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The human body regarded as a functional physiological unit. An organism as a whole, especially with regard to its vital processes or functions. A group of physiologically or anatomically complementary organs or parts: the nervous system the skeletal system A group of interacting mechanical or electrical components. A network of structures and channels, as for communication, travel, or distribution. A network of related computer software, hardware, and data transmission devices. A naturally occurring group of objects or phenomena. the solar system
System Environment
System
System Boundary
[A Framework for Systems Analysis and Design]
Dhanesha Senevirathne
Elements of A System:
Basically there are three major components in every system, namely input, processing and output.
Input Processing
Input:
Whatever System task from its environment in order.
Output
Output:
Whatever System return to the environment.
Information:
Is data that has been refine and organized by processing.
System Classification:
Open System Open/Closed System Closed System Receive inputs & provide outputs to their environment.
Mechanical System.
System with Sub System & they are interact with each other.
System
Natural System They are exiting in nature & not created by man E.g.: solar system, living system Designed & operated by human.
Is an arrangement of people, data, processes, and information technology that interact to collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to support an organization.
Dhanesha Senevirathne
Information System:
Is an arrangement of people, data, processes, and information technology that interact to collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to support an organization.
Such as time carts, orders, payments and reservation e.t.c Bank transactions: deposits & withdraw.
2.
Management information systems (MIS). (Middle or Tactitial Level) Use transaction data to produce information needed by managers to run the business. Can present detact information & exception information.
3. Decision support systems (DSS). (Middle or Tactitial Level) Helps various desertion makers identify & choose between option or decisions. Analyst the information, already captured by a TPSs & MISs. In order to support unstructured decision making management level. 4. Executive Information system (EIS). (Top or Upper Level) EIS is a DSS maid specially for top managers. Specifically support strategic desisition making also called Executive support systems (ESS).
5. Expert systems (ES). Capture & reproduce the knowledge of & expert problem solver or decition maker & then simulate the thinking of that expert
Dhanesha Senevirathne
6. Office automation systems. Information system that support the wide range of business office activities that work flow between workers.
E.g.:
Word process - MS Office Word. Presentation Power Point. Accounting Excel. Database Access. E mail Out Look Express, Websites.
System Stakeholders.
Is any person who has an interest in an existing or proposed information system. Stakeholders can be technical or nontechnical workers. They may also include both internal and external workers. System owners System Stakeholders
One/More Middle or Execute Manager
Stems to be interested in, how much wills the system cost, how much value or what benefits will that system return the system.
System users
Internal user
E.g.: Critical service, workers, technical & professional staff, supervisors, managers (Middle Level)
Extrenal user
Application Programmer Database Programmer System Programmer Network Administrator Seciurity Administrator Web Master Software Intergrater
specialist who studies the problems and needs of an organization to determine how people, data, processes, and information technology can best accomplish improvements for the business.
Technical specialist who constructs information system & components based on the design specification generated By the system designer. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Application Programmer. Data Base Programmer. System Programmer. Network Administrator. Security Administrator. Web Master. Software Integrator.
Skills & Knowledge Of a system Analyst: 1. System Analyzing & Designing skills. 2. Working knowledge of information technologies. 3. Computer Programming experiences. 4. General Knowledge on business process terminology. 5. General Problem solving skills. 6. Good interpersonal communicational skills. 7. Good interpersonal relational skills. 8. Flexibility & Char actor.
System Designer
Technical specialist who translate system users business requirements & constrains in to technical solution. He designs the computer database, inputs, outputs, screen, network & software that will meet the system user requirements.
Dhanesha Senevirathne
Is a set of activities, methods, best practices, deliverables, and automated tools that stakeholders use to develop and maintain information systems and software. A general problem-solving approach: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Identify the problem. Analyze and understand the problem. Identify solution requirements or expectations. Identify alternative solutions and choose the best course of action. Design the chosen solution. Implement the chosen solution. Evaluate the results. (If the problem is not solved, return to step 1 or 2 as appropriate).
System design
System implementation
1. System initiation The initial planning for a project to define initial business scope, goals, schedule, and budget. Project Scope: Define the area for a project to define initial business, score, goals, and budget. 2. System analysis The study of a business problem domain to recommend improvements and specify the business requirements and priorities for the solution. 3. System design The specification or construction of a technical, computer-based solution for the business requirements identified in a system analysis. 4. System implementation The construction, installation, testing, and delivery of a system into production.
Dhanesha Senevirathne
1. Waterfall Model:
Definition: Process of understanding how & information system can support business needs, designing a system Building in to a user. One of the classic approaches. Describe a development method that is linear sequential. Once the work has started and down to next phase, it cannot turn back.
Planning
1. Planning:
What do we built. Define clearly all aspects of the problem. * What is input (Valid, Invalid)? * What assumptions are possible? * Are there special cases?
2. Analyzing : Technical, economical and organizational. This study is carry out by gathering data using following tools. By inspecting written document. By conducting interviews. On site observation. By questionnaires. * * Gathered data must be then analysts documented and in the form of Data Flow Diagram (DFD), Data Dictionary (list of terms and there definition), Logical Data Structure etc. System analysis also includes sub definition of entire system in to smaller sub process, functions.
Dhanesha Senevirathne
3. Designing : Divide in to meaningful parts (modules). Specify each modules purpose, assumption, inputs and out puts. Develop algorithm. Look for exiting software components.
5. Testing: Answer, did we build it correctly. Develop as many test cases as possible. Try to make the software fail. Define the solution. Re test after any changes are made and distribute and install software. 6. Maintain: Fix previously understanding bug. Enhance all the all features. Generally the most costly phases (80% total costs).
Specify
Prototyping Complete
Evaluate
Constructed
Dhanesha Senevirathne
Definition: Is a system or priairly complete system that is built quickly to explore aspect of system requirements and that is not intended as the finally working system. A Prototype built typically lack full functionality. It may have limited data processing capacity. It may exhibit poor performances characteristics or may have been developed with quality assurance. Use rapid development tools. Prototype may be constructed with various objectives of mine. Prototype is a Prototype may be use to investing user requirements.