American International University Bangladesh (AIUB)

Faculty of Engineering
Analog Electronics 2 (LAB)

Experiment No# 1
Experiment Name: Study of Operational Amplifier

Theory:

The Operational Amplifier is a direct coupled high gain amplifier to which feedback is added
to control its overall response characteristics. An external feedback resistor is connected
between the output terminals and negative terminal. This type of circuit is called a negative
feedback circuit.

Exp 1.1 Study of Op Amp as an Amplifier

An amplifier is a circuit that will receive a signal at its input and delivers an undistributed
amplified or enlarged signal at its output. There are two types of amplifier by using the op-
amp inverting amplifier and non-inverting amplifier.

Inverting Amplifier:
In the fig.1 is an inverting amplifier. Closed-loop gain from E
i
to V
o
of this amplifier is set by
the two resistors R
i
and the feedback resistor R
f
.
The gain of the amplifier is given by
A
CL
=
i
o
E
V
=
i
f
R
R

E
i
R
i
= 5K
R
f
= 10K
V
O
+15 V
-15 V
+
-

Fig.1: Inverting Amplifier

Non-inverting Amplifier:
Very often there is a need for an amplifier whose output is to and in phase with the input, and
in addition R
i
= and R
O
0, so that the source and the load are in effect isolated. More
ideal characteristics can be obtained by using an op-amp and the circuit is given below.
The gain of the amplifier is
A
CL
=
i
o
E
V
=
i
f
R
R
+ 1
E
i
R
i
= 5K
R
f
= 10K
V
O
+15 V
-15 V
+
-
I
I

Fig.2: Non-Inverting Amplifier

Equipments required:
1. Trainer Board
2. Op-Amp (741) 1
3. Resistors 50k, 10k, 5k
4. Multi-meter
5. Oscilloscope

Procedure:
1. Implement the inverting amplifier circuit as shown in Fig.1.
2. Apply an input voltage E
i
= 5V and measure the output voltage, V
O.

3. Again apply a sinusoidal waveform of 5V p-p in the input and observe the output
waveform in the oscilloscope. Observe if there is any change in the phase shift.
4. Change the resistance to 50 K and repeat step 2 and 3.
5. Repeat step 3 and 4 for a square wave input signal.
6. Implement the non-inverting amplifier circuit shown in fig. 2.
7. Repeat step 2 to 5.

Report:
1. Draw the input and output waveforms of the amplifier circuits.
2. What is a voltage-follower? What is the use of this circuit?
3. Between the two types of amplifier which one you will prefer and why?

Exp 1.2 Study of Op Amp as an Adder

Using the concept of inverting amplifier, the op-amp can be used as an adder to sum up some
input signals. In the fig.3 the output voltage, V
O
is
V
O
= - (E
1
+ E
2
+ E
3
)
R
1
= 10K
R
f
= 10K
V
O
+15 V
-15 V
+
-
R
2
= 10K
R
3
= 10K
E
1
E
2
E
3
I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3

Fig.3: Adder Circuit
Equipments required:
1. Trainer Board
2. Op-Amp (741) 1
3. Resistors 10k (3)
4. Multi-meter
5. Oscilloscope

Procedure:
1. Implement the adder circuit as shown in Fig.3.]
2. Apply the input voltages as 2V, 3V and 4V.
3. Measure the output voltage V
O
.

Exp 1.3 Study of Op Amp as Basic Differential Amplifier:

The differential amplifier can measure as well as amplify small signals that are buried in
much larger signals.
R
R
f
= mR
V
O
=m( E
1
-E
2
)
+15 V
-15 V
+
-
R
E
1
E
2
mR

Fig. 4: Basic differential amplifier
Voltage at the (+) input is
1 1
1 ) 1 (
E
m
m
E
R m
mR
+
=
+
and at the (-) input is E
2
. Therefore the
output voltage due to E
2
is
1
1
1
1
mE
R
mR
E
m
m
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
and due to E
2
is
2 2
mE E
R
mR
=

. The
output is m (E
1
-E
2
).

Equipments required:
1. Trainer Board
2. Op-Amp (741) 1
3. Resistors 20k (2), 10k (2)
4. Multi-meter
5. Oscilloscope

Procedure:
1. Implement the circuit according to the Fig. 4.
2. Use R
f
=20 K and R = 10 K, so m = 2.
3. Apply Input voltages as 5V and 3V.
4. Measure the output voltages.

References:
1. Electronic Device and Circuits Millman & Helkins
2. Operational Amplifiers and Integrated Circuits Coughlin & Driscoll