1. (3 points) Which of the following antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis? (1) Sulfa drugs.

(2) Chloramphenicol and erythromycin. (*) Vancomycin and methicillin. (4) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct. 2. (3 points) Which of the following types of cells phagocytose and kill microbes? (1) Cytotoxic T-cells. (2) Neutrophils. (3) Dendritic cells. (*) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct. 3. (3 points) Which of the following elements is/are part of adaptive immunity? (1) Complement system. (2) Dermicidins. (*) B-cell memory cells. (4) All of these answers (1-3) are correct. 4. (3 points) Which of the following procedures is/are used to inhibit microbial spoilage of food? (1) -irradiation of food. (2) Limiting the amount of useable H2O in the food. (3) Lowering the temperature at which the food is stored. (*) All of these answers (1-3) are correct. 5. (3 points) Which of the following processes are carried out by B-cells? (1) Antigen presentation. (2) Killing of host cells harboring intra-cellular pathogens. (3) Rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes. (*) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct. 6. (3 points) Which of the following are biochemical conversions that are part of nitrification? (1) N2 --> NO3 (2) NO2 --> NO3 (3) NH4+ --> NO2 (*) More than one of these answes (1-3) is correct. 7. (3 points) Which of the following are properties of endotoxins? (1) They are found in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. (*) They activate many different parts of the immune system. (3) They are inactivated by some classes of AB exotoxins. (4) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct. 8. (3 points) Which of the following are characteristics of ciprofloxacin? (1) It works by interfering with bacterial ribosomes. (*) It works by inhibiting Type II and type IV topoisomerases. (3) It is the antibiotic of choice to treat HIV infections. (4) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct.

Test Code = 11112

9. (3 points) What is a pathogenicity island? (1) A region of LPS recognized by a Toll-like receptor. (2) A remote place where epidemics often spread rapidly. (*) A cluster of virulence factors genes that are transferred horizontally among pathogens. (4) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct. 10. (3 points) Which of the following are properties of superantigens? (1) They work by specifically inhibiting the interaction of T-cell receptors on T cells with antigen presenting cells. (*) They work by causing pan-activation of T-cells. (3) They are responsible for symptoms of botulism and tetanus. (4) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct. 11. (3 points) Which of the following symbiotic relationships is classified as mutualistic? (1) E. coli O157H7 in humans. (2) Bdellovibrio sp. in E. coli. (*) Trychonympha in termites. (4) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct. 12. (3 points) Which of the following combinations of organisms might be found in a lichen? (*) Fungus/Alga. (2) Algae/Cyanobacteria. (3) Bdellovibrio/ E. coli. (4) None of these answers (1-3) is correct. 13. (3 points) Which of the following are always found on the surfaces of phagocytic cells? (1) Toll-like receptors. (2) Receptors for opsonins. (3) Immunoglobulins. (*) More than one answer (1-3) is correct. 14. (3 points) Which of the following cellular components are targets of the anti-fungal drugs micanazole and amphotericin? (*) Cytoplasmic membrane ergosterol synthesis/function. (2) Ribosomal RNA synthesis/function. (3) Cell wall chitin synthesis/function. (4) More than one answer (1-3) is correct. 15. (3 points) Which of the following techniques used in the study of microbial ecology uses nucleic acid probes to identify individual microbial species? (*) FISH. (2) Micro-autordiography. (3) FACS. (4) None of these answers (1-3) is correct. 16. (3 points) Which of the following are true statements about capsules and the organisms that make them? (*) S. pneumoniae causes serious illness only when they are able to produce capsules. (2) Capsules of B. anthraces are composed of high molecular weight polysaccharide. (3) Microbes with capsules are readily phagocytosed by neutrophils. (4) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct.

Test Code = 11112

17. (3 points) Which of the following is a major source of methane? (1) Cows. (2) Rice paddies. (3) Bats. (*) More than one answer (1-3) is correct. 18. (3 points) Which of the following are true statements about Rhizobia sps.? (1) In well-fertilized soil, these microbes chemotax in response to flavonoids released by plants. (2) These bacteria contain contain a transport system for delivering NH3 from soil into plants. (*) These bacteria convert into bacteroids only when a symbiotic relationship forms between them and host plants. (4) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct. 19. (3 points) Which of the following are true statements about MHC proteins? (1) Class II enzymes are found on all nucleated human cells. (2) Class II proteins are used only by antigen-presenting cells. (3) Class I enzymes are typically responsible for graft rejection. (*) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct. 20. (3 points) Which of the following can act as opsinins? (1) MHC class I molecules. (*) C3b component of complement. (3) Pili. (4) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct. 21. (3 points) Which of the following are true statements about the complement system? (1) All pathways of the system are directly activated by binding of PAMPs to Toll-like receptors. (2) The system works to inhibit the growth of microbes on the outer surface of the skin. (*) All pathways result in the same production of inflammatory mediators, opsinins and components of MACs. (4) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct. 22. (3 points) Which of the following are pathogen-associated molecules that bind to macrophages and neutrophils and activate endocytosis/phagocytosis? (1) Lipotechoic acid. (2) Peptidoglycan. (3) LPS. (*) All of these answers (1-3) are correct. 23. (3 points) Which of the following are virulence factors? (1) Antibodies and complement. (*) Capsules and pili. (3) Opsonins. (4) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct. 24. (3 points) Which of the following foods are produced in part as a microbial fermentation product? (1) Yogurt. (2) Chocolate. (3) Wine. (*) All of these answers (1-3) are correct.

Test Code = 11112

25. (3 points) Which of the following are true statements about exotoxins? (*) Neurotoxins from Clostridium sps. are exotoxins that either cause or block muscle contraction. (2) Exotoxins are found only in Gram-positive bacteria. (3) Diarrhea is a symptom of the release of a type of exotoxin called a pyrogen. (4) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct. 26. (3 points) Which of the following virulence factors are used by Neisseria sps.? (1) Antigenic variation. (2) Pili. (3) Proteolysis of antibodies. (*) All of these answers (1-3) are correct. 27. (3 points) Which of the following micro-organisms is used in the production of wine/champagne? (*) Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (2) Lactobacillus delbrueckii. (3) Streptococcus salivarius. (4) More than one answer (1-3) is correct. 28. (3 points) Which of the following enzymes are used by phagocytic cells to kill phagocytosed pathogens? (1) Nitrogenase. (2) Myeloperoxidase. (3) NO synthase. (*) More than one answer (1-3) is correct. 29. (3 points) Which of the following processes are carried out by neutrophils? (1) Antigen presentation to T-cells. (2) Production of memory cells. (*) Generation of peroxynitrite (ONO2-) and ROIs to kill pathogens. (4) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct. 30. (3 points) What is the function of lactoperoxidase? (1) It activates the classical complement pathway. (*) It produces ROIs that kill microbes. (3) It inhibits transpeptidation in Gram-positive cells. (4) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct. 31. (3 points) Which of the following are components of the innate immune system? (1) Iron-sequestering molecules. (2) Lysozyme. (3) Mucous. (*) All of these answers (1-3) are correct. 32. (3 points) Which of the following are characteristics of all T-cell receptors? (1) Each TCR is composed of 2 different heavy chains and 2 different light chains. (2) Diversity in structure is due in part to DNA rearrangement of several gene segments. (3) All T-cell receptors interact with antigens bound to MHC proteins. (*) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct. 33. (3 points) Which of the following facilitate the ability of phagocytic cells to find and kill pathogens? (1) Encapsulation. (2) Production of chemokines. (3) Opsonization. (*) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct.

Test Code = 11112

34. (3 points) Which of the following biochemical conversions is carried out by Archaea commonly found in the rumen of a cow? (1) Atmospheric CO2 is converted to carbohydrate. (*) The endproducts of carbohydrate fermentation are converted to CH4. (3) Atmospheric N2 is reduced to nitrate (NO3-). (4) More than one of these answers (1-3) is correct.

Test Code = 11112