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What is a verb?
A verb is a word that describes an action. Verbs are often called doing words. Examples of verbs: to work, to call, to pray, to be, to think.
To conjugate, or list the parts, of first conjugation verbs 1. Remove the are 2. Add these endings
Means in English I give you give he/she/it gives we give you give they give
Did you notice that most of the endings include a? This is called the Key letter. The exception is the form for I which ends in o. Can you see how these examples were made?
Means in English I work you bequeath he/she/it builds we pray you call they bequeath
1. In English, the words I, you, she, he, it, we or they show who is doing the verb. In Latin, these words are usually unnecessary. damus means we give. A separate word for we is not needed. 2. In Latin, there are two ways of saying you. For example, both das and datis mean you give. The form used depends on the number of people:
You (singular) when there is one person, for example das You (plural) when there are two or more people, for example datis
There were two forms of you in English: thou givest and you give. Thou is not used widely in modern English.
Latin document points This tutorial concentrates on I, he/she/it, we and they. These are more likely to appear in records than the two forms of you.
3. In our example of dare, the action is happening now the present tense. In English, there are three ways of describing actions in the present:
In Latin, just one word can be used to convey all three meanings. Latin is more concise than English. It uses fewer words to express the same meaning. Dont worry if this seems like a lot to take in. You will get used to Latin and it will become easier. You can get encouragement and advice on the help the learning process page.
When you are reading a document, you can decide which meaning is appropriate. These are examples of Latin nouns from the first declension.
Peoples names are also nouns. In Latin, womens names often end in a.
Maria Isabella
Mary Isabella
Meaning charter(s) Subject of the sentence: A charter costs 2 pounds. Oh charter(s)! charter(s) Object of the sentence: The king grants the charter. of the charter(s) The seal of the charter is broken. to or for the charter(s) They refer to the charters. by, with or from the charter(s) He claims the land by a charter.
whether the noun is singular or plural what role the noun is playing in the sentence
Read through carta again. Can you see that some endings are the same, but have different meanings? For example, carte means
To decide which meaning is appropriate, read the rest of the sentence. For example, if part of a sentence is she asked the king and the remaining word is carte, the meaning of cartethat would make sense is for the charter.
All first declension nouns take the same endings as carta except
anima filia
soul daughter
filiabus means to or for the daughters and by, with or from the daughters animabus means to or for the souls and by, with or from the souls
A few first declension nouns are masculine. You are only likely to come across these three words:
You can see that a noun has six different meanings, each relating to a case.
regina orat
The queen is the subject, as she is praying. The queen is in the nominative case.
2. Vocative
Used to call or address someone or something. For example
The vocative case is the same as the nominative, except in the second declension.
The vocative case is used in chronicles and in the inscriptions on tombs. You will not find it in many other sources.
3. Accusative
Used for the object of a verb. The object is the person or thing the verb is done to. For example
the lady is the subject and in the nominative. the charter is the object and in the accusative.
4. Genitive
Used for nouns that are of something else and also to show possession. For example
terra ecclesie.
I give is the verb do. land is the object it is in the accusative. to the church is in the dative.
6. Ablative
Used for nouns that are by, with or from something. For example
the pope is the subject it is in the nominative. confirms is the verb. the church is the object it is in the accusative. by a charter is ablative.
The Latin translation is: The word order is: The subject is:
Often in Latin
terram do. object (land) + verb (I give). I, which is expressed in the worddo.
The subject is at the beginning of the sentence The verb is at the end of the sentence The object of the sentence follows the subject
the ladies give charters. subject (the ladies) + object (charters) + verb (give).
However, these rules were not always applied and vary between documents. You may find that the word order is different in your document. It may even be in the same order as English. Look out for sentences that do and dont keep to these rules during the tutorial.
More second declension masculine nouns: More second declension masculine nouns: Top of page
Here are some sentences showing you how the new words are used:
dominus terram legat terra domini Deo et ecclesie lego Henrico confirmo Willelmus terram Gregorii dat
The lord bequeaths land The land of the lord I leave to God and the Church I confirm to Henry William gives the land of Gregory
dominus et domina The lord and the lady terram Deo et ecclesie confirm the land to confirmant God and the Church anno is ablative and here means in the year; dominiis genitive
anno domini
Tip
Often abbreviated to AD, anno domini is used in the Christian calendar to express dates after the birth of Jesus.
Vocative singular is the same as the nominative except in second declension nouns
Ending us when the vocative ends with an e Ending ius in names like Gregorius vocative ends with an i
Masculine er ending
Top of page These take the same endings as masculine us ending nouns except
Nominative singular ends in er Vocative singular is the same as the nominative You will only come across these four words. They are declined in the grammar table.
puer and armiger which always keep their e when they are declined. Second; magister and faber. When they are declined, they only keep the e of the er in the nominative and vocative singular cases. For example
confirmo
Stephen
Whereas in this sentence, magister has lost its e, because it is in the dative case.
Tip
Thinking of related English words may help you remember this: magistrate and fabricate do not have an e.
'vir'
man, husband
The only second declension noun ending ir. It is fully declined in the grammar table.
Neuter um ending
Top of page These are declined with these endings:
Ablative
These are more neuter nouns:
regno
regnis
Top of page
escambium manerium
exchange manor
Westmonasterium Westminster
They decline in the same way but keep the i.
Handy hints
Learn noun endings quickly by looking for patterns: 1. Nominative and vocative endings are always the same except for second declension nouns ending in us. 2. Nominative and accusative cases of neuter nouns are always the same. The plural always ends in a. 3. Accusative singular for masculine and feminine nouns always ends in m; accusative plural for masculine and feminine nouns always ends in s. 4. Genitive plural of all declensions ends in um. 5. Dative and ablative plurals are always the same. In the first and second declensions, the ending is usually is.
esse - to be
This is an irregular verb, both in English and in Latin, as it does not follow the usual patterns of conjugation.
Means in English I am you are (singular) he/she/it is we are you are (plural) they are
esse does not have an object. Words associated with it are in the nominative case. Dont try to put them into the accusative.
vir sum dominus est testamentum est Isabella et Maria sumus agricole sumus vidue sunt
I am a man He is the lord It is the will We are Isabella and Mary We are the farmers They are the widows nominative plural as there is more than one
regine sunt
queens.
In this example, Maria and Isabella are nominative singular, as there is one of each woman. regine is nominative plural as there are two queens.
Latin document points: medieval names
Mens names often include the phrase son of: Henricus filius Willelmi Henry son of William. Willelmus filius Henrici William son of Henry. cartas Willelmo filio Stephani do I give charters to William son of Stephen.
Willelmo and filio are both in the dative case because the charters are given to him. Stephani stays in the genitive, because William is the son of Stephen.
agricola laborat agricola non laborat regina cartas confirmat regina cartas non confirmat
Second conjugation verbs
These end in -ere.
The farmer works The farmer does not work The queen confirms the charters The queen does not confirm the charters
English I have you have he/she/it has we have you have they have
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dominus Stephanus maneria tenet ecclesiam video cartas terris tenemus dominos monemus Gregorius testamentum non habet
Handy hints for conjugating verbs All verbs that end with -o -t -mus -nt relate to I relate to he/she/it relate to we relate to they
Lord Stephen holds the manors. I see the church. We hold the charters for the lands. We warn the lords. Gregory does not have a will.
Numbers
These numbers do not decline. dominus quattuor maneria tenet octo parochie sunt centum dominos monemus vidua quinque maneria ecclesie legat
Introducing new nouns
From now on, new nouns will be written as they appear in the word list. They will be given in the nominative singular, followed by the genitive singular ending. The gender of the noun will be given and its meaning in English.
The lord holds four manors. There are eight parishes. We summon one hundred lords. The widow leaves five manors to the church.
The genitive singular ending is very important, as it tells you which declension the noun belongs to.
the new will a good lord the aforesaid Queen Isabella Saint Mary
o o o o o
Is normally in front of the noun it describes; sometimes it is behind Agrees with the noun in Gender (masculine, feminine or neuter) Number (singular or plural) Case (nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative or ablative) Belongs to one of two groups depending on whether it declines Like first and second declension nouns Like third declension nouns
This lesson covers adjectives that decline like first and second declension nouns. Look at our example of novus, -a, -um new
novus, -a, -um new Singular Case Nominativ e Masculin e novus Feminin e nova Neute r novum Masculin e novi novi Plural Feminin e nove nove Neuter nova nova
Vocative
nove
Noun and adjective are masculine accusative plural. Dont assume that the ending of the noun and the adjective are always the same. Sometimes they are different, for example
Noun and adjective are both masculine nominative singular. In the word list, first and second declension adjectives are written novus , -a, -um This shows the three nominative singular forms:
novus is masculine and declines like dominus from the second declension nova is feminine and declines like carta from the first declension novum is neuter and declines like testamentum from the second declension
When you see an adjective written like this, you will know that it is first or second declension. You will be able to decline it using the same endings as novus.
antiquus , -a, -um bonus , -a, -um dimidius , -a, -um dominicus , -a, -um magnus , -a, -um
predictus , -a, -um quietus , -a, -um sanctus , -a, -um ecclesia sancte Marie ecclesia sancti Edwardi ego dimidium manerium filiabus predictis domini do predicta domina tenet dimidium mercatum nova carta dominice terre domini sunt dimidiam marcam predicto agricole damus
church of Saint Mary church of Saint Edward I give a half manor to the aforesaid daughters of the lord. The aforesaid lady holds half a market by a new charter. They are the demesne lands of the lord. We give half a mark to the aforesaid farmer.
beautiful
Look out for adjectives that end er in the masculine nominative singular. Most lose the e when declined, for example pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum A few keep the e, for example liber, -era, -erum free These are fully declined in the table of grammar
Irregular adjectives
There are nine irregular adjectives. These decline like novus, -a, -um but
Genitive singular ends -ius Dative singular ends i for all genders
You are most likely to find unus, totus and alius, so remember these three.
the other [genitive singular is sometimes alterius]* the other (of two things)
neuter , neutra, neutrum neither (of two things) nullus , -a, -um solus , -a, -um totus , -a, -um ullus , -a, -um unus , -a, -um uter , utra, utrum no, none alone, only all, whole* any one* which (of two things) And they owe one mark to the other lord. I give the whole manor, half the market, other lands and eight marks to the sons of Henry.
et debent unam marcam alii domino totum manerium dimidium mercatum terras alias et octo marcas filiis Henrici do
Numbers
Numbers two and three also decline. Obviously, they only have plural forms. You will learn the endings with practice.
duo Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Masculine duo duo(s) duorum duobus duobus Feminine due duas duarum duabus duabus Neuter duo duo duorum duobus duobus
two
I give and confirm by charter to William son of Edward two manors and two marks. tres three
Neuter tria tria trium tribus tribus They are the parsons of three parishes.
Handy hints - patterns in word endings Keep looking for these. For example, when you read through tres, note that
Genitive plural ends in um Dative and ablative plurals are the same
ego Maria regina predictum I, Queen Mary, give and confirm manerium ecclesie sancti Gregorii the aforesaid manor to the do et confirmo church of saint Gregory. We, William and Isabella, give nos Willelmus et Isabella terras et and confirm the lands and maneria filiis et filiabus Henrici manors to the sons and damus et confirmamus daughters of Henry. I, Stephen, leave all the lands to God and to the church of Saint Mary
Note that ego or nos is at the opposite end of the sentence from the verb.
This when it's an adjective describing a noun He, she, it when it's a pronoun standing in for a noun
Singular Case Masculine Feminine hec hanc huius huic hac Neuter hoc hoc huius huic hoc Adjective this this of this to this by this Pronoun he, she, it him, her, it his, her, its to him/her/it by him/her/it
Nominative hic Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Case hunc huius huic hoc
Nominative hi Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative hos horum his or hiis his or hiis
confirmamus hac carta hec maneria domino lego hoc testamento has predictas septem acras terre
we confirm by this charter these manors to the lord. I bequeath by this will these acra, aforesaid seven acres of land. e (f.) acre plegius, i (m.)pledge
As always, dont try to learn all of the endings at once! First look for patterns
Genitive singular is the same for all genders Dative singular is the same for all genders Nominative singular and accusative singular are the same for neuter Dative and ablative plurals are the same
to know, get to know to concede, grant, allow to say to send to show to require, seek, petition to give back, pay to pay
Latin concedo concedis concedit concedimus conceditis concedunt regina totum manerium Westmonasterii magistro Stephano concedit
English I concede you concede (singular) he/she/it concedes we concede you concede (plural) they concede
The widows do not surrender vidue predictas terras filiabus the aforesaid lands to the domini non reddunt daughters of the lord. nos Edwardus et Johanna tres We, Edward and Joanna, pay marcas domino novo three marks to the new lord. solvimus predicta vidua reginam novam petit the aforesaid widow petitions the new queen quod, because, that (after to know,to say etc.)
Some third conjugation verbs are called io verbs because they have different endings
-io for the I form (instead of o) -iunt for the they form (instead of unt) to make, do
To conjugate these verbs, remove the -ire and add these endings.
English I come you come (singular) he/she/it comes we come you come (plural) they come
non scio
I do not know
Handy hints - third and fourth conjugation verbs Did you notice the similarities between the endings of regular third and fourth declension verbs? Look back at the lesson and check. The difference is that in the fourth declension, the I and they forms have an i. Noticing patterns like this makes learning Latin much easier.
Obire to die This is an irregular verb, which although similar to a fourth conjugation verb, is a compound of 'eo, ire, ivi, itum - to go'. It conjugates in the following way:
I die you die he/she dies we die you (pl) die they die
Have various forms and spelling Have endings that do not reveal their gender Can be masculine, feminine or neuter
Find the genitive singular, which will end -is Remove the -is, leaving you with the stem Add the endings shown below
The genitive, dative and ablative endings are the same as for rex.
Remember nominative and accusative cases of neuter nouns are always the same. The plural always ends in a.
Dative Ablative
juri jure
juribus juribus
Top of page
heres, heredis (m., f.) heir homo, hominis (m.) miles, militis (m.) pater , patris (m.) uxor , uxoris (f.) man knight father wife
You need to know the genitive case of a third declension noun, in order to decline it. Therefore, both the nominative and genitive forms are provided in full in this tutorial.
curia domini Regis Gregorius Basset et Johanna Hastings executores Willelmi Stuart sunt
the court of the lord king Gregory Basset and Joanna Hastings are the executors of William Stuart
predictus abbas Johannes hoc The aforesaid Abbot John manerium tenet holds this manor. Simo filius et heres predicte Agnetis est et etatis decem annorum est Simon is the son and heir of the aforesaid Agnes and is [of] the age of ten years.
Top of page A phrase that you will often see at the beginning of royal documents is
William by the grace of God king Mary by the grace of God queen I, John, by the grace of God king, give and confirm the land by this charter to Abbot Simon
ego Johannes dei gratia rex terram abbati Simoni hac carta do et confirmo
Genitive plural '-ium'
Some third declension nouns end -ium in the genitive plural. For example pars, partis (f.) part; civis, civis (m.) citizen
summa partium
-i for ablative singular -ium for genitive plural -ia for nominative, vocative and accusative neuter plural
Case
Singular
Plural omnes omnes omnes omnium omnibus omnibus common faithful final lawful parochial total
Nominative omnis Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative omnis omnem omnis omni omni
, parish
accounts) hec est finalis concordia lego terram ecclesie omnium sanctorum
Declined in the Grammar table
this is the final concord I leave the land to the church of All Saints
We confirm by this present charter to the lady Matilda the right to hold a court.
towards, to, for, at before at, by, near, to, towards among, between next to, near, according to by, through, during after
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a (before a consonant)/ab (before a vowel) by, from coram cum* de* in the presence of, before with from, concerning, of, for
e (before a consonant)/ex (before a vowel) from, out of pre* pro* before for, during, as far as, in accordance with, in return for
sine
without
in* super*
+ accusative + accusative
+ ablative + ablative
in, on upon
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finis inter Mariam et Simonem de terris iuxta ecclesiam apud Westmonasterium domina tenet manerium de Westmonasterio cum pertinenciis de rege pro servicio de uno milite
Fine between Mary and finis, -is (m.) fine Simon concerning the lands next to the church at Westminster The lady holds the manor of Westminster with appurtenances of the king for the service service of one knight pertinentia , -e (f.) appurtenance servicium , -ii (n.) service
Means my
your, yours novus, -a, -um (one person) his, her, its, novus , -a, -um their (own) our, ours pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum
your, yours vester , vestra, vestrum (two or pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum more people)
These decline like the adjectives novus and pulcher, so you will be familiar with the endings. They are fully declined for you in the Grammar table They agree with whatever is owned in
A soul is feminine, regardless of whether it belongs to a woman or a man. In our example, soul is feminine, nominative, singular and therefore my is too.
pater noster
our father
abbas terras cum pertinenciis militibus dat pro serviciis suis. solvit sex solidos de fine suo. Et quietus est. condo testamentum meum in hunc modum lego totam terram meam uxori mee. ordino Henricum et Agnetem meos veros executores. juratores dicunt super sacramentum suum quod Jacobus est heres Johannis
The abbot gives lands with appurtenances to the knights for their services. He pays six shillings of his fine. And he is quit. I make my will in this manner: I leave all my land to my wife. solidus , -i (m.) shilling modus , -i (m.) manner, method condere to make a will
I appoint Henry and Agnes my true executors. The jurors state on their oath that James is the heir of John.
Top of page
Latin document points The king or queen often referred to himself or herself as we (nos) and to his or her possessions as our (noster). in curia nostra in our court (phrase used by king/queen for the royal court)
You will also find eius used for of him, of her, of it and eorum, earum, eorum (masculine, feminine and neuter plural respectively) used for of them, theirs.
Lesson 9: Using the word list for verbs; verbs - past tense
Using the word list
We have set out the word list for this tutorial in the same way as most Latin dictionaries. When you use the word list, you will be gaining the experience and confidence to use a dictionary. Concentrate on learning words marked with an asterisk* first. Verbs are given in parts (called the principal parts ). Our example is tenere to hold:
The parts are always arranged in this order: sometimes part four is not given. Top of page
Remember That parts one, two and three tell you: the I form of the present tense, the infinitive and the I form of the past tense respectively.
Knowing this, you will be able to look a verb up in a dictionary and conjugate it. Why not try looking up verbs in the word list for practice?
-erunt
they
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Means I held you held he/she/it held we held you held they held
and I have held you have held he/she/it has held we have held you have held they have held
The past tense can be translated in two ways in English. You will be able to work out which meaning is appropriate for your document. The endings are added onto the stem of the verb. The stem in the past tense is slightly
different from the stem in the present tense. This table shows how the stems of first, second and fourth conjugation verbs are formed in the past tense. Top of page
First
Second
idem Edwardus manerium de Johanne tenuit per novem annos Georgius in terra dominica domini laboravit
The same Edward held the manor from John for nine years. George worked in the lords demesne land.
Will proved before the lord at York in the aforesaid year of the Lord
dare obire
to give to die
Henricus rex terram per cartam suam dedit. in hoc anno abbas de Eboraco obiit.
King Henry gave the land by his charter. In this year the abbot of York died.
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hanc cartam meam. juratores dixerunt quod vidua manerium concessit coram domino.
esse to be
confirmed by this my charter. The jurors said that the widow conceded the manor in the presence of the lord.
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This is an irregular verb. Note its different form in the past tense.
Means in English I have been you have been he/she/it has been
we have been we were you have been they have been you were (plural) they were
homines episcopi non fuerunt The men of the bishop were in curia not in court.
Top of page Remember that if you dont know the past or present tense of a verb, you can find it by looking up the verb in a dictionary and conjugating the principal parts.
Handy hint - verbs In the past and the present tense, verbs ending in 1. t relate to he/she/it 2. -nt relate to they
qui, que or quod is used to join two short sentences together. For example
To avoid repeating the noun when the two sentences are joined, qui, que or quod is used to replace it. In our example, que replaces Maria in the second half of the new sentence. qui, que or quod is a relative pronoun. Top of page
Singular Masculine Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative qui quem cuius cui quo Feminine que quam cuius cui qua Neuter quod quod cuius cui quo Means who/which whom/which whose, of whom to whom, to which by whom/which; in whom/which
Plural Masculine Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative qui quos quorum quibus quibus Feminine que quas quarum quibus quibus Neuter que que quorum quibus quibus Means who/which whom/which whose, of whom to whom, to which by whom/which; in whom/which
There is no vocative
case.
To work out which form of qui, que or quod to use, take the 1. Number from the noun that it replaces
2. Gender from the noun that it replaces 3. Case from its relationship with the verb in its part of the sentence Top of page
que agrees in number and gender with the noun: it is feminine singular like Maria. It is nominative because Maria is the subject of the verb fuit.
quod is neuter singular like manerium. It is accusative because manerium is the object of tenet.
cuius is masculine singular like miles. It is genitive because Isabella is the wife of the knight.
cui is feminine singular like Agnes. It is dative because I leave my land to Agnes.
quo is neuter singular like testamentum. It is ablative because I leave the land by the will. a (by whom/which) and in (in
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Handy hint - quod Remember that quod means because and that, as well as which. To make sure you have the right meaning 1. Read the sentence carefully 2. Decide which meaning would make most sense 3. Check if quod follows a verb like to say or to know. If it does, it probably means that. For example, dicit quodhe says that 4. Remember quod only declines when it means which
filia, -e (f.) filius, -i (m.) pater, patris (m.) puer , -eri (m.) uxor, uxoris (f.) vir, viri (m.)
Here are some new useful words
ava, -e (f.) avus, -i (m.) frater, fratris (m.) mater, matris (m.) parens, parentis (m. and f.) soror, sororis (f.)
idem avus petit versus The same grandfather versus Elizabetham de Segrave petitions against Elizabeth against Elizabetha, que fuit uxor fratris sui. de Segrave who was the e (f.) Elizabeth wife of his brother. post mortem ave et matris suarum Johannes quinque libras abbati et monachis concessit pro After the death of his grandmother and mother, John granted five pounds to the abbot and monks libra, -e (f.) pound missa, -e (f.) Mass monachus, i (m.)
missis pro animabus suis. item lego terram cum pertinenciis sorori mee ad terminum vite sue
for masses for their souls. monkmors , mortis (f.) death Likewise I leave the land with appurtenances to my sister for the term of her life.
item likewise vita, -e (f.) life terminus, -i (m.) term
Lesson 11: Fourth and fifth declension nouns; days of the week
Fourth declension nouns
There are
Usually masculine and end -us in the nominative singular Sometimes feminine and end -us in the nominative singular Occasionally neuter and end -u in the nominative singular Always -us in the genitive singular Characterised by u in their endings
comitatus , -us (m.) exitus, -us (m.) ingressus, -us (m.) manus, -us (f.) obitus, -us (m.) visus , -us (m.)
Tip
county, earldom, county court profits, exit, revenue entry, right of entry hand death, anniversary of a death view
In English, a manuscript is a document written by hand. This comes from Latin 1. manu is the ablative form of manus meaning by hand 2. script comes from scriptum meaning writing scriptum, -i (n.) writing
by hand
in the kings hand in the hands of the lord (compare with the phrase above) in the county view of frankpledge franciplegius, -ii (m.) frankpledge
domina Christina tria molendina aquatica tenet pro redditu de tribus solidis
Lady Christina holds three water mills for a rent of three shillings.
abbas et monachi ius ingressus et exitus porcis eis habent conquestus, -us (m.) a conquestu post conquestum
The abbot and monks porcus, have the right of entry and i (m.) pig exit for their pigs.
These are both used to describe reigns since the Norman Conquest, for example
in the first year of the reign of King Edward the fourth since the Conquest
Roll your mouse over any of the five boxes of Latin words to reveal the English translation underneath. Take particular note of where the corresponding English word or phrase is placed within the sentence to observe the format.
anno regni in the first regis Edwardi year of the reign quarti of King Edward post conquestum the fourth primo since the Conquest
Now you can tackle the many versions of this phrase that you will find. domus, -us (f.) house is different from redditus in the
Ablative singular - domo Accusative plural can be domos or domus Genitive plural can be domuum or domorum
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redditus huius domus tres solidi est apud domum regis Idem abbas dixit quod comes Simo dedit ecclesiam domui sue monachorum ego Ricardus has duas domus in magna via lego meis filiabus
The rent of this house is three shillings At the kings house The same abbot said that earl Simon gave the church to his house of monks I, Richard, leave these two Ricardus , houses in the main street i (m.) to my daughters. Richard
Usually end -es in the nominative singular End -ei in the genitive singular Are feminine except dies and words based on dies Have endings characterised by the letter e
You are likely to come across two feminine fifth declension nouns:
fides res
faith a thing
Dative Ablative
rei re
rebus rebus In witness of which [thing] I have affixed my seal to this will testimonium, -ii (n.)witness , testimony sigillum , i (n.) seal appono, -ere, -posui, positum (3) to affix
If you have any British coins, take a look at them you will probably see these words, although they may be abbreviated to FD.
dies and words based on dies are the only fifth declension nouns that are masculine. dies takes the same endings as res.
Anna sine die est Maria habet diem coram justiciariis regis agricola domino laborat per tres dies
Anna is without a day [for a hearing in court] Mary has a day before the kings justices the farmer works for the lord for three days
before noon (where the English a.m. comes from) after noon (where the English p.m.comes from)
dies septimane
septimana, -e (f.) week Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday not Sunday! Note the feminine form
dies Lune dies Martis dies Mercurii dies Iovis dies Veneris dies Sabbati
Lesson 12: Adverbs; numbers and dates; months; useful phrases; dating clauses
Adverbs
An adverb describes a verb. It provides information about how the verb is carried out. Adverbs usually comebefore the verb. They do not decline. Concentrate on learning words marked with an asterisk* first. You have already used some adverbs:
item non
Here are some other common adverbs
likewise not
Did you notice that English adverbs often end in -ly? However, not all do
well at/in the same place* therefore forever, in perpetuity now* formerly always*
often
just as*
prius pater meus castrum de Ruislepe libere tenuit sed nunc castrum teneo per servicium videlicet de feodo unius militis vidua dicit quod vir falso dicit et quod tenuit predictum tenementum libere et quiete a tempore regis Edwardi
Before my father held the castle of Ruislepe freely, but now I hold the castle by service, namely of one knights fee. The widow says that the man speaks falsely and that she has held the aforesaid tenement freely and peacefully since the time of King Edward .
castrum, -i (n.) castle sed but feodum, -i (n.) fee tenementum, -i (n.) tenement tempus, temporis (n.) time, period
dominus Johannes rex pater The lord King John, father of domini regis qui nunc est the lord king who is now. in nomine dei amen lego abbati tenementa imperpetuum tenere In the name of God amen I leave to the abbot the tenements to hold in perpetuity nomen, nominis (n.) name amen amen Londinium, -ii (n.) London
tandem Carolus sigillum carte nove apposuit et celeriter finem de tribus libris solvit.
At length Charles affixed Carolus, -i (m.) [his] seal to the new charter Charles and quickly paid a fine of three pounds.
hic meaning here, can also be used as an adverb. As an adverb, it does not decline.
hic iacet
here lies
Latin unus, -a, -um duo, due, duo tres, tria quattuor quinque sex septem octo novem decem viginti triginta centum mille
English one two three four five six seven eight nine ten twenty thirty one hundred one thousand
Latin primus, -a, -um secundus tertius quartus quintus sextus septimus octavus nonus decimus vicesimus tricesimus centesimus millesimus
English first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth twentieth thirtieth hundredth thousandth
Dates are expressed using first, second, third, rather than one, two, three. These are always in the ablative case. Generally, the us ending becomes an o. For example
Lord one thousand one hundred and twenty (or, 1120 AD) in the ninth year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth in the seventh year of the reign of King Richard son of King Edward
There are more numbers in the reference section on the Dating Latin documents page.
menses anni
mensis, -is (m.) month English meaning January February March April May June July August September October November December
Latin word Januarius, -i (m.) Februarius, -i (m.) Martius, -i (m.) Aprilis, Aprilis (m.) Maius, -i (m.) Junius, -i (m.) Julius, -i (m.) Augustus, -i (m.) September, Septembris (m.) October, Octobris (m.) November, Novembris (m.) December, Decembris (m.)
month of ... mensis Januarii mensis Februarii mensis Martii mensis Aprilis mensis Maii mensis Junii mensis Julii mensis Augusti mensis Septembris mensis Octobris mensis Novembris mensis Decembris
apud Londiniam quinto die Junii anno regni domine nostre tertio
at London on the fifth day of June in the third year of the reign of our lady
Lesson 12: Adverbs; numbers and dates; months; useful phrases; dating clauses
Useful phrases
Medieval documents may begin with this opening clause
sciant omnes
or
know all [men] present and future Know all men that we, Simon de Burnham and Anna my wife have given, conceded and by this charter confirmed to Thomas Bishop of London all the land which lies next to the church of the vill of Burnham. Thomas, e (m.) Thomasvilla, -e(f.) vill
sciant omnes quod nos Simo de Burham et Anna uxor mea dedimus concessimus et per hanc cartam confirmavimus Thome episcopo Londonie totam terram que iacet iuxta ecclesiam de villa de Burnham.
At the end of a grant, you will find a list of witness the ablative case.
hiis testibus
these being witnesses witnessed These being clericus, -i (m.) clerk witnesses Stephen de Segrave, Henry de testis, testis (m., Hastinges, knights, f.) witness Master Gregory, Simon clerk and others. other
or
teste
hiis testibus Stephano de Segrave Henrico de Hastinges militibus magistro Gregorio Simone clerico et aliis. alius, alia, aliud
Dating clauses
A dating clause tells you where and when the document was drawn up. This may begin with the word for dated
datum if the document is neuter (for example, testamentum) data if the document is feminine (for example, carta, concordia)
hic est finalis concordia data apud Eboracum or datum per manum nostrum apud Westmonasterium