WMS-101 3154_06_2001_X

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Introduction to WAN Protocols

Session: WMS-101

WMS-101 3154_06_2001_X

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Technology Assumptions

Basic Understanding of the OSI Reference Model Basic understanding of routing and switching. Basic Understanding of Networking Terms & Acronyms

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Definition of a Wide Area Network

A WAN is a network that covers a broad geographic area and often uses transmission facilities provided by common carriers. WAN technologies function at the lower three layers of the OSI reference model:
Physical Layer (L1) Data Link Layer (L2) Network Layer (L3)

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Layer 2 Encapsulation
OSI Reference Module
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Link Physical Network Link Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Link Physical L2 Encapsulation

Layer 2 Frames: Transport for L3 across L1 Error Detection & Possible Correction Establish peering across links Different Characteristics

CPE A

Router / WAN Switch X

CPE B

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) HDLC PPP FR / Frame Switching ATM / Cell Switching
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Why Understanding Protocols Matters?

Availability Scalability Efficiency Security Life Cycle Cost
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Data Only

Multiservice

Making The Grade

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Protocol Availability Scalability Efficiency Security Cost Life Cycle

Look at the technology in terms of individual requirements. Think of long term requirements ( 18mos - 3 years ) Consider if protocol overhead or protocol delay is of more importance?

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Do You Remember?
What are the important characteristics to consider in evaluating WAN protocols? What are the 3 HDLC Frame Formats? What are two applications of the Multilink Protocol in PPP? What equivalent FRF specs exist in Frame Relay? In Frame Relay, what is the purpose of the FECN and BECN bits in the Frame Header? What is one of the primary functions of the ATM Adaption Layer?
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Agenda
Introduction Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) High Level Datalink Control (HDLC) Point to Point Protocol (PPP) Frame Relay (FR) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Summary
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Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

D D D

MUX
D E E E E E D E E D E D

MUX

8 bits per timeslot Framing (1 bit)

TS1

TS2

TS22 TS3 TS23

TS24

193 bits per frame (24*8 + 1) 125 sec

T1 (1.54Mbps) = 24 DSOs or Channels of 64kbps each Timeslots are always present regardless if data is being sent. Bandwidth is statically allocated to the applications
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Protocol Independent (HDLC, PPP, etc.)

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TDM - Application / ISDN

To Corporate Network 64Kbps PSTN / ISDN ISDN BRIs Switch Switch

64Kbps T1 = 24 DS0s

Call Oriented Setup (Q.931) Fixed Bandwidth (No More / No Less) LAP D Frame Format (similar to HDLC)
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Making The Grade

Definite Support for Multiservice Applications. Predictable Delay
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Protocol Availability Scalability Efficiency Security Cost Life Cycle

A C D A D C

A C C A D C

A C D+ A D C

Bandwidth likely to be under-utilized. Secure, L1 End-to-End Will be around for a while, but likely usurped by converged networks. Costs can be prohibitive in a tariffed environment.

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Agenda
Introduction Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) High Level Datalink Control (HDLC) Point to Point Protocol (PPP) Frame Relay (FR) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) IP-VPNs Summary
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HDLC

HDLC supports 16 or 32 bit Checksums HDLC supports 3 modes; NRM, ARM, and ABM HDLC LAP B is the WAN relevant application HDLC is sequenced and can perform Flow and Error control
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HDLC - Frame Format

L3 Datagram

1 or 2

1 or 2 Control

Variable L3 Datagram (Data)

Flag Address

FCS Flag

N(R)

N(S)

I-Frames OR

0x0F

0x00

0x0800

Cisco Frame

3 Frame Types: Information, Supervisory, & Unnumbered Point-to-Point configuration typically employed Cisco HDLC (proprietary) Point-to-Point Configuration
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HDLC - Application
Internet

Point-to-Point Applications (Leased Line) L2 QoS Doesnt Matter / Data Throughput Matters No Multiservice L2 Intelligence / L3 Queuing can partially assist Under-utilized links makes Multiservice possible on High Speed links (DS3+), but unpredictable. WMS-101
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Making The Grade

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Protocol Availability Scalability Efficiency Security Cost Life Cycle

Data Only = Excellent

A B A A C

D A F

A B BA D

Currently supported up to DS3 links, with rate limiting for sub. Light Overhead, ideal for applications where maximum throughput matters.

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Agenda
Introduction Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) High Level Datalink Control (HDLC) Point to Point Protocol (PPP) Frame Relay (FR) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Summary
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PPP
Point-to-Point Protocol. Used in Dial, xDSL, ISDN, Serial applications PPP can Multiplex multiple Network Protocols over a single link (Protocol Agnostic) Options for IP address assignment and management Link Configuration, Quality, and Error Detection Can negotiate additional options for Authentication, Compression, Multilink Support, etc. PPP uses an HDLC Frame for Encapsulation
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PPP - Frame Format

1 1 1 0x03 2 0x0800 0 - 1500 L3 Datagram 2 1

Flag 0xFF

FCS Flag

PPP doesnt assign individual station address therefore using the broadcast address

Indicates the NLPID of the L3 Datagram in the payload of the frame

CRC Error Checking

Maximum Transmission Unit (minus overhead) Protocol IDs Novell 0x8137 Appletalk 0x809B NetBIOS 0x00F0 Banyan 0x00BC More.. 0x0000

Indicates transmission of user data in an nonsequenced frame (connectionless)

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PPP - Operation
Se2/0:7 PPP: Phase is ESTABLISHING, Passive Open [0 sess, 0 load] Se2/0:7 LCP: State is Listen Se2/0:7 LCP: I CONFREQ [Listen] id 230 len 27 Se2/0:7 LCP: AuthProto CHAP (0x0305C22305) Se2/0:7 LCP: MagicNumber 0x4CDA0A5B (0x05064CDA0A5B) Se2/0:7 LCP: MRRU 1524 (0x110405F4) Se2/0:7 LCP: EndpointDisc 1 1720a (0x1308013137323061) Se2/0:7 LCP: O CONFREQ [Listen] id 76 len 30 Se2/0:7 LCP: AuthProto CHAP (0x0305C22305) Se2/0:7 LCP: MagicNumber 0xCC96D7E6 (0x0506CC96D7E6) Se2/0:7 LCP: MRRU 1524 (0x110405F4) Se2/0:7 LCP: EndpointDisc 1 3640_PE1 (0x130B01333634305F504531) Se2/0:7 LCP: O CONFACK [Listen] id 230 len 27 Se2/0:7 LCP: AuthProto CHAP (0x0305C22305) Se2/0:7 LCP: MagicNumber (0x05064CDA0A5B) Se2/0:7 LCP: MRRU 1524 (0x110405F4) Se2/0:7 LCP: EndpointDisc 1 1720a (0x1308013137323061) Se2/0:7 LCP: I CONFACK [ACKsent] id 76 len 30 Se2/0:7 LCP: AuthProto CHAP (0x0305C22305) Se2/0:7 LCP: MagicNumber 0xCC96D7E6 (0x0506CC96D7E6) Se2/0:7 LCP: MRRU 1524 (0x110405F4) Se2/0:7 LCP: EndpointDisc 1 3640_PE1 (0x130B01333634305F504531) Se2/0:7 LCP: State is Open
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LCP: LCP Listen Option Negotiation Link Quality is determined (Optional) Network Layer Configuration Begins (IPCP, IPXCP, ATCP) Link Establishment (LCP Open) LCP Termination
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PPP - Authentication (CHAP)

CHAP Characteristics:
3640a

3-Way Handshake on link establishment. Authenticator sends a Challenge Peer responds with a value based on a oneway hash Authenticator validates against its own calculation.

1720a

Both Peers Challenging (Debug):

Se2/0:7 PPP: Phase is AUTHENTICATING, by both [0 sess, 0 load] Se2/0:7 CHAP: O CHALLENGE id 76 len 29 from "3640a" Se2/0:7 CHAP: I CHALLENGE id 69 len 26 from "1720a" Se2/0:7 CHAP: Waiting for peer to authenticate first Se2/0:7 CHAP: I RESPONSE id 76 len 26 from "1720a" Se2/0:7 PPP: Phase is FORWARDING [0 sess, 0 load] Se2/0:7 PPP: Phase is AUTHENTICATING [0 sess, 0 load] Se2/0:7 CHAP: O SUCCESS id 76 len 4 Se2/0:7 CHAP: Processing saved Challenge, id 69 Se2/0:7 CHAP: O RESPONSE id 69 len 29 from "3640a" Se2/0:7 CHAP: I SUCCESS id 69 len 4
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e: e: Need Needdebug debug output, output,but butlab labis is tore toredown downuntil until June June4th. 4th.

PPP - NCP Negotiation

3640a

NCP Characteristics: Responsible for configuring, enabling and disabling the L3 protocol. Uses L2 protocol field 0x8021 to identify the payload as IPCP Address Assignment (DHCP) NetBios Name Servers Domain Name System

1720a

Both Peers Challenging (Debug):

Holder

Holder Holder

Holder

Holder

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PPP - Multilink

LCP Negotiated Option Member Links Identified through Endpoint Discriminator and / or Authenticated name. Bundles Multiple Physical Links into a logical bundle Bandwidth on Demand Multiservice support through fragmentation
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PPP - Fragmentation & Interleaving

MP Fragmentation Breaks up Large Data Packets in smaller sequenced fragments. Fragment-Delay is used to stipulate the maximum time a fragment can be on an individual link MP creates opportunities for non-MP encapsulated traffic (I.e, RTP) used in Voice applications to be interleaved. MP fragmentation and interleaving ideal in low speed (< 1.2Mbps) where delay is priority over throughput.
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Making The Grade

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Protocol Availability Scalability Efficiency Security Cost Life Cycle

A A A B A

BBB A

B B B+ B A

Primarily used in Data applications, however, can be used from Multiservice Mature Protocol with new life in Broadband Aggregation applications HDLC style header is efficient for Data, MP is efficient for Multiservice | BW Aggregation.

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Agenda
Introduction Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) High Level Datalink Control (HDLC) Point to Point Protocol (PPP) Frame Relay (FR) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Summary
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Frame Relay - Overview

N * (N-1) / 2 = Full Mesh 5 Sites = 10 LL 10 Sites = 45 LL
San Francisco New York Chicago

Dallas

Miami

What is the purpose / advantage of a Virtual Circuit?

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Frame Relay
SP Network

Branch HQ www.corporate.com

Packet Switched (Compared to Circuit Switched) Statistical Multiplexing Alleviates Wasted silence Uses a Virtual Circuit (VC) or Path through the network BW is not Allocated Until Needed Buffering and Congestion Control mechanisms Relies on Upper Layer Protocols (ex. TCP) for error recovery
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Frame Relay supported up to 45Mbps

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Frame Relay - Frame Format

Bytes 1 Flag 2 Header Variable ( 0 ~ 4096) L3 Datagram (Data) 2 1 FCS Flag

Bits

6 DLCI

1 C/R

1 EA

4 DLCI

1
C FE N

1
BE

1 EA

CN DE

DLCI - 10 Bit field (1024 Possible connections), Locally Significant C / R - Undefined Field EA - Extended Address ( 1 = End, 0 = More DLCI in 2nd Octet) FECN - Forward Explicit Congestion Notification ( --> Direction) BECN - Backward Explicit Congestion Notification ( <-- Direction) DE - Discard Eligibility: Set by end node allows frames to be WMS-101 dropped in a congested network or when CIR is being exceeded
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Frame Relay - LMI

Which DLCIs are active?
DTE
_En tu s Sta

DCE Frame Switch

ry qui

DLCI 19, 23, 58 = Active DLCI 21, 29, 5 = Inactive

tu s Sta

LMI - Local Management Interface

VC Discovery (DLCI) Multicasting Global Addressing

Enquiry Types: Short Long Asynchronous

LMI is used to check the Status of PVCs on the network LMI Uses reserved DLCI ( 0 = ITU, ANSI or 1023 = Cisco)
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Frame Relay - UNI / NNI

Site B Site A DLCI 100 DLCI 120 Frame UNI NNI Service Provider Cloud
Frame Switch

UNI

DLCI 60

Switch

UNI

Site C

DLCI 80

The Service Providers cloud could be non-FR (I.e. ATM, etc.) Inverse ARP allows Network Layer address discovery (RFC 1293) Static Mapping required without use of iARP (not manageable) DLCIs are Locally significant. DLCI swapping is job of FR the Switch. The SP network will set FECN & BECN bits based on Congestion The SP will set DE bits based on Service Contracts.
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Frame Relay - FRF.12

DTE - DTE Fragmentation DLCI 120 V V V V D Data V D V D V D V D Data PHY I/F PHY I/F DLCI 54 V V V V DLCI 147 Data

DLCI 100 Data

Fragment Large frames into a sequence of shorter frames Control Delay critical for Multiservice applications (Voice, etc.) Fragmentation occurs on a per-VC basis 2 Byte Sequence Header keeps packets ordered (10 bits seq.) Large Frames hog time on wire, create delay problems
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Frame Relay - FRF.16

MFR PHY I/F Data 1 PHY I/F MFR

Data 1

Data 2

PHY I/F Data 2

PHY I/F

Data 2

Data 1

Bundle

Bundle Links

FRF16 = Multilink Frame Relay Same encapsulation as FRF12 - UNI / NNI Fragmentation Increase Bandwidth where there are service offering gaps (T1 x N) Eliminate single points of failure with Physical interfaces. Inverse MUXing several Physical Interfaces into 1 Logical Interface
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Frame Relay - Application

Chicago

Sales / Remote Offices Reduces Interfaces Simplify Configuration Partial Mesh or Hub and Spoke design Reduce LL costs
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DLCI 33 San Francisco New York

DLCI 32 Dallas DLCI 3 DLCI 4 DLCI 2 DLCI 1 DLCI 34

DLCI 31

Head Quarters

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Frame Relay - Characterization

Pros
Dynamic Allocation of Bandwidth
Bandwidth is not wasted. The hungry mouth gets it. Statistical Multiplexing allows idle VCs to share bandwidth with with active VCs

Can Be Used for Multiservice Applications

Frame Switches Are Used for Multiservice Applications (DVV) (Less (Less over Subscription and Reasonable Speed Links)

Technology is still being enhanced (FRF.12, FRF.16, etc.) Bandwidth is expandable (FRF.16)

Cons
Unable to Guarantee Performance (in FIFO Mode)
Frame Switches Typically Operate in FIFO (First inin-First out) Mode, so One Application Can Impact the Performance of Others

Medium Delay and Variability in Delay

Each Switch Has to Receive an Entire Frame before Forwarding It to the Next Switch; Therefore Transit Delay Increases with Number of Switches Switches in the Path The FIFO Mode of Each Switch Causes a Variability at Each Switch
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Frame Relay: Report Card

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Protocol Availability Scalability Efficiency Security Cost Life Cycle

A B A L2 B+ B-

B B B+

B+ B B+ B B+ B

Fits into a Multiservice Application. Speeds up to DS3 and MFR scales (NxT1). Light Protocol Overhead (2 Bytes) and LFI make it efficient for Data and Multiservice.

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Agenda
Introduction Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) High Level Datalink Control (HDLC) Point to Point Protocol (PPP) Frame Relay (FR) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Summary
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ATM - Overview
Connection Oriented transport (VCs pre-established) known as Cell Switching Hybrid of Circuit Switching and Packet Switching Fixed Cell size 5byte Header + 48byte Payload reduces latency typical to large data packets ATM Supports Multiple Qualities of Service Virtual Path + Virtual Channel = Virtual Circuit ATM supports Permanent VCs and Switched VCs ATM speeds up to OC-48 (2.5Gbps)
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ATM - Functional Layers

Segmentation & Reassembly Payload Error Control End-to-End Timing
OSI RM Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer
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B-ISDN RM

VPI / VCI Switching

AAL

Cell MUX / DEMUX Flow Control / HEC

ATM Layer Physical Layer 1

QoS Support

Bitstream Conversion ATM Cell Boundaries

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ATM - Cell Format

Transmission Path

Header

Payload

GFC
4

VPI
8

VCI
16

PT CLP
3 1

HEC
8

GFC - Generic Flow Control VCI - Virtual Channel Identifier CLP - Cell Loss Priority
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VPI - Virtual Path Identifier PT - Payload Type HEC - Header Error Check

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ATM - Operation
Segmentation IP Datagram LLC IP Data 48 48 48 ATM Adaption Layer VPI / VCI Assignment 5 5 5 5 5 VC MUXing 5 ATM Layer Serialization 5 5 5 101100111010110011000100111101100 PHY Layer
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ATM - Traffic Definitions

CBR - Constant Bit Rate, Connection Oriented w / end-to-end timing required, utilizes AAL1 (Leased Line Emulation) ABR - Available Bit Rate UBR - Unspecified Bit Rate, connectionless packet data, best-effort transport. No guarantees to loss, delay, or bandwidth available, utilizes AAL5 Others, VBR-NRT, VBR-RT, etc.

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ATM - Application
Enterprise WAN Core Define Multiple Traffic Contracts Predictable Delays for Multiservice Applications No under-utilized bandwidth (like TDM) Scale VCs by application.
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Voice - AAL1 CBR

San Francisco New York

Data - AAL5 UBR

Head Quarters

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ATM I-LMI
Site B Site A IME UNI IME
ATM Switch ATM Switch

IME

End-System

Private / Public Switch

IME

End-System
Site C

Private / Public IME Switch

Public ATM Switch Public ATM Switch

Integrated local management interface-ilmi Use SNMP across UNI and NNI for ILMI MIB Uses AAL 5 encapsulation Used for ATM end system address (AESA) formerly NSAP addressing for svcs Automatic recognition of UNI or NNI interface protocol
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Making The Grade

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Protocol Availability Scalability Efficiency Security Cost Life Cycle

B A BC+ B

B A A D B

B A B+ B

ATM is great for multiservice applications, data-only pays a cell tax Bandwidth is scalable up to 2.5Gbps Delay is predictable and bandwidth use is efficient, more applications coming

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ATM - Characterization
Pros
Dynamic Allocation of Bandwidth
Available Bandwidth Is Allocated Dynamically to Any Application that Needs It One Application Can Use Bandwidth Allocated to the other if that Traffic Is Not Present

Guaranteed performance
Cell Switches with Efficient Traffic and Bandwidth Management Schemes Schemes Can Ensure that Each Application Receives Guaranteed Performance (TM, QoS Queuing, CAC, PNNI/UNI Etc.)

Low Delay (Controlled and Bounded) and Low Variability in Delay

Using Fixed Length Cells Ensures that Network Transit Delay and Variability in Delay Is Minimized Switches Use QoSQoS-Based Queuing and Scheduling Such as CBR, VBR, ABR

Typically Multiservice
As a Result of Low Delay, Low Variability in Delay and the Ability Ability to Guarantee Performance, Cell Switches Are Ideally Suited to Support Multiple Services Concurrently Concurrently

Cons
Overhead
However the Bandwidth Efficiency and Ability to Provide Low Delay Delay and Low Variability in Delay in Cell Switching Easily Overcomes the Small Incremental Overhead
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All Together Now

VPDN Internet

Boston DS-3 Chicago 384K OC-3 New York San Francisco 256K

Dallas ATM Frame-Relay HDLC PPPoX

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Ft. Worth 128K

256K Austin

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Agenda
Introduction Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) High Level Datalink Control (HDLC) Point to Point Protocol (PPP) Frame Relay (FR) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Summary
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Summary

There is no universally correct WAN technology to choose. Understanding your requirements and predicting growth will be essential elements to cost-effective, scalable, efficient network implementation.

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WAN - Futures

PPPoX xDSL IP-VPNs MPLS-VPNs

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Do You Remember?
What are the important characteristics to consider in evaluating WAN protocols? What are the 3 HDLC Frame Formats? What are two applications of the Multilink Protocol in PPP? What equivalent FRF specs exist for Frame Relay? In Frame Relay, what is the purpose of the FECN and BECN bits in the Frame Header? What is one of the primary functions of the ATM Adaption Layer?
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Follow On Presentations

WMS-201 WMS-301 WMS-210 VVT-213

Deploying WAN Protocols Troubleshooting WAN Protocols Deploying Multiservice Networks Deploying QoS for Voice & Video

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Q&A

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Please Complete Your Evaluation Form

WMS-101

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2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

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Presentation_ID

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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