Bio 3

IUWS
Integrated Urban Water Systems
Overall modelling principle: Mass Balancing

Mass Balance for component:
MODULE 15
Wastewater Treatment Biological Processes

with
Peter A. VANROLLEGHEM
Working Group 2, COST 624 Optimal Management of Wastewater Systems
dM d (VC ) = = Qin Cin Qout Cout + rV dt dt
transport
conversion
M: Mass of compound in system (g) C: Concentration of compound (g/m3) V: Volume of system (m3) Q: flow rate (m3/h) r: volumetric conversion rate (g/m3.h)
Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL) Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 2/29
IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems
Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL)
Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 1/29
Sewage treatment: a biological process
Biological growth
Growth = multiplication of organisms Requirements for growth:
nutrients (biomass = C5H7O2N, + P, S, ...) favourable environmental conditions (pH, temperature)
Basic reaction :
C-source + NH4 + PO4 + H+ ==> Biomass + byproducts + electron acceptor (O2, NO3) + electron donor (C-source) (H2O, CO2, N2, NO3)
A culture of collaborating organisms do the job

IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL) Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 3/29 IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL) Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 4/29
Biological conversion
Because biomass grows (or at least wants to), a number of compounds are converted, e.g.
Organic pollutants --> CO2 + waste biomass NH4 --> NO3 NO3 --> N2 PO4 --> Poly-P stored in waste biomass Organic pollutants --> biogas (CH4 + CO2)
Reaction stoichiometry
Suppose the following reaction takes place:
C18H19O9N + O2 + H+ --> C5H7O2N + CO2 + H2O for each molecule of pollutants degraded, a proportional amount of other components will be used (left of arrow) or produced (right of arrow) We can therefore write: a C18H19O9N + b O2 + c H+ --> d C5H7O2N + e CO2 + f H2O a,b,c,d,e,f are called yield or stoichiometric coefficients note that one of the coefficients can be chosen = 1
IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL) Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 6/29
How much is converted ?

Rate of the conversion reaction ==> KINETICS Ratio of conversions of the different compounds ==> STOICHIOMETRY
Reaction kinetics
A reaction will not occur (reaction rate = 0) when its sources (substrates) are absent
components on the left of the reaction arrow
Conversion rates
Take the conversion above
a C18H19O9N + b O2 + c H+ --> 1 C5H7O2N + d CO2 + e H2O
A reaction will have a maximum rate

- when all sources are in excess - the rate may go down again when source increases further Andrews Monod
(S)= *(S).S/(KS+S) (S)= *(S).S/(KS+S+S2/KI)
Suppose the reaction kinetics: (S)=*(S).X.S/(KS+S)

Monod kinetics in the substrate concentration first order in the biomass concentration
The conversion of each component is then: C18H19O9N : - a. (S) C5H7O2N : + 1. (S) O2 : - b. (S) CO2 : + d. (S) + H : - c. (S) H2O : + e. (S)
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Conversion rates (contd)

The conversion of each component is : C18H19O9N : - a. (S) C5H7O2N : + 1. (S) O2 : - b. (S) CO2 : + d. (S) + H : - c. (S) H2O : + e. (S) In general: Conversion rate of a component consists of 3 parts:
sign (+/-) dependent on whether it is used or produced stoichiometric coefficient (v) in the reaction rate () of the reaction
Conversion rates (contd)

What if parallel reactions with same components ?
a C18H19O9N + b O2 + c H+ --> 1 C5H7O2N + d CO2 + e H2O f CO2 + g O2 + h NH4+ --> 1 C5H7O2N + i NO3 + j H2O + j H+ ==> C5H7O2N, O2, CO2, H+, H2O occur more than once C5H7O2N O2 CO2 H+ : + 1. 1 + 1. 2 : - b. 1 - g. 2 : + d. 1 - f. 2 : - c. 1 + j. 2
r(S) = sign(j) vj.

IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL) Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 9/29 IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems
Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 10/29
General conversion model

For the i-th component, Si:
Temperature effect on conversion rate

(T)= (20).ek(T-20)
r(Si) = j sign(ji) vji.j

where j = the rate of the j-th reaction in which Si participates vji = the stoichiometric coefficient for Si in the j-th reaction sign(ji) = sign (+/-) indicating whether Si is substrate or product in the j-th reaction
Rule of thumb: Doubling of reaction rate for temperature increase with 10oC
Yearly temperature evolution
pH effect on conversion rates

(pH)= (pHopt).KpH/(KpH -1+10| pH-pHopt | )
Winter period is critical for process performance, especially for nitrification, since this is the slowest
Process is changing the system pH by production of H+ (e.g. nitrification, digestion) or OH- (denitrification)
Treatment Processes (1)

Aerobic organic substrate removal
in the presence of O2 (aerobic) heterotrophic organisms (i.e. C-source is organic) C18H19O9N + O2 (+ H+) + NH4 --> C5H7O2N + CO2 + H2O high yield (1 g substrate-COD --> 0.4 g biomass-COD)

Nitrification
in the presence of O2 (aerobic) autotrophic organisms (i.e. C-source is inorganic: CO2) NH4 + CO2 + O2 + --> C5H7O2N + NO3 + H2O + H+ low yield (0.24 g COD/g N oxidised) slow growth rate highly sensitive to lots of disturbances (pH, T, inhibitors) in fact: two-step process (NH4 -> NO2 -> NO3)
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Denitrification
in the absence of O2 (anoxic) in the presence of NO3 and COD heterotrophic organisms C18H19O9N + NO3 + H+ + NH4 --> C5H7O2N + CO2 + H2O + N2

Excess Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR)
relatively high yield (0.3 g biomass-COD/g COD) performs both nitrogen and COD removal ! recuperates O2 invested in nitrification !

Excess Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR)
requires a sequence of anaerobic (absence of O2 & NO3 ) and (anoxic or) aerobic conditions COD as volatile fatty acids (acetic acid) heterotrophic organisms VFA + PO4 + NH4 + O2 (+NO3) --> C5H7O2N + CO2 + H2O + Poly-P (+ N2) relatively high yield (0.3 g biomass-COD/g COD) can performs nitrogen, phosphate and COD removal ! complex process

Anaerobic Digestion
consortium of anaerobic organisms (acidogens, methanogens) slow growers delicate balance H2 is an inhibitory intermediate C18H19O9N + NH4 --> C5H7O2N + CO2 + H2O + CH4 Biogas

Anaerobic Digestion: acidification step

Anaerobic Digestion: methanation step
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Typical ASP configurations

Only aerobic reactors
Typical layout of activated sludge system for nitrification only

Effluent
==> only aerobic COD removal + nitrification

(if biomass retention is sufficiently long)
Bioreactor
Sampler Li pulse
Sludge waste Sampler (Li) Return sludge
Sampler
Settler
PC 1 PC 2 SC 1 SC 2
Aeration tank Sand and Archimedes screws grease removal Fine screen
Coarse screen Influent
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Typical layout of N/P-removal ASP
Biofilm reactors
An increasingly popular alternative for ASP

Why growth in flocs / biofilms ?

If the residence time of organisms in the process < inverse of their growth rate
Trickling Filters
WASH OUT By growing in

flocs that settle in the clarifier biofilms that attach to surfaces
they can stay sufficiently long in the system

Simple, reasonably performing, old technology

Trickling Filters
Biofilm processes
Conversion + DIFFUSION Principle:
Biofilm Bulk liquid S0
J
L
Substratum
J+J/z*dz
Disadvantages: Clogging + flies Advantages: Cheap aeration

dz
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Biofilm processes
Active fraction concept
Substrate Conc. L SO Bulk liquid SS rO, rS 0
penetr. depth So = active fraction
Biofilm Processes
The active fraction concept: leads to the interpretation of biofilms as systems in which layers exist with different conversion processes taking place The layers change in size as the process conditions change
inactive fraction
zSo
zSo
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The starting point for Activated Sludge Modelling

Henze, M., Gujer, W., Takashi, M. and van Loosdrecht, M. (2000) Activated Sludge Models ASM1, ASM2, ASM2D and ASM3. Scientific and Technical Report No. 9 IWA Publishing, London.
Activated Sludge Model No 1

Henze et al. (1987) Innovations:
Nomenclature: Solubles: symbol S Particulates: symbol X
Focus on: - Sludge production - Oxygen consumption - Nitrogen removal COD based modelling ==> Mass balancing Peterson matrix
Now: basis for sewer / river water quality models

Peterson (1965) matrix notation

Components, Processes, Stoichiometry & Kinetics:
Mass balancing
Vertical summation of Stoichiometry term * Kinetics terms gives total conversion
r(Si) = j sign(ji) vji.j

Add the transport terms ==> the mass balance !
dM d (V S ) = = Qin S in Qout S out + V r (S ) dt dt
ASM1: COD-components
Total COD
ASM1: N-components
Nitrate/nitrite N SNO
Total Kjeldahl N TKN
Biodegradable COD
Nonbiodeg. COD
Active mass COD

Free & saline ammonia SNH Organically bound N Active mass N XNB
Soluble SS
Particulate Xs
Heterotrophs XB,H
Autotrophs XB,A
Soluble organic N
Particulate organic N
Soluble SI
Particulate XI & XP
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Nonbiodeg. N SNI
Biodeg. N SND
Biodeg. N XND
Nonbiodeg. N XNI & XNP

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ASM1: Processes
1) Growth of biomass
heterotrophs
aerobic anoxic
Flow of COD in ASM1
SO
Growth
SNH XA
Decay
SNO
autotrophs (nitrification)
2) Decay of biomass
heterotrophs autotrophs
XI
Hydrolysis
XS SS XH
Growth
Decay
3) Ammonification of organic nitrogen (KjN --> NH4) 4) Hydrolysis of particulate organic matter
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SO
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ASM1: Peterson matrix

2 3 Component (i) 1 SI SS XI Process (j) 1 Aerobic growth of 1 heterotrophic Y H biomass 2 Anoxic growth of heterotrophic biomass
1 Y H
Continuity calculations
SS SO X BH K S + SS K OH + S O
4 XS
5 6 7 XBH XBA XP
1
8 SO
1 Y H Y H
9 SNO
10 SNH
iXB
11 SND
12 XND
13 SALK
i XB 14
Process rate (j)
max H
iXB
1 YH 14 2.86YH iXB 14
Horizontal summation of stoichiometric/composition coefficients should equal 0 !
g max H
SS K OH K S + SS K OH + S O
S NO X BH K NO + S NO
i vji.iki = 0
if and only if: - consistent units have been used - all substrates/products are included
3 Aerobic growth of autotrophic biomass 4 Decay of heterotrophic biomass 5 Decay of autotrophic biomass 6 Ammonification of soluble organic nitrogen 7 Hydrolysis of slowly biodegradable substrate
1 fP
1
1 1 4.57 YA iXB Y Y YA A A
1 iXB Y A i XB f P i X i XB f P i X
1
max A
S NH SO X BA K NH + S NH K OA + SO
fP
1
b H X BH b A X BA k a S ND X BH
XS kh KX + h
+
1 fP
fP
1
1 14
SO X BH XS K OH + S O X BH
This can be done for COD, N, P, Charge, Mass Sets of equations allow to find vij ! --> Example: ASM3
8 Hydrolysis of organic nitrogen
7 (X ND X S )
K OH S NO X K OH + S O K NO + S NO BH
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Component i > j 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Process Hydrolysis
1 SO expressed as > O2
2 3 4 SI SS SNH COD COD N fSI 1-fSI -1 -1 y1 y2 y3 y4 -iNBM y6 y6
5 SN2 N
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 SNO SHCO XI XS XH XSTO XA XTS N Mole COD COD COD COD COD TSS z1 z2 z3 z4 z5 z6 z7 z9 z10 z11 z12 -1 YSTO YSTO -1/YH -1/YH -iXS t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 -0.60 -0.60 1 -1 -1 iTSBM t11 t12
ASM3 Composition matrix Solubles

Component SO expressed as > O2 Composition matrix k,i k Conservatives 1 COD g COD 2 Nitrogen g N 3 Ionic charge Mole + Observables 4 TSS g TSS
Heterotrophic organisms, denitrification Aerobic storage of COD x2 Anoxic storage of COD Aerobic growth x4 Anoxic growth (denitrification) Aerobic endog. respiration -(1-fI) Anoxic endog. respiration Aerobic respiration of PHA -1 Anoxic respiration of PHA x8 -(1-fI) -x3 -x5 -x7 -x9 y10 y11 y12 x3 x5 x7 x9 1/YA -y12 y12
fI fI
1 1 -1 -1
SI SS SNH COD COD N
SN2 N
SNO SHCO N Mole
-1 -1
Autotrophic organisms, nitrification 10 Nitrification 11 Aerobic endog. respiration 12 Anoxic endog. respiration Composition matrix k,I k 1 2 3 4 Conservatives COD Nitrogen Ionic charge Observables TSS g TSS
-1
1 iNSI
1 iNSS
fI fI
-1.71 -4.57 1 1 1 1/14 -1/14
-1
g COD gN Mole +
-1
1 iNSI
1 iNSS
1 1/14
-1.71 -4.57 1 1 -1/14
1 iNXI -1
1 iNXS
1 iNBM
1 iNBM
iTSXI iTSXS iTSBM 0.60 iTSBM
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ASM3 Composition matrix Particulates
Consistency Check ASM3

Conservation eq.:
Component
XI XS XH XSTO XA XTS expressed as COD COD COD COD COD TSS
!
i
j,i
k ,i = 0 for i = 1 to 12
Composition matrix k,i k Conservatives: Conservation equation 1 COD g COD 1 1 1 2 Nitrogen g N iNXI iNXS iNBM 3 Ionic charge Mole + Observables: Composition equation 4 TSS
for k = COD, N and ionic charge yields j k = 12 3 = 36 equations which allow to predict all xj, yj, zj
1 iNBM
TSS Composition equation
t j = j,TSS =
!
i
j,i
TSS,i for i = 8 to 12
g TSS
iTSXI iTSXS iTSBM 0.60 iTSBM

Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 45/29 IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems
yields j = 12 equations which allow easily to predict all tj

Message !
Mass balancing:
dM d (VC ) = = Qin Cin Qout Cout + rV dt dt
Peterson matrix:
r(Si) = j sign(ji) vji.j i vji.iki = 0
Continuity calculations:
allow to build models efficiently, check them and communicate about them clearly

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IUWS

Integrated Urban Water Systems

Overall modelling principle: Mass Balancing

Wastewater Treatment Biological Processes

dM d (VC ) = = Qin Cin Qout Cout + rV dt dt

IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems

Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL)

Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 1/29

IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems

Sewage treatment: a biological process

A culture of collaborating organisms do the job

How much is converted ?

A reaction will have a maximum rate

Suppose the reaction kinetics: (S)=*(S).X.S/(KS+S)

IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems

Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL)

Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 7/29

Conversion rates (contd)

Conversion rates (contd)

r(S) = sign(j) vj.

Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL)

Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 10/29

General conversion model

Temperature effect on conversion rate

r(Si) = j sign(ji) vji.j

Yearly temperature evolution

pH effect on conversion rates

Treatment Processes (1)

Treatment Processes (2)

IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems

Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL)

Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 15/29

IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems

Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL)

Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 16/29

Treatment Processes (3)

Treatment Processes (4)

Treatment Processes (4)

Treatment Processes (5)

Treatment Processes (5)

Treatment Processes (5)

IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems

Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL)

Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 21/29

IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems

Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL)

Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 22/29

Typical ASP configurations

Typical layout of activated sludge system for nitrification only

==> only aerobic COD removal + nitrification

Sludge waste Sampler (Li) Return sludge

Coarse screen Influent

IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems

Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL)

Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 23/29

IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems

Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL)

Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 24/29

Typical layout of N/P-removal ASP

An increasingly popular alternative for ASP

Why growth in flocs / biofilms ?

WASH OUT By growing in

they can stay sufficiently long in the system