EXPERIMENT NO- 01 AIM: To perform no load test on 3 induction motor.

Apparatus required:
S.NO.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

EQUIPMENTS USED
3 INDUCTION MOTOR 3 ALTERNATOR 3 VARIAC WATTMETER VOLTMETER AMMETER

RATINGS

TYPE

QUANTITY
1No. 1No. 1 No. 2 Nos. 1 No. 1 No.

Theory: No load test is also called Open Circuit Test and is similar to the O.C. test on a transformer. The motor is uncoupled from its load and the rated voltage at the rated frequency is applied to the stator to run the motor without load. The input is measured by the two wattmeter method. The ammeter measures the no load current and voltmeter gives the normal rated voltage. Since the no-load current is 20-30% of full load current, IR losses in the 1 may be neglected as they vary with the square of current. Since the motor is running at no-load, total input power is equal to the constant i.e. iron loss, friction and windage loss of the motor. Pconstant (PI)= P1+P2 = Sum of two wattmeter readings. Since the power factor of the induction motor under No-load condition is generally less than 0.5, 1 wattmeter will show negative reading. It is therefore necessary to reverse the direction of the current coil, terminal to take reading. As in the case of transformer, the constant R0 & X0 can be calculated from the reading obtained in No-load test. If ViNL = Input line voltage PiNL = Total 3 I0 = Input line current Vip = Input phase voltage PiNL = 3 ViNLI0cos0 Circuit diagram:
3 supply at rated voltage & frequency

P1 3 Ind Motor P2

Connection diagram:
A V
3- AC SUPPLY 3- AC SUPPLY 3- AutoX
mer

W M L
R

3- alternator R

V C C V L M W
Y Stator B B Rotor Y

Fuse

Fig.-No-Load Test

Result: Parameters of No-Load test i.e. R0 & X0 are observed. Precaution:

Connection should be as per circuit diagram. Supply should be as per the circuit diagram. No mechanical load should be connected on o/p terminal of an induction motor.

EXPERIMENT NO- 02 AIM: To perform blocked rotor test on 3 induction motor.

Apparatus required:
S.NO.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

EQUIPMENTS USED
3 INDUCTION MOTOR 3 ALTERNATOR 3 VARIAC WATTMETER VOLTMETER AMMETER

RATINGS

TYPE

QUANTITY
1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 2 Nos. 1 No. 1 No.

Theory: Blocked rotor test is performed on induction motor to calculate its leakage impedance for performing this test the rotor shaft is blocked by external meant i.e. held stationary by best pulley arrangement or by hand. Now a balanced poly-phase voltage at the rated frequency are applied to the stator terminal through a poly-phase variac per phase value of applied voltage VVR, input current IBR, input power are recoded. The current drawn by the motor in blocked rotor test should be closed to its rated voltage Rated current value is obtained by applying reduced voltage to the stator, as block rotor represent short circuited conditions at the same stator terminal (low impedance ZBR). The core loss at this reduced voltage can be ignored. This justifies the blocked rotor circuit modes. The following readings are recorded during the test. VBR = Stator voltage(Line to line) IBR = Stator current (Avg. of 3 ammeter readings) ZBR = Low impedance PBR = Power fed into the Stator From the test we can compareZBR =

RBR=

RBR=

Circuit diagram:
3 supply at rated voltage & frequency

P1 3 Ind Motor P2

Connection diagram:
A V
3- AC SUPPLY 3- AC SUPPLY 3- AutoX
mer

W M L
R 3- alternator R

V C C V L M W
Y Stator B B Rotor Y

A
S1 S2

Fuse

Fig.-Blocked rotor Test Result: Parameters of Blocked Rotor test i.e. ZBR, RBR & XBR are obtained. Precaution:

Connection should be as per circuit diagram. Supply should be as per the circuit diagram. The current by the motor in blocked rotor test should be close to its rated (voltage)
value.

EXPERIMENT NO- 03 AIM: To conduct OC & SC tests on three-phase alternator.

Name Plate details:

S.NO.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

DESCRIPTION
CAPACITY VOLTAGE CURRENT SPEED Excitation

D.C MOTOR
5 H.P 220V 19A 1500rpm 220V, 1.5A

3-ALTERNATOR
3 KVA 415V 4.2A 1500rpm 220V, 1.4A

Apparatus required:
S.NO.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

EQUIPMENTS USED
Ammeter Voltmeters Rheostat Tachometer Fuses

RANGE
0-5A , 0-2A 0-300V , 0-50V 250/1.5A 0-50000rpm 10A , 2A

TYPE
M.I M.I Wire wound Digital ------

QUANTITY
1 No 1 No 2 Nos 1 No 2 Nos

Theory: Alternator is a machine, which converts mechanical energy to Electrical energy. Regulation of an Alternator can be calculated by Synchronous impedance method. In this test, the alternator is run with the help of a prime mover. In OC test the terminals of the alternator Are kept opened and a voltmeter is connected i.e. the alternator is run on no load , therefore it is known as no load test Keeping speed constant a relation between field current & open circuit voltage are obtained. The curve is known as open circuit characteristics (O.C.C) The general shape of this characteristic has been depicted by the Graph 1. Circuit diagram:

Fig.- Arrangement for Open circuit test on 3-phase alternator Graph: 1) A graph is drawn b/w If and V which is known as OC Curve , by taking If on Xaxis and V on Y-axis. 2) A graph is drawn b/w If and Isc which is known as SC curve, by Taking If on axis and Isc V on Y-axis. X-

Fig.- MODEL GRAPH 1 Observations: Synchronous speed of alternator =

S.NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Field current -If (amp.) OC (volts)

Fig.- PHASOR DIAGRAM

voltage Field current If (AMP.) SC current (amp.)

Measured value of armature resistance = Effective value of armature resistance =

Calculation:

Synchronous Impedance (ZS) =

Synchronous reactance (XS) = (ZS)2- (Ra)2 From Phasor diagram, Eo =

EO =

% Regulation =

Result: The open circuit & short circuit test has been performed . The regulation of the alternator is found to be ______ % Precaution:

Operate the 3-point starter slowly & uniformly. . Keep the speed of the prime mover to its rated value throughout the experiment. In OC test, there should not be any load on Alternator. In SC test, the SC current should not exceed its rated value.

EXPERIMENT NO- 04 AIM: slip Determination of direct axis synchronous reactance (Xd) and Quadrature axis synchronous reactance (Xq) by performing test on synchronous machine.
Apparatus required:
S.NO.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

EQUIPMENTS USED
3 ALTERNATOR 3 VARIAC DC REGULATOR VOLTMETER AMMETER

RATINGS
415V,4.2A,1500rpm 400V,15A 0-220V,1.5A 0-300V 0-15A

TYPE
M.I M.I

QUANTITY
1No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No.

Theory: This method is used to determine Xq and Xd , the direct and quadrature axis reactance is called slip test. In an alternator we apply excitation to the field winding and voltage gets induced in the armature but in the slip test, a three phase supply is applied to the armature, having Voltage must less than the rated voltage while the field winding circuit is kept open. The alternator runs at a speed close to synchronous speed but little less than synchronous value. The three phase current drawn by the armature from a three phase supply produce a rotating flux. Thus the armature mmf wave is rotating at synchronous speed as shown above figure. The rotor is made to rotate at as speed little less than the synchronous speed. Thus armature mmf having synchronous speed, moves slowly past the field poles at a slip speed (Ns-N), Where N is actual speed of rotor .This causes an emf to be induced in the field circuit. When the stator mmf is aligned with the d-axis of field poles then flux d per pole is setup and the effective reactance offered by the alternator is Xd. When the stator mmf is aligned with the q-axis of field poles then flux q per pole is setup and the effective reactance offered by the alternator is Xq.

As the air gap is non-uniform, the reactance offered also varies and hence current drawn by the armature also varies cyclically at twice the slip frequency. Hence, the r.m.s current is minimum when machine reactance is Xd and it is maximum when machine reactance is Xq. As the reactance offered varies due to the non-uniform air gap, the voltage drops also varies cyclically .Hence the impedance of the alternator also varies cyclically. And therefore the terminal voltage (VT ) and armature current (Ia=Iload) also varies cyclically. Hence, voltage at terminal is maximum when all the reactive drops are minimum and vice-versa. The waveforms of voltage induced in rotor, terminal voltage and current drawn by armature as shown in oscillogram below.
NS=RMF

DIRECT AXIS AND QUADRATURE AXIS COMPONENTS OF ARMATURE MMF

Fig.- OSCILLOGRAM OF LINE CURRENT, TERMINAL VOLTAGE, VOLTAGE INDUCED IN ROTOR

Circuit Diagram:

Observations:
S.NO. FIELD VOLTAGE
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

EXCITATION IL (max)

Il(min)

VT(max) VT(min)

Xd

Xq

Calculation: The minimum to maximum variations in terminal voltage and current will record by the analogues voltmeter and ammeter as connected in the circuit. Hence, direct and quadrature axis reactance can be calculated as:Xd = VTL(max) 3*IL(min) VTL(min) 3*IL(max)
=

/phase

Xd=

/phase

Result: The accurate value of direct axis reactance Xd= . The accurate value of quadrature axis reactance Xq=... Precaution:

All connection should be made tight and according to circuit diagram. The zero settings of all the meters should be checked before connecting them in the
circuit.

The slip of the synchronous machine should be kept below 5%. At all the times during this experiment, the voltage induced in the rotor circuit
should remain below rating of the voltmeter connected there. of the rated value of synchronous machine.

3- AC voltage applied to the stator of the synchronous machine should be 25-30%

EXPERIMENT NO- 05 AIM: To Study starting methods of single phase induction motors.

Apparatus required:
S.NO.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

EQUIPMENTS USED
3 INDUCTION MOTOR AMMETER VOLTMETER TACHOMETER PATCH CHORDS

RATINGS
1500 rpm 0-100 A 0-500 V -

TYPE
Delta MI MI -

QUANTITY
1No. 1 No. 1 No. 2 No. 1-15 Nos.

Theory: Before studying starting methods of single phase induction motors, we will explain why single phase induction motors are not self starting. Constructionally, this motor is, more or less, similar to poly-phase induction motor, except that its stator is provided with a single phase winding and a centrifugal switch is used in some types of motors, in order to cut out a winding, used only for starting purposes. It has distributed stator winding and a squirrel cage rotor. When fed from single phase supply, its stator winding produces a flux ( or field ) which is only alternating i.e. one which alternates along one space axis only. It is not a synchronously revolving ( or rotating ) flux, as in the case of two or three phase stator winding, fed from 2 or 3 phase supply. Now, alternating flux acting on a stationary squirrel cage rotor cannot produce rotation (only a revolving flux can). That is why a single phase induction motor is not self starting. Double Field Revolving TheoryThis theory makes use of the idea that an alternating uni-axial quantity can be represented by two oppositely rotating vectors of half magnitude. Accordingly, an alternating sinusoidal flux can be represented by two revolving fluxes, each equal to the

half value of the alternating flux and each rotating synchronously (Ns = 120f/P) in opposite direction. A shown in fig., let the alternating flux have a maximum value of Xm . Its component A and B will each be equal to Xm /2 revolving in anticlockwise and clockwise direction respectively. After some time, when A and B would have rotated through angle +Y and Y, as shown in fig, the resultant flux would be = 2 x (Xm/2) cos (2Y/2) = XmcosY After a quarter cycle of rotation, fluxes A and B will be oppositely directed so that the resultant flux will be zero. After half a cycle, fluxes A and B will have resultant of -2 x Xm/2 = -Xm. After three quarters of cycle, again the resultant is zero and so on. If we plot the values of resultant flux against Y between limits Y =00 and Y = 3600, then a similar curve is obtained. That is why an alternating flux can be looked upon as composed of two revolving fluxes, each of half the values and revolving synchronously in opposite directions. It may be noted that if the slip of the rotor is s w.r.t the forward rotating flux (i.e. one which rotates in the same direction as rotor) then its slip w.r.t the backward rotating flux is (2-s). Each of the two component fluxes, while revolving round the stator, cuts the rotor, induces an e.m.f and this produces its own torque. Obviously, the two torque (called forward and backward torque) are oppositely directed, so that the net or resultant torques is equal to their difference. Now, power developed by a rotor is Pg = (1-s/s)I22R2 x I22 R2

If N is the rotor r.p.s then torque is given by Tg = But N=Ns(1-s) Tg = (1/2x3.14xNs) x {I22R2/s} = k. I22R2/s Hence, the forward and backward torques are given by Tf = K (I22R2/s) Tf = I22R2/s synch. Watt T=Tf + Tb

and Tb = - K (I22R2/2-s) and Tb = - I22R2/(2-s)

The fig. Shows both torques and resultant torques for slips between 0 and +2. At standstill, s=1 and (2-s) = 1. Hence Tf and Tb are numerically equal but, being oppositely directed, produce no resultant torque. That explains why there is no starting torque in single phase induction motor.

However, if the rotor is started somehow, say, in the clockwise direction, the clockwise torque starts increasing and, at the same time, the anticlockwise torque starts decreasing. Hence, there is a certain amount of net torque in the clockwise direction which accelerates the motor to full speed. Classification Of Single Phase Induction Motors 1. Split Phase Motor (i) Resistance start induction run (ii) Capcitor start induction run 2. Shaded Pole Motor 3. Synchronous Motor (i) Reluctance motor 4. Commutator Motor (i) Universal motor 5. Stepper Motor (i) Variable reluctance motor (iii) Hybrid type motor Capacitor start & run motor This motor is similar to capacitor start motor except that the starting winding and capacitor are connected in the circuit at all times. The advantages of leaving capacitor permanently in the circuit are (i) improvement of overload capacity of the motor (ii) a higher power factor (iii) higher efficiency (iv) quieter running of the motor which is so much desirable for small power drives in offices and laboratories. Some of these motors which start and run with one value of capacitance in the cicuit are called single value capacitor run motors. Other which start with high value of capacitance but run with low value of capacitance are known as two value capacitor run motors. Single Value Capacitor Run Motor It has one running winding and one staring winding in series with a capacitor. Since capacitor remains in circuit permanently, this motor is referred to as permanent split capacitor run motor and behaves practically like an inbalanced 2 phase motor. There is no need to use a centrifugal switch which was necessary in the case of capacitor start motors. Since the same capacitor is used for starting and running, it is obvious that neither optimum starting nor optimum running performance can be obtained because value of capacitance used must be a compromise between the best value for starting and that for running. Generally, capacitors of 2 to 20 microfarad capacitance are employed and are more expensive oil capacitors because of continuous duty rating. The low value of the capacitors result in small starting torque which is about 50% to 100% of rated (iii) Capacitor start capacitor run (iv) Capacitor start & run

(ii) Hysterisis motor

(ii) Permanent magnet motor

torque. Consequently, these motors are used where the required starting torque is low such as air moving equipments fans, blowers and voltage regulators and also oil burners where quiet operation is particularly desirable. One unique feature of this type of motor is that it can be easily reversed by an external switch provided its running and external windings are identical. One serves as the running winding and other as starting winding for one direction of rotation. For reverse rotation, the one that previously served as running winding becomes that the starting winding while the former starting winding serves as the running winding. When the switch is in forward position, winding B serves as running winding and A as starting winding. When switch is in reverse position, winding A becomes the running winding and B the starting winding, Such reversible motors are often used for operating devices that must be moved back and forth vary frequently such as rheostats, induction regulations, furnace controls, valves, and arc welding controls. Result: Hence we studied the staring methods of single phase induction motors.

EXPERIMENT NO- 06 AIM: Speed Control of 3 Phase Induction Motor.

Apparatus required:
S.NO.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

EQUIPMENTS USED
3 INDUCTION MOTOR AMMETER VOLTMETER TACHOMETER PATCH CHORDS

RATINGS
1500 rpm 0-100 A 0-500 V -

TYPE
Delta MI MI -

QUANTITY
1No. 1 No. 1 No. 2 No. 1-15 Nos.

Theory: The rotor speed of an induction motor is given byNr = ( 1-s ) Ns Since, Ns= 120f/p so, Nr =(1-s)120f/p --- (1)
S N S N S N S N

From Eq. no (1) we can conclude that the rotor speed can be changed by change in frequency f, No. of poles p and slip s. The main method employed for speed control of induction motor is as follows Pole changing Method Supply Frequency Method Tandom method Pole Changing Method Fig.a)-4 POLE MACHINE Fig.(b)-8 POLE MACHINE
N S S N

In this method, the single stator winding is divided into few coil groups. The terminal of all these group are brought out the no. of poles can changed in only single change in connection. In process the stator winding is divided into two pole groups. The no. of poles can be changed in the ratio 1:2. Suppose the motor winding for groups 6 poles and 4 poles, for 50Hz supply synchronous speed will be 1000rpm and 1500rpm respectively.

From the fig (a) shows one phase of stator winding consisting of 4coil divided into two group a-b and c-d. Group a-b consists of Odd numbered coil (1,3) and connected in series. Group c-d have even numbered coils (2,4) connected in series. The terminals a, b, c and d are taken out. The coils can be made to carry current in the given direction by connecting coil group either in series or parallel with this connection, there will be a total of 4 pole giving a synchronous speed of 1500 rpm for a 50Hz system. If the current through the coils of group a-b is reversed, shoen in fig (b) then all coils will produce North pole. In order to complete magnetic path, flux of the pole group must pass through the space between the group, thus indicating magnetic poles of opposite polarity (s poles) in the interpole spaces. These poles are called consequent poles. Thus, the machine has twice as many poles as before (8 poles) and the synchronous speed is half of the previous speed (i.e 750rpm) Supply frequency Method From Eq. no (1), we can conclude that rotor speed is directly proportional to the supply frequency.A shown in fig., let the alternating flux have a maximum value of Xm . Its component A and B will each be equal to Xm /2 revolving in anticlockwise and clockwise direction respectively. Hence, as the supply frequency increases rotor speed increases and vice versa. The variable frequency supply is generally obtained by the following converter1. Voltage source inverter 2. Current source inverter 3. Cycloconverter Tandem Method Whenever multiple speeds are desired, motors are sometimes operated in tandem or cascade connection. In tandem connection, two motors are rigidly coupled to the same shaft or otherwise mechanically linked by means of gears. The stator winding of the first is connected to the mains in the usual way, while the second stator winding is fed from the rotor winding of the first.

Result: Precaution: 1. The supply of the induction motor during the pole changing method should be done carefully. 2. Connection should be as per circuit diagram. Result: Hence Speed of the three phase Induction Motor is controlled Precaution:

 The supply of the induction motor during the pole changing method should be done
carefully.

Connection should be as per circuit diagram.