( )

( )
1
1
1
m
m
m
m m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m m
m
n
n
n
m m
n
n
a a
b b
a b b
b a a
a a a
b
b
b
a
a a
b
b
b

| |
=
|
\ .
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .

C1 Revision

Algebra and Functions

LEARN the indices laws:

( )
( )
1
0
1
1
m n m n
m n m n
m
m
m
m
m
m
n
n
n
m mn
a a a
a a a
a
a
a a
a a
a a
a
+

=
=
=
=
=
=
=


LEARN the rules of surds:







To rationalise the denominator:

2
1 1
1 1
a a
a
a a a
a b a b
a b
a b a b a b
= =

= =

+ +

To multiply two surds together:

( ) ( )
a b c d + + Multiply them out like you would quadratic expressions

Quadratics

These come in three forms:

3 terms:
2
2 3 x x + + factorise with two brackets

2 terms:
2
2
4
4
x x
x

factorise with a using a common factor OR difference of two

squares


ab a b
a a
b
b
=
=
Completing the Square:

For a quadratic in the form
2 2
2
2 2
b b
x bx x
| | | |
+ = +
| |
\ . \ .


If the quadratic is in the form
2 2
2
2 2
b b
x bx c x c
| | | |
+ + = + +
| |
\ . \ .


If you have a quadratic in the form
2
ax bx c + + factorise by a first and then proceed as
above

Quadratic Formula LEARN

For
2
0 ax bx c + + = then
2
4
2
b b ac
x
a

=

Discriminant the bit under the square root sign
2
4 b ac














Quadratic Graphs:
2
y ax bx c = + +

0
0
a
a
>
<


y-intercept = c

Crosses x-axis when 0 y = (ie solve
2
0 ax bx c + + = )
To find the minimum (or maximum): Complete the square and it is
2
2 2
,
b b
c
| |
| |
+ |
|
|
\ .
\ .







Equations and Inequalities:

Solve simultaneous equations by substitution or elimination

Solve linear inequalities in the same way as linear equations keeping the same way
EXCEPT when you multiply or divide by a negative number then reverse the inequality

On number lines and open circle o means the number is not included; a filled circle
means the number is included

To solve a quadratic inequality

(1) Solve the quadratic equation to find the critical values (where it is 0)

(2) Sketch the graph

(3) Use the graph to find the required set of values the solution are the values on the x-
axis

Graph Sketching

Basic graphs you must know:






















2
y x =
3
y x =
( )( )( )
y x a x b x c =
a b c
1
y
x
=
Transformations of Graphs

( )
f x a + translates by a in the x-direction

( )
f x a + translates by +a in the y-direction
( )
f kx stretches by a factor of
1
k
in the x-direction (multiplies x-coordinates by
1
k
)
( )
kf x stretches by a factor of k in the y-direction (multiplies y-coordinates by k)
-f(x) reflects in the x-axis

f(-x) reflects in the y-axis

REMEMBER:

INSIDE the bracket does the OPPOSITE to the x-coordinates

OUTSIDE the bracket does the SAME to the y coordinates

Coordinate Geometry

Straight line equations:

To find the equation of ANY straight line you need its gradient and a point on the line

( )
1 1
0
y mx c
y y m x x
ax by c
= +

=
`

+ + =
)



Gradient of a line:
2 1
2 1
y y
m
x x

Parallel lines have the same gradient

If a line has a gradient m, a line perpendicular to it has a gradient of
1
m


Distance between two points (

) (

) is
((

) (Pythagoras Theorem)


Mid point of a line joining two points (

) (

) is (

)

To Find points of intersection solve the equations simultaneously

Area of a triangle =

these are all equations of straight lines
( )
1 1
, x y are the coordinates of a point on the line
m is the gradient of the line

Sequences and Series

A sequence is a set of numbers following a set rule. Each number is called a term.

The nth term is also known as the general term
n
U

A recurrence relationship can be used to express a sequence
( )
1 n n
U f U
+
=

A recurrence relationship in the form
1 n n
U U k
+
= + is an arithmetic sequence

The first term of an arithmetic sequence is a

The common difference of an arithmetic sequence is d

The nth term of an arithmetic series is
( )
1
n
U a n d = +

The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic series is
( ) ( ) 2 1
2 2
n
n n
S a n d a l ( = + = +


where l is the last term.

LEARN the proof of the sum of the arithmetic series:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 1
1 2 3
2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2 1
2 1
2
.....................
......................
.................
n
n
n
n
n
S a a d a d a n d a n d
S a n d a n d a n d a d a
S a n d a n d a n d a n d a n d
S n a n d
n
S a n d
= + + + + + + + + +
= + + + + + + + + +
= + + + + + + + + + +
= +
= +

means sum of

e.g.
( )
10
1
5 2 7 9 11 25 ..........
r
r
=
+ = + + + +

Differentiation

The gradient of a curve at a particular point is equal to the gradient of the tangent to the
curve at the point.

If
( )
y f x =
then
( )
'
dy
f x
dx
=

and ( )
2
2
''
d y
f x
dx
=

If
( )
n
f x x = then
( )
1
'
n
f x nx

=

If
( )
n
f x ax = then
( )
1
'
n
f x anx

=

To find the gradient of a curve
( )
y f x = at a particular point find
dy
dx
and substitute the x
coordinate into the gradient function.

To find where the gradient is equal to a given value make
dy
dx
equal to the given value

To find the equation of a tangent (which is a straight line) you need the gradient and a point
on the line.
To find the gradient of the tangent find the gradient of the curve they are the same

A normal is perpendicular to a tangent or a curve at specific point.

The gradient of the normal is -1/(gradient of tangent)

Integration put terms in index form before integrating

This is the reverse of differentiation

If
n
dy
x
dx
= then
1
1
1
n
y x c
n
+
= +
+

This is exactly the same as writing
1
1
1
n n
x dx a c
n
+
= +
+ }


You must include +c at the end of every integration

If you know
dy
dx
you can find the equation of a line by integrating and in the resulting
equation substituting the coordinate of a point on the curve to find c.

Before you differentiate or integrate you must have
all the term in the form
n
a