Algorithm for Centralized Message Conveying System 11
4. BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR “HOSTEL AUTOMATION FOR 12
1
ENERGY SAVING AND RECORD KEEPING OF STUDENTS”
4.1 MASTER CARD 12
4.1.1 Block diagram description 12
4.2 SLAVE CARD 13
4.2.1 Block diagram description 14
4.3 SMART CARD 15
5. SYSTEM DESIGN 16
5.1 Host System used for Project 16
5.2 16*2 LCD 16
5.2.1 Pin Description 16
5.2.2 Advantages of LCD over LED display 17
5.3 Max 232 17
5.4 KEYPAD 18
5.4.1 4*1 Keypad 18
5.4.2 4*4 Matrix keypad-(16 keys) 18
6. APPLICATIONS 20
7. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES 21
CONCLUSIONS 22
REFERANCES 23
2
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.
3.1 Flowchart for Energy Saving 9
5.2 4 x 4 Keypad 19
3
ABSTRACT:
Today’s world is going for making every system automatic. This reduces the error due to
manual handling.
4
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Our aim is to develop the system which can be effectively used to check the presence of
any person in the room and turn ON/OFF the devices automatically and message
conveying system for every single room.
Now a day, there are so many problems in front of humidity. One of the dangerous
problems is energy crisis. It directly affects on human being. Energy crisis also affect the
industrial areas. It reduces the production of necessary things. This increases the demand
of limited things which in turn increases the prices. This leads to the inflation. This
inflation badly affects the people.
To avoid these adverse effects it is very much necessary to save the energy but the people
are not much aware of energy saving. But it is important to pay hid towards this problem.
There are many areas where there is wastage energy but that energy we have to save.
Generally in hostels numbers of rooms are there. These rooms are equipped with various
electrical appliances such as tubes, fans etc. Many of the times some of the devices may
be kept ON while leaving the room. But this should not happen. Atleast students should
not aware of this, but unfortunately they are not so. We have to implement some system
for saving the energy.
Due to too many rooms in the hostel it becomes tedious for the rector to take attendance
physically. Also it is not possible to convey some important messages to every student.
So it is necessary to implement some sort of centralized message conveying system. Also
in the hostels, we are facing some problem regarding to the data keeping of students. This
data keeping includes attendance of every day. So there should be some kind of
automated attendance system. This attendance system is already implemented in the
industries.
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1.3 RECENT TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD:
In today’s era of the hi-tech technologies man is always trying to achieve safety,
excellence, reliability in each field, which he encounters. The ultimate way is to remove
the physical medium & implement the wireless communication between the stations. It is
also necessary to save the power simultaneously because of energy crisis we are facing
now a days.
There may be so many ways of saving the power. Many equipments like tube, fan, air
cooler, AC, refrigerators, etc are used in day to day life. We can save 20% to 40%
electricity, if we used some kind of automated systems.
We are going to use IR sensors and relay circuitry connected to such equipments which
in turn saves the energy considerably.
Since smart cards are traditionally used to store sensitive data, security is one of the most
important factors to consider. Security in this case not only assumes the physical tamper-
resistance of the card but also the logical integrity and authenticity of the data stored on
it. The latter is achieved by the SCOS guaranteeing that the data can be accessed through
predefined gates (operations) only. This resembles the object oriented paradigm in
software engineering. These day’s Smart Cards are being used effectively. The
confidence of the user in its flawless working is gradually building up and these cards are
thus becoming quite popular throughout the country. A feature of the smart card includes
readily configurable, reusable, more reliable and durable. Also they allow multiple
applications to be store din the card. By using the Microcontroller the machine can be
built up easily and it will make simple to operate.
Another approach is the introduction of files and file-systems. This way, data (possibly
belonging to different applications) can be organized into files and directories. Access
can be restricted to these files by assigning permissions to them. For each file an access
control list (ACL) can be provided defining the rights of the parties (e. g. users,
applications) concerning that file. This concept requires user management. In this case, a
user can authenticate itself toward the card with the help of a personal identification
number (PIN) or some other authentication scheme. As smart cards are becoming smarter
and smarter, the usage of more sophisticated cryptographic protocols becomes possible.
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For instance, a traditional data-storage card could be used to store a RSA key. A smart
card may also implement the RSA algorithm so it is not necessary to read the key off the
card thus improving security. From the above discussion it should be clear that there exist
quite a number of different approaches in smart card technology at the same time. For
card issuers interoperability is becoming more and more vital. Without international
standards the market would be too chaotic for solid applications. This problem was
realized in the early stages of smart card history but the process of standardization is
usually slow so the international standards of the field are only former de facto standards
made absolute. The most important standard concerning smart cards is ISO 7816. Earlier
standards – such as ISO 7810 and 7811 – described physical characteristics of different
cards. The main significance of ISO 7816 is the specification of the communication
protocol for smart cards specifically, although the standard also deals with hybrid cards
(e. g. cards with a microprocessor as well as a magnetic stripe).
High-level programming languages are also gaining more and more importance now a
days. Since smart cards possess only very limited resources, one could believe that
software development for smart cards is done in machine code. However, this could
prove very costly because smart cards from different vendors are usually not compatible
on the machine code level. This means that a software manufacturer would be exposed
toward the card manufacturer. In such a situation it would be a catastrophe for the
software manufacturer if the card manufacturer decided to redesign the card in question
or maybe even not to produce it anymore.
Therefore it is an important requirement that programming for the card should be done
using a platform-independent, possibly high-level programming language. Of course the
need for card-specific optimization cannot be eliminated but it should be done
automatically by a converting tool provided by the card manufacturer. In practical cases
studied by the authors the high-level programming language was Java (Java Card API) or
Visual Basic although only a subset of the original languages was actually useable. This
is not surprising since these languages were designed for use in PCs and smart cards
provide a strongly different environment. Presently people carry 4-5 cards (magnetic and
chip cards) in their wallet: ID card, credit card, phone card etc. As the memory of smart
cards increases it becomes possible to integrate all these functions on a single card.
7
Running multiple applications on a single card would ease our every-day life but would
also induce some technical problems. The most important thing is that the applications
must not be able to access each other’s data. In this case namely the policeman checking
your ID could also access your medical records or have a look at your account’s balance.
This criterion puts a heavy burden on the SCOS.
It has become more common in industries that have recently entered the telecom industry
to refer to an Automated Attendant as a smart card. This means that when discussing a
smart card application, it is important to ensure that the person you are talking to
understand the term to mean the same thing as you do. Generally-speaking, those with a
traditional telecom background are more likely to refer to an Automated Attendant.
There are numerous ways of taking attendance or data keeping in the industries and day
to day life. Few of them are discussed below.
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1.5 CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING MICRO CONTROLLER:
1. The first & foremost criterion in choosing a Micro controller is that it must meet
the task at hand efficiently & cost effectively. In analyzing the needs of a Micro
controller based project, we must first see whether an 8-bit, or 16-bit, or 32-bit
Micro controller can best handle the computing needs of the task most effectively.
Among other considerations in the category are:
• Speed: What is the highest speed that the Micro controller supports?
• Packaging: Does it comes in 40-pin DIP (dual in line package) or a QFP (quad
flat package) or some other packaging format? This is important in terms of
space, assembling & prototyping the end product.
• Cost per unit: This is important in terms of the final cost of the product in which a
Micro controller is used. For example, there are Micro controllers that cost 50
cents per unit when purchased 1,00,000 units at a time.
Smart cards have been utilized excessively during the last couple of decades. In recent
years though, a new generation of smart cards evolved: programmable smart cards. The
first chip cards were memory cards. They contained only memory modules which were
controlled by the contacts.
9
Generic cards were chip cards too. They received instructions from the outside which
were processed by the card’s operating system.
Nowadays chip cards possess more and more memory and computation power. This
makes it possible that the cards not only execute commands from the outside but also be
able to run separate programs. These are programmable smart cards. They introduce the
concept of a possibly multitasking, multithreaded, multi-user smart card operating system
(SCOS). This way, access to the data stored on the card is controlled by the card itself.
Thus, the smart card itself can guarantee for security – instead of delegating this
responsibility to the possibly entrusted terminal.
The latest trend in industries is to use smart cards replacing the very old trend of direct
attendance or muster attendance. The people prefer to carry these smart cards. Also it is
convenient for the industries than the traditional one which is very tedious to handle.
10
CHAPTER-2
Our aim of project is to automate hostel for energy saving and data keeping of student.
1. Energy saving
2. Data keeping of students
3. Centralized message conveying system
• I n day to day life there is wastage of energy in many fields. This wasting energy
can be saved by just awareness of peoples.
• But today’s people are not that much aware about energy crisis & energy saving.
• But it is necessary to save the energy to overcome many global problems such as
increasing prices of crude oil, global problems etc.
• In hostel there are many rooms. Generally these rooms are well equipped with
electrical devices such as fans, tubes, etc.
• We can automatically turn on/off these devices by sensing the presence of person
in the room.
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• There are many ways to keep data of the student viz. physical attendance.
• But it is not possible to take attendance every day. For that purpose we are going
to provide a smart card to each student.
• The smart card contains the information of bearer. As he inserted the smart card
in the smart card slot the data in the smart card gets verified. Verification is done
because of smart card is connected to the PC containing database of all the
students via serial device.
12
CHAPTER-3
ALGORITHM
13
3.2 ALGORITHM FOR ATTENDANCE:
1. Start
2. Message displayed on LCD for attendance.
3. Insert smart card in the smart card slot.
4. If card gets detected, database in PC gets updated.
5. If not, then go to step 2.
6. Otherwise stop.
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3.3 ALGORITHM FOR CENTRALIZED MESSAGE CONVEYING SYSTEM:
1. Start
2. If we want to send message, then type on PC.
3. Otherwise go to step 7.
4. Send message from PC.
5. If message get sent, then display it on LCD of slave card.
6. Otherwise go to step 4.
7. Stop
CHAPTER-4
15
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR “HOSTEL AUTOMATION FOR ENERGY
SAVING AND RECORD KEEPING OF STUDENTS”
16
2. RS 485: RS 485 is generally used for serial communication purpose. In this
system it connects the Master card with the Slave card for the data exchange.
3. RTC (Real Time Clock): RTC is used for setting the time for particular task.
4. Keypad: There are two modes of operation of this system:
a. Manual mode
b. Automatic mode
LCD
Entry IR
Sensor
MICRO
Exit IR CONTROLL Relays
Sensor ER
To/ From RS
Master 485
485
17
4.2.1 Block diagram description:
1. Micro-controller
2. RS 485
3. IR sensors (Exit & Entry)
4. Relays
5. LCD
1. Micro-controller: It is the heart of the assembly. It organizes all the functions.
2. RS 485: RS 485 is used for serial communication. In this system it connects the
Master card with the Slave card for the data exchange.
3. IR sensors (Exit & Entry): This block is used for the entry & exit of the person from
the room.
4. Relay: Relays are connected to electrical appliances. Relay operates on sensing the
entry & entry of the person.
5. LCD: This block is used for displaying the message from PC.
Here the system will consist of two units. The master card will be placed at rector’s
cabin. The rector can select the mode of working using keypad. There will be two modes
of operation. In manual mode the rector can enter the times during which the electric
supply to rooms should be ON. The LCD 16X2 with slave cards will be used to display
different messages. RTC (i.e. real time clock) will be used to keep the track of time. In
auto mode the electrical appliances will be turned ON/OFF accordingly presence of
persons in the rooms.
The slave card will be placed at every room. It will consist of IR sensors for entry and
exit. By manipulating the IR sensor’s pulses we can count the number of persons present
in the rooms and turn ON/OFF the supply. The relays will be used to cut the supply. Also
by counting the no. of persons in the room we can take attendance.
We will use RS 485 protocol for the communication between master card and the slave
card.
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Fig. No.4.3: Block Diagram for Smart Card
Smart card assembly consists of smart card and smart card slot.
Smart card contains small micro-controller and connecting slots. These slots are used for
the communication between smart card and smart card slot. Micro-controller of the smart
card contains the data of card-holder. Micro-controller present in the slot contains all the
database of all users like database of students. As we insert the card into slot, the
information in smart card controller get cross-checked with that stored in slot controller.
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CHAPTER-5
SYSTEM DESIGN
The microcontroller is used as host system in the system. There are other options for the
host system like microprocessor or computer but as microprocessor is a general purpose
device and do not contain any on chip memory, serial communication facilities, parallel
ports etc, it can not be used. Also it is not feasible to use a computer to process just few
bytes of data.
The microcontroller which satisfies the requirements of host is 89C51 which has on chip
RAM & ROM, serial communication facilities & parallel ports. We are using the
microcontroller from Philips Corporation i.e. P89C51 as a host system.
Pin3-(-VEE): We can control the contrast of LCD by connecting appropriate value POT
to this pin. The connection is as shown in below fig.
Pin 4- RS- Register Select: The display contains two internal 8-bit registers. One is for
commands and another is for data (characters) to be displayed.
Pin5- Read/Write:
20
Read operation is performed during status checking of busy flag. The MSB of data lines
i.e. D7 bit acts as busy flag.
Pin6-Enable:
A high to low pulse is given to this pin to enable the operation of LCD
Pin 7-14:
Pin 7to14 are data lines (i.e. D0 to D7) of LCD. These pins can be connected to port pins
of Micro Controller. Any data transfer will take place through these pins.
Pin15- VCC
Pin 16-GND
1) It can display numbers, characters and graphics, whereas LED displays are
limited to numbers and few characters.
2) LCD has its own processor, so there is no need for refreshing it through micro
controller.
4) It is cost effective.
The various devices such as PC, GSM handset operates with RS232 standard.
Microcontroller operates with TTL voltage levels .To interfacing these devices with
Micro-controller, we need to use s line driver (voltage converter) to convert the RS232’s
Signal to TTL voltage levels that will be acceptable to the 8051’s T*XD & RXD pins.
For this purpose MAX232 level converter is used.
21
receivers feature internal noise filtering, eliminating the need for external slew rate and
filter capacitors. The device is designed to interface data terminal equipment (DTE) with
data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE). The driver inputs and receiver outputs are
TTL and CMOS compatible. DS14C232C driver outputs and receiver inputs meet
TIA/EIA-232-E (RS-232) and CCITT V.28 standards.
5.4 KEYPAD:
Keypad is used for entering various numbers, to do some setting, pushes to on keys are
used in keypad, push to on key structure is show in fig blow:
In above fig, four contact points of keys are made common & connected to the ground.
The other four contact points are connected to the port pins of micro-controller .when key
is pressed the low signal (zero) is detected by port pin .In software, keypad routing will
use polling.
In 4*4 keypad,16 keys are arranged in matrix fashion (i.e. 4 rows & 4 columns) to
interface this keypad total 8 port pins are required. By making all rows as output, we can
check the column input to the micro-controller port pins or vice verse e.g. If rows are
used as output, then by making one row zero we can check all columns, the column at
which we get low signal, corresponding key to that column is pressed.
22
Fig 5.2 : 4 x 4 keypad
1) Relay can switch AC & DC, where as transistor can only switch DC.
23
CHAPTER-6
APPLICATIONS
1. Supermarkets, airports
24
CHAPTER-7
ADVANTAGES:
DISADVANTAGES:
25
CONCLUSIONS
26
REFERANCES
Websites:
2. smartcard@ebizlab.hit.bme.hu
3. http://ebizlab.hit.bme.hu/smartcard
Books:
Research Papers:
27
CONTACTS
1. Deshmukh Mandar C.
Pin: 424101
E-mail: mandardeshmukh14@gmail.com
2. Patel Manishkumar H.
Sindhutara Society,
Pin: 410502
E-mail: patelmanishkumar@rocketmail.com
3. Waykar Sandesh R.
Tal: Junnar,
Pin: 412409
E-mail: waykarsandesh_14@yahoo.com
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