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Hematopoiesis
the formation of red and white blood cells
Marrow (BM) Present at low concentrations in BM (less than 1-in5x104) High proliferative capacity HSCs differentiate towards a myeloid or lymphoid lineage Stem cells differentiate into committed progenitor cells (which do not self-renew)
Fig. 2-1
(stroma) to grow Growth of HSCs is dependent on hematopoietic growth factors and cytokines
IL-3 M-CSF, G-CSF, GM-CSF
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Lymphoid Organs sites where antigen is trapped, and brought into contact with lymphocytes (differentiation)
Lymphatic System network of
vessels which collect fluid component of blood after it has drained to tissues; collects antigen from tissues and brings it to secondary lymphoid organs
Thymus
Bi-lobed organ sits
above the heart Site of maturation and selection of T cells Thymocytes which cannot recognize self MHC proteins, or which bind self antigen, are deleted by apoptosis Medulla contains mature T cells Cortex contains mainly of immature cells Atrophies with age (thymic involution)
Thymocyte
Thymus
TCR TCR
CD4 T Cell
(Helper T Cell)
CD4
CD8
CD8 T Cell
(Cytotoxic (killer) T Cell)
TCR
TCR
CD4
CD8
Site of generation,
Bone Marrow
maturation and selection of B cells B cells interact directly with stromal cells during selection Mature, immunocompetent B cells exit BM and migrate to secondary lymphoid organs (only ~ 10%) Site of generation of T progenitor cells
mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) which include tonsils, Peyers patches and appendix
Antigen in tissues is transported by lymphatic
(T and B) migrate to secondary lymphoid organs where they interact with antigen, become activated, differentiate and mutate, divide and multiply
Lymph Node
Spleen
Spleen
Largest secondary lymphoid organ
are synthesized and from which they are released into the circulation Function: filters blood and traps bloodborne antigens; can respond to systemic infection Consists of white and red pulp 50% of cells are B cells, 30 40% are T cells and the remaining population are plasma cells and macrophages
Lymph Nodes
located along lymphatic ducts and serve as central
collecting joints for lymph fluid from adjacent tissues main function is filtration; ideal site for phagocytosis Medulla consist mainly of plasma cells while the cortex contains T cells and macrophages where the blast transformation of B cells take place (germinal center) plasma cells, memory cells are also present in the germinal center its primary function is the generation of B cell memory contains immobile B lymphocytes
Includes GUT-associated lymphoid tissues and MALT At MALT macrophages and lymphocytes are localized at some of the main portals of entry for foreign organisms Peyers patches specialized type of MALT, located at the lower ileum of the intestinal tract
Tonsils small masses of lymphoid tissue found in the mucous membrane lining of the oral and pharyngeal cavities Appendix also considered MALT
Lymphoid Cells
Approximately 1011 lymphocytes in the
Fig. 2-7
T Lymphocytes
70% T cells (5 10% B cells and 10 15% are nulls cells)
T cells derive from stem cells in the bone marrow, mature in the thymus, and then are released into the periphery
Primary effectors of cellular immunity Can be divided (broadly) into helper T cells (Th) and cytotoxic T cells (Tc), usually found in a 2:1 ratio Similarities between T and B cells:
Antigen receptor on surface (T cell receptor or TCR) Recognize single, specific antigen Expand through clonal selection Some T cells exist as long-lived memory cells
Distinguishing cell-surface markers include TCR, CD3, CD2, CD4 or CD8, CD28, and CD45
T lymphocytes
have the ability to bind sheep erythrocytes, the clumps of cells formed are called E-rosettes (E+ cells) progenitor T cells appear in fetus as early as 8 weeks of gestation surface characteristics:
ability to bind to certain lectins ability to interact with the measles virus exhibit receptors for FC portion of IgM and IgG
TCR
T Cell
APC
APC
APC
MHC + Ag
CD - Cluster of Differentiation
Table 2-4
T cell subsets
Activator T cells (Ta)
amplify killer to cell differentiation
antigen activation of B cell and their differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells
B cells to antigen
Helper T Cells
Helper T cells (CD4 T cells) produce proteins (cytokines) which act on B cells, stimulating them to produce antibodies
Cytotoxic T (Tc) Cells: Destroy target cells. Most are CD4 negative (CD4 -). Recognize antigens on the surface of all cells: Kill host cells that are infected with viruses or bacteria. Recognize and kill cancer cells. Recognize and destroy transplanted tissue. Release protein called perforin which forms a pore in target cell, causing lysis of infected cells. Undergo apoptosis when stimulating antigen is gone.
Null Cells
Referred to as Null cells because they are
lymphocytes, but lack typical B cell or T cell markers on their surface Also known as large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) or natural killer (NK) cells Demonstrate cytotoxicity against tumor cells and some virus-infected cells most effect as killer cells in antibody-independent Cytotoxic reactions Not specific. Dont require antigen stimulation. Not phagocytic, but must contact cell in order to lyse it. NK1-T cell - Recently identified subset displaying some T cell markers (e.g. TCR), functions
Other Cells
Plasma cells (Plasmocyte)
known as mature antibody-producing cells contain large includsion bodies called Russel
(tissues)
Granulocytes
Neutrophils important in the bodys defense
(phagocytosis & destruction of microorganisms) process facilitated by complement and antibody
reactions found in large numbers in some cell.-mediated delayed reactions: skin graft or tumor reject, hypersensitivity
Granulocytes
Eosinophils has a specialized role in immunity to helminth infections found in tissues at sites of immune response or reaction that have been triggered by IgE antibodies activated when antigen triggers IgE coated mast cells to release an eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis attracted to antigen-antibody complex and can phagocytize them contain a number of enzymes that can degrade mediators of immediate hypersensitivity
Histamine slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis PAF (Platelet Aggregating Factor) control or diminish such hypersensitivity
Mast Cells
Found in a wide variety of tissues,
including:
skin
connective tissues
Heavily granulated
Fig. 2-1
Mononuclear Cells
Consist of monocytes (in blood) and
macrophages (in tissues) Macrophages (ms) are larger, more complex, and produce more hydrolytic enzymes There are multiple types of macrophages, defined by location:
Alveolar macrophages (lungs) Histiocytes (connective tissues) Kupffer cells (liver) Mesangial cells (kidney) Microglial cells (brain) Osteoclasts (bone) Splenic macrophages (spleen) Peritoneal macrophages (peritoneal fluid) Dendritic cells (lymph nodes) Langerhans cells (dendritic cells in the skin)
Functions of Macrophages
Phagocytosis
Chemotaxis
Formation of pseudopodia Opsonization (by antibody)
Complement proteins
TNF-a
Dendritic Cells
Lineage/origin is not
entirely understood Express high levels of MHC class II and B7 molecules, making them extremely potent APCs Multiple different types, based on location (similar to m) Langerhans cells found in skin and mucous membranes