Chapter 1 Number System

The collection of all counting numbers is known as Natural Numbers. The natural numbers start with 1, and they are 1, 2, 3, 4 . If zero is added to the collection of natural numbers, we obtain the collection of whole numbers, or in other words, we can say that all natural numbers along with zero are called whole numbers. The whole numbers are 0, 1, 2, 3 . All natural numbers are whole numbers, but all whole numbers are not natural numbers. Any natural number can be written using 10 symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Each of these symbols is called a digit or a figure. This number system is called the Hindu-Arabic number system. The place value table is used for reading, writing and expanding numbers. For example, the place value table for the number 921563 is Number 921563 Lakhs 9 Ten Thousands Thousands Hundreds Tens 2 1 5 6 Units 3

This number is read as nine lakh twenty one thousand five hundred sixty three, and it can be expanded as follows: 921563 = 9 100000 + 2 10000 + 1 1000 + 5 100 + 6 10 + 3 1 The place value of a digit of a number depends upon the place it occupies. For the number 921563, the digit 5 is present at hundreds place and its place value is 5 100 = 500. The face value of a digit of a number is the digit itself, regardless of the place it occupies. For the number 921563, the face value of the digit 5 is 5. To read a number in the Indian number system, firstly, the place value chart of the number is drawn, which is divided into five periods (or groups) hundred, thousand, lakh, crore and arab. Each period is divided into sub-periods (sub-groups) as shown in the following table. Arabs Ten Arabs Crores Ten Crores Lakhs Ten Lakhs Thousands Ten Thousands Thousands Hundreds

Hundreds

Crores

Lakhs

Arabs

Sub Periods

For example, the place value chart of the number 10983564217 is as follows:

Units

Tens

Ten thousands

Ten Crores

Thousands

Ten Arabs

Ten lakhs

Hundreds

Crores

Lakhs

Arabs

So, 10983564217 is read as ten arab ninety eight crore thirty five lakh sixty four thousand two

hundred seventeen.

Comparing numbers having the same numbers of digits Numbers with the same number of digits can be compared by placing them in a place value table, and then comparing the digits at each place. For example, consider 2952 and 2748 Thousands 2 2 Hundreds 9 7 Tens 5 4 Ones 2 8

The digits at thousands place are equal. At hundreds place, 9 > 7 Therefore, 2952 > 2748 Comparing numbers having different numbers of digits The numbers having more digits is greater. For example, 928 has three digits and 1059 has four digits. So, 1059 > 928 The greatest and smallest numbers without repetition can be formed using any number of digits, by arranging them in descending and ascending orders respectively. For example, a 4-digit number from the digits 9, 2, 7, 3 Greatest number = 9732 Smallest number = 2379 Closure Property of whole numbers: (i) Whole numbers are closed under addition. For example, the sum of whole numbers 3 and 8 is 11 (3 + 8 = 11), which is again a whole number. (ii) Whole numbers are closed under multiplication. For example, the multiplication of whole numbers 4 and 7 is 28 (4 7 = 28), which is again a whole number. (iii) Whole numbers are not closed under subtraction. For example, 5 2 = 3 is a whole number, but we cannot perform the operation 1 2. So, 1 2 is not a whole number. (iv) Whole numbers are not closed under division. For example, 98 4 = 2 is a whole number, but we cannot perform the operation 2 5. (v) Division of a whole number by zero is not defined.

Units 7

Tens

 Addition of any whole number to zero gives the same whole number. Therefore, zero is the additive identity of whole numbers. For example, 5 + 0 = 5, 9 + 0 = 9 Multiplication of any whole number with 1 gives the same whole number. Therefore, 1 is the multiplicative identity of whole numbers. Example: 9 1 = 9 Commutative Property of whole numbers: We can add or multiply two whole numbers in any order, that is, 12 + 5 = 5 + 12 = 17, and 9 8 = 8 9 = 72. This property of addition and multiplication of whole numbers is known as commutative. Addition and multiplication of whole numbers are associative. For example: (17 + 19) + 25 = 17 + (19 + 25) = 61. Similarly, (6 13) 19 = 6 (13 19) Example: Find the value of 4 17 25 Solution: 4 17 25 = 4 25 17 = (4 25) 17 = 100 17 = 1700 Whole numbers show distributivity of multiplication over addition. For example: 8 12 3 8 12 8 3 = 96 + 24 = 120
8 12 3 8 15 120

(Commutative over multiplication)

Example: Simplify 38 68 32 38 Solution:

38 68 32 38 38 68 38 32 38 68 32 38 100 3800 Commutative Distributive

Patterns with numbers are useful for verbal calculations. It takes lesser time as compared to actual calculations. For example, we can calculate 11 991 as follows:
11 991 11 1000 9 11 1000 11 9 Distributive 11000 99 10901 Division algorithm or division rule

The relation between divisor, dividend, quotient and remainder for any two whole numbers is given by Dividend = Divisor Quotient + Remainder This result can also be written as follows: If a is any whole number and b is another smaller, non-zero whole number, then there exists unique whole numbers q and r such that a = b q + r, where 0 r < b This is known as division algorithm or division rule. Example: Divide 4895 by 64 and check the result by division algorithm. Solution: We first divide 4895 by 64. 76 64 4895 448
415 384 31 Here, a = 4895, b = 64, q = 76 and r = 31 Now, b q + r = 64 76 + 31 = 4864 + 31 = 4895 = a a=b q+r Thus, division algorithm is verified for the given problem.
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