Ecolinguistics Komang Satya Permadi Ganesha University of Education Singaraja, Indonesia

1. Introduction Basically, there are two levels of linguistic studies, a micro- and a macro- level. In the microlinguistics is study of the structure of a language system where no complementary issues are referred to. At this level, the structures of a system are identified, described, and explained to include levels like phonology, morphology, and syntax. Meanwhile in Macrolinguistics is the study to understand the role of the individual within the system of language, dealing with issues that why the individual relates to a particular science, and how he relates to this science. The macro level has a broad scope. It merges overlapping interests from the study of language with other fields of enquiry like Sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, biolinguistics, ethnolinguistics, and ecolinguistics (Derni, 2008). A sharp link is made between language and its social context. A social correlation explains how social constraints come to control and manipulate language use, so that a sharp link is made between language and its social context. A psychological one deals with language as a product of interpersonal and intrapersonal motives and explains linguistic behavior in correlation with the human mind and the different psychological mechanisms. A biological perception rises up questions that relate language with biology. It determines biological factors that make humans able to acquire and use a verbal system of communication. An ethnographic correlation however raises issues that link linguistic behaviour to ethnographic findings so that language is perceived as a cultural phenomenon. An ecological perspective; however, supports the view that language is used in unpredictable and unconstrained ways. At this point, ecolinguistics relates language as identity of the speaker and the ecological structure that he belongs to, as a member of a particular speech community, living in a given environment characterized by identical social and cultural values (Derni, 2008).

Komang Satya Permadi (2013) English Education Post Graduate Program - Ganesha University of Education

Ecolinguistics is the study of language according to the environment it is used in (Derni, 2008). This term emerged in 1990 as a new paradigm of language study that speculates not only the intra- relations, the inter-relations, and the extra-relations of language and environment, but also combinations of these relations, which will be explained in the next part. 2. Ecolinguistics Branches Ecolinguistics can be divided into 2 branches, as follows: eco-critical discourse analysis and linguistic ecology. a) Eco-Critical Discourse Analysis Eco-critical discourse analysis aims at showing correlations in discourse between language and ecological phenomena. Eco-critical discourse analysis includes the application of critical discourse analysis to texts and documents about the environment. Many examples from newspaper texts, for example; environmental contaminations that occur in certain places, advertisements, for example; Go green plastic bag and political texts, for example, text about the leadership of Joko Widodo that able to establish a park near Pluit Lake, North Jakarta. All of the texts are related to nature that also creates an awareness of how language can contribute to an irresponsible use of nature contribute to the solution of environmental problems (Derni, 2008). According to Bundsgaard and Steffensen (2000) in Derni (2008), there exist three types of relations that are to be considered in an eco-discourse analysis. These are the inter-relations, the intra-relations and the extra-relations. Intra-relations are relations within the individuality. Inter-relations are between an individuality and other individualities of the same kind or species. Extra-relations are relations between an individuality and other individualities of other kinds or species. Therefore, it is clear that, Eco-Critical Discourse Analysis texts or documents will be always related to those three types of relations. In relation to explanation of types of relations above, Bang and Dr (1990) in Derni (2008) elaborates Triple Model of Reference to globalize the referential parts
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of a text. These models include; the intra, the inter, and the extra textual refrence, and the referred part of the text. Furthermore these three types of relations inspected at the inter, the intra, and the extra levels correspond to three other types of categories. These are respectively the semantic, the syntactic, and the pragmatic levels. In detail, the inter-relation of linguistic units to natural environment, semantic comparisons are to be made. The intra-relation level and the association of internal factors to linguistic forms are viewed in terms of syntactic attributions; that is the way these units are structured and the rules for their combination. The extra-relation in its turn encounters linguistic choices, some external motives that are related to the environment in which language can be used. For example; flood happen in a city, the people who see this disaster will think about rain, irrigation system, and junk everywhere. At this point inter relation level is occur. Afterward, the people will combine this series of cause and effect structured, if the rain happens, the flood will arise in that city because the junk is everywhere, and the irrigation system will not able to swallow all of the junk then will overflow the water. These structured units combination is called intra-relation level. Then extra-relation will occur when the people communicate this happening to the other people or write it down as news to inform the other people with appropriate word. b) Language Ecology This study is firstly introduced by Einar Haugen in 1970. According to Haugen (1970) in Kramsch and Steffensen (2008) language ecology is the study of interactions between any given language and its environment. Haugen also stated that language can be best understood in its social context. Language ecology not only determines spoken utterances but also written texts. Haugen beliefs that environmental interactions occur with the extra-relations of language and environment. Haugen rises a new term ecology to deal with the social environment and also to support their belief while conducting research in any language community. According to Haugen (1970) in Derni (2008) he states that part of its ecology is therefore psychological: its interaction with other languages in the minds of bi- and
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multilingual speakers. Another part of its ecology is sociological: its interaction with the society in which it functions as a medium of communication. This assumption to correlate social environment with mental and emotional that used in appropriate context. In addition, Fill (1993) in Al-Gayoni (2012:28) states that ecolinguistics is a new branch of linguistics which investigates the role of language in the development and possible solution of ecological and environmental problems. It can be said that ecolinguistics is a study of preservation of linguistic diversity. 3. Ecolinguistics Issues in Indonesia Environment is one issue that is being discussed today. Climate changes due to greenhouse effect in which it implicates the rising of the sea level. Indirectly, those things cause social and natural life from coast up to mountains and it lead to environmental diversity changes. These changes do not only result on existence of the environment and organism, moreover it will direct to deeper points such as norms, culture and existence of linguistic diversity. Languages will not be able to survive, if it is not inherited to the next young generation. Furthermore, dominance of international, regional and national language intervene the existence of minority language in certain area (Al-Gayoni, 2012). The fact that human languages are rapidly dying out (from 6,500 languages today to maybe 650 in the coming two generations) is increasingly perceived as an urgent problem (Mhlhusler, 2002) Indonesia has known this study, some researcher in Indonesia used ecolinguistics to find out and to conserve the local language. Like what was happened in Takengen, Aceh. There were 128 villages around a lake which were recorded at the earlier time. But nowadays, the young generations do not know the name of the village since the civilization immigrated to other village around the lake. The causes of immigration were earthquakes, tsunamis, and the overflowing of the lake. This ecological change made some of the villages merging each other. Furthermore, the ecological changes also made a language change in the merged villages. Some of the words in the languages were also missed. The example is the word smong (smong is huge tidal waves) which is called tsunami nowadays (Al-Gayoni, 2012:11). In addition, value, ideology, and culture in the merged villages were also changed and it became the villages identity.
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The other researcher also did an ecolinguistics research in Bali. The researcher studied about some words in bahasa bali which are not currently used by Balinese people. The words were used in Balinese peoples daily activities. These are the unused words: No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Unused Words Kelambi Kole Nanang, Pan Luweng Taban Bulakan Plesir Ngidu Tenggala Empelan Generally Used Words Baju Tiang Bapak Nak Luh Bale Kelebutan Melali Ngangetin badan Bajak Dam English Shirt I Father Girl Bed Mata Air Hang out Body Warming in kitchen fireplace Plow Dam

These words are not currently used again because it is not supported by ecological factor. For example Kelambi. The word kelambi, which was originally taken from Tamil language, was used in 1960s by balinese people. Tamil ethnic people were selling textile around Gajah Mada. In 1970s, the use of word kelambi was degraded because it is considered as old-fashioned cloth word, while baju is used to call the new-fashioned cloth. (Sudeva, 2009). Meanwhile, Rasna & Binawati (2012) also did an ecolinguistics research in Bali that mainly discussed about youth knowledge of traditional medicinal plants. There are 119 types of traditional medicinal plants in Bali to cure diseases of children according to Lontar Rare Usada.
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Evidently, 202 from 225 Balinese adolescents (90%) did not know 56 species of medicinal plants for the child diseases, such as; padang gulung, wong papah, akar jail, bungkak samsam, don ketepeng, getah layah lambo, getah amplas, ketan gajih, sanggalangit, bintanu, and so on. This unawareness, which was caused by modern medicine, would be resulted in weaker belief to traditional medicine. 4. Conclusion A study of language is relevant to many other fields of inquiry. Ecolinguistics is the study of language according to the environment it is used in (Derni, 2008). Because language is part of the environment where we live, it is speculated in accordance with this environment. And as language enters into almost every aspect of human life, many disciplines dealing with various aspects of human life can be used in correspondence with linguistic study. Ecolinguistics also investigates the role of language in the development and possible solution of ecological and environmental problems (Fill, 1993 in Al-Gayoni, 2012:28). In the other words ecolinguistics is a study of preservation of linguistic diversity.

References Al-Gayoni, Y. U. (2012). Ekolinguistik. Tanggerang: Mahara Publishing. Derni, A. (2008). The Ecolinguistic Paradigm: An Integrationist Trend in Language Study. Retrieved December 5, 2013, from, http://www.aaref.com.au/attachment.aspx?id=2102 Kramsch, C. & Acquisition Steffensen, S. F. (2008). Ecological Perspectives on Second Language and Socialization. Retrieved December 6, 2013, from,

https://www.academia.edu/1010980/Ecological_Perspectives_on_Second_Language_Ac quisition_and_Socialization Mhlhusler, P. (2002). Ecolinguistics in the University. Retrieved December 6, 2013, from, https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgibin/wa.exe?A3=ind1102&L=ECOLINGUISTICS&E=base64&P=14614684&B=-Apple-Mail-54151962574&T=application%2Fmsword;%20name=%22Ecolinguistics%20in%20Univers .doc%22&N=Ecolinguistics%20in%20Univers.doc&attachment=q Rasna, W. & Binawati, W. S. (2012). Pemertahanan Leksikal Tanaman Obat Tradisional Untuk Penyakit Anak Pada Komunitas Remaja di Bali: Kajian Semantik Ekolinguistik. Retrieved December 8, 2013, from, http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/blje/article/viewFile/1549/900 Sudeva (2009). Ekolinguistik: Ragam Bahasa Bali yang Sekarang Tidak Umum Dipergunakan. Retrieved December 8, 2013, from, http://linguistics1.blogspot.com/2009/01/ekolinguistik.html