Angleki roman Krevel pon 11.20 13.00 1.predavanje prepisat! 14.10.2013; 2.

. Predavanje Social &historical reasons - Main events happening in the field of people; they felt as if everything exploded moving to the cities, impressive technological changes and technological improvements Inventions: - Toilet paper was invented in 1880, they invented the steam engine but toilet paper was not yet invented - what if we like produce special paper to wipe our asses? apart from the toilet paper in those last decades of the last centuries they developed automobile, role film for the camera, electric light bulbs, internal combustion engines, camera, telephone, the gas engine motorcycle, gramophone, coca-cola, vacuum cleaner, news could travel extremely fast, information was very more available, development of the film, ppl could see faraway countries and experienced stuff they could never do before, they could get acquainted to new York, zimbabve, the world was becoming more mobile much faster, much more experience one could get, not given enough time to process all of these experiences, people were shocked, they were bombarded with stuff, they could move much faster, things were becoming increasingly technologized. - Improved literacy&education, working classes could get more education, workers movement, they were getting educated - If ppl start reading and get educated, they open books of carl marx and communism was sorta formed in that time, the established relations in the society were shattered, the middle class systems were becoming the new aristocracy. - Aristocracy had to sell their estates or open them up at least, they were losing their impact, ppl knew only 1 system UNTIL that, but now there were new movements and ppl were confused, didnt know rly how/why to work/what to do, how to deal with the situation. - is he an aristocrat if he only bought his title? its the end of the world as we know it A lot of wealth was accumulated, more ppl had more money than before aka they didnt struggle to survive, they had more free time, ney concepts travelling, tourism, they could travel

Intellectual reasons: - The whole world was crumbling - Development of sociology, psychology - New inventions Darwin, discoveries the Victorian ideals kinda broke down and new ones emerged - They believed that ppl were responsible for keeping their ethics in order, those who didnt do that(were mentally ill) were alone responsible for that BUT now it became clear with psychology that not everyone is responsible for some things. - Also doubts about the existence of God; ppl had great problems with justifying their faith and religion, the development of psychology Freud! The whole notions of what it means to be an individual in a society, attitude about sex and relations changed. In the Victorian period sex was not to be discussed. Freud said than that sex is the primal thing in our lives that we function because of our sex drive > shock for ppl, they were confused. - They realized there should be reasons to why we function as we do. - Freud also talked about consciousness, that it has many layers and that we are all of that, that were very complicated. - The writers became interested in those topics, they employed discoveries in science, theology, researched that stuff, that brought profound changes in the role of literature

Literature was still sth you had to buy, but ppl had more money, new genres were developing. Fiction became departmentalized. In the Victorian times literature was not art, books were handbooks of how to survive in life. >> books became artistic. Victoorian era: no art, it was good that ppl could write well, they were not considered artist. Something weird going on, time of opportunities, time for writers to do certain things Henry James wrote about the coming of the new self consciousness of the art&fiction, literature/novel in general was actually getting a different function, that novels can basically simply /authors can basically do anything. In Victorian time they prescribed the number of pgs, how and why to write sth. NOW it was fine to write in any style and whatever you like. Virginia Woolf said on December 10th 1910 was the day that all changed. That it was the end of the old world and the beginning of the new world. D. H. Lawrence said it was in 1915 that the old world ended. Writers being so aware of the changes, then ovel became the central means of exploration, of the feel of this new culture, of what it meant to be an individual. Emil Zola . the most famous naturalist. Naturalists would take a socially typical individual and use a really scientifical approach to studying all of the factors influencing individual lives horrible :P showing how horrible the world is SYMBOLISM: that the world could only be expressed through symbols. Extreme ?.. and decadence Oscar Wilde get involved into extremely decadent searching.

HENRY JAMES probably the most important author of that period An American who moved to Britain from Boston from an intellectual family. He was directly involved into those new things. His family travelled a lot, they were very cosmopolitan, intellectual. Initially started as a realist, fan of George Elliot. He remained American in the sense he could still appreciate a good romance. In his 1st period we have a young nave American which is flled with traditions and corrupt and how he is seduced/fooled by all that. And how he solves the situation in a positive way. He strongly opposed naturalism. He claimed hes a realist, but when we read him we see his works differ from the regular realist ones. The novel is not realistic because it would describe real facts. He said that reality and fiction are artificially created, we can never be real, we can just produce an illusion of reality and not create it. His work divided into 3 phases: 1. Realistic phase Nothing new about his writing, lasted until the mid 1880s. Typical was the research of the international theme, the Americans abroad, method is contemporary realism, the narrator is omniscient. Books contained classical rounded characters, themes were already modern(tourism,..). largerly Victorian but already introduced a number of methods and themes that were modern. (The Portrait of the Lady dedicated to George Elliot) 2. Mid 1880s mid 1890s Themes modern (feminism, politics), his favourite theme were large, modern cities, the vast, many cultured cities where basically you cannot find an individual. There was this major change already in this next decade. Ppl are just actors without any substance. (The Bostonians) 3. Last phase Most difficult to read, strong tendencies towards impressionism. The form of his books are much more important thn the content, he plays with the form, he intensely focuses on the

consciousness of his characters, describes the thought of his characters beginning of stream of consciousness and interior monologue (The Wings of the Dove, The Ambassadors) He covers so many different areas, hard to talk about main themes. (struggle of society,..) Vpra aloh zamenja knjigo

THOMAS HARDY - Tess DUrberville, Jude the Obscure - The best novel probably in the sense that were discussing now is Far from the Madding Crow. - His interesting cuz others are more or less interested in urbanity, life in cities and that. Hardy describes and invented rural area called Wessex (its invented, its actually Sussex). He writes about the becoming of modernity to the rural areas, tragic happenings to the rural llife, pastoral environments, everything is beautiful, very primal and exciting, ppl do not know how to deal with that. ROBERT LOUISE STEVENSON - Treasure island - Dr. Jeckyll Mr Hide - Similar to Henry James his novels dont show reality but illusions of reality. Hes convinced you cannot show reality as it is. The strange case of dr jeckll and Mr Hyde is the best example. - Dr jeckyll & mr hde are 2 ppl in 1 person; ego+super ego/alter ego. He put together gothic romance with themodern discoveries. we do stuff we dont wanna do but we cant help ourselves. HERBERT GEORGE WELLS - Author of science fiction, quite popluar mainstream writer. - Fascinations of new technologies. - What wells did was connect between the genres. One of the main feature of scence fiction today os called extrapolation. Aka how things are gonna look like in the future in 2000yrs or so. - He foresought the heat dead of the solar system. Proposed 4 dimensions, 4th being time. - New themes being proposed; marital relations, all the things that were new. Novels also had complexity and obscurity. During the Victorian period no one would buy books that were experimental. - New areas being discovered and researched. New concerns were being addressed. Money, vocation, class, children, morality, work, 1900 1915 - The major era of experimental art, thisis when everything exploded - Started with Edwardian era, the king was King Edward VII. New century symbolically ended with the death of Queen Elizabeth ? . the Edwardian era lasted 1901 1910. The origins of the English modernism and experimentalism. Nothing new was happening on the surface, but there was a lot of nothing revolutionary was being published. The last gasps of Victorian modernism. - The whole period was basically the agony of Victorianism. Nothing was published. - New approaches to sexuality that changed relationships between the classes, .. - England needed a 20th century conditional novels, cuz ppl had no idea of what the condition England was in. the writers address this question: what the fuck is going on? La gente esta muy loca :D - Forster, conrad 3.: 21.10.2013

2 sessions of seminar presentations in January + 2 dates in May 10,15min of presentation + 5min questions. powepoint Send your seminar paper(9,10pgs) by Friday before the presentation(January!) not too much content stuff needed to understand the novel and context

Edwardian era 1900 1910 King Edward - Period of the agony and Victorianism, the last burst/explosion of Victorianism - Loadz of fresh ideas, things..the whole thing exploded in the period which remains in the rise of the experimental arts. Britain was the leading country in 1910 1914 George the 5th; Georgian era - It symbolically began with sth radically new, neka razstava je bla - Wolf: in December 1910 the human era changed referring to this art exhibition; it showed completely new perspectives on life, they showed life as filled wih angles, fragments, it was completely different from the organized, real life totality, everything was in fragments, determined, lot of weird - London became a pre-war modernist wonderland. It was the place to be, loadz of artisitic activity, experimentation, ppl improvised, new forms, new magazines, experimenting with elegant styles, sexuality in the writing. >> striking opposition to Victorian styles. Sexuality used to be sth you never mentioned, but now it was different. - The whole euroope was bubbling with new stuff, spirit of transition; for example philosophy; Nietsche promoted the creation of the world through the artists creativity 8God is dead traditional values were dead; the tradition is dead, we must build a new world). - Dostojevski, chechov, ibsen introduced a new psychological dimension to writing - New movements picassso&cubism in spain, in germany expressionism, in russia constructivism - Freud Psychopathology of everyday life 1901: with Freud the attitude towards one changed, there is more than 1 of us. Little mistakes when were talking, ticks, all impulses and everything behind all that there are completely different versions of us manifesting themselves with little tiny things. This appealed to the imagination to the artists, feeling completely lost in the world you try to figure out who you are the world is really playing roles. - Italy Marinetti movement, they tried to capture movement in an image. New ideas, new forms, new styles in art that were not based on tradition but invented for the new century. From romanticism on each new literary period was somehow based on the main premises of romanticism. Now everything had to be invented anew. Britain 1908: a strong intellectual revolt against Victorianism and edwardianism. Georgians rebelled against that. > Ford Madox Hueffer (Ford) >> he was instrumental in everything that was happening behind. He was the doer behind .. a person behind everything. 1908 people who were reffered to as the Bloomsbury group middle class intelectuals bought houses in Britsin and worked in different professions and they were connected to similar intelectuals and .. >> a new movement which was set to revolutionize writing, the main author was Virginia Wolf, Foerster, Stracky(painter), john Khemes(??)-economy. This group later became the core of the English modernism. They were best known as everyone having sex with everyone:P 1908 the crucial year for Britain. The English review magazine: its aim was to start a new movement. Hueffer published all young new authors. He was great judge of quality, he would help you pto publish a book, find money, etc. a sugardaddy many authors came from abroad: T.S.Elliot, Conrad Joseph, yeaks(?) >> London became the mecca of the new. Loadz of new movements and new things. European avant-garde movement.

Vorticism: David Bomberg, The Mud Bath in England. The whole logic was t. develop literary writing style that would mirror this vorticism. Everything was exploding, loadz of installations, performances, everything UNTIL the 1st WW completed what the pre-war modernist imagined. The world war swept away Victorianism, edwardianism, everything changed, there was no esacpe to the war. For the 1s time wepons of mass destruction were used.

HUEFFER: He was enthusiastic about everything, point of reference to the craziest ideas, emerged wuite a few literary friendships: he was a friend of Joseph Conrad, close to Thomas Hardy, Wells, Henry James.. regardless of how traditional and alternative an author was he listened and tried to help them make their ideas coe true. He also assisted new feminist writers. It was quite a different matter than today to help women publish their work. He was extremely prolific, wrote 80 books of different genre in 50 years. He was important, together with Conrad he developed the method of impressionism. life did not narrate but made impressions on our brains /../ to produce an effect of life, we must not narrate but render impressions. >> in our memory we gather impressions(visuals, smells, touch, hearing..) >> condition of England novel in the pre-war time; the everyday life in Britain. But the form was new. In The Good Soldier (1915) a great example of what he was trying to do, on one hand there are questions on existing in Britain in the beginning of 20th cent(lack of stability, greater sexual freedom, etc.) and on the other hand he experimented with form. Developed a technique with Conrad and James he dictated to sb the story, he would talk and someone else would write that down and he would just leave it like that. >> he would benefit with that cuz his thoughts wouldnt be interrupted, fast writing >> realistic writing, trying to convey the overall sense of being lost, unreliable narrator. He also tried to write by vorticism. >> excerpt from The Good Soldier:: about 2ppl getting involved, affair&best friends. Modern situation of unstable feeling, hypocrisy >> Parades End

JOSEPH CONRAD JOSEF KORSENIOWSKI Son on the polish gentry. The Russians occupied Poland. The family was exile, josef was in exile and send with his father to Russian colony. Later on travelled to Europe and joined the navy. For a ong time he was a sailor and an officer and sailed the whole world. Usually discussed for his style; he has an interesting style of writing, we can notice Polish, French grammar and syntax. He learned English as a 2nd language when he was a grown man already. >> basis of his style (polish, French syntax, grammar) The Nigger of Narcissus (1898) :: his 1st major work and actually paradigmatic of what he was doing later. He is describing a whole series of novels that took place on a ship. Narcissus was the actual ship he sailed on. He takes the ship and uses it as a microcosm of social, metaphysical and moral world a little tiny world with its own rules, classes,.. He observes what happens to stuff we associate with civilization. He observes what happens to the stuff we associate with humans, society.. he is an observer, this icroship gives him an opportunity to do that. He also wrote a preface to The Nigger in which he tries to describe what hes trying to do in his novels.

The novel should be a set of impressions rendered thorigh the senses. A novelist should render not create and narrate. This is where the true art is. If the art does not grow from narrative completeness(that which touches us) everyone can describe a situation; the true art is making ppl think, making ppl feel. The Heart of Darkness:: Book based on what was going on in Kongo horrible stuff happening to get the ebony and the natives were used as slaves. allegory to life reaching the darkness. >sb is stuck in the heart of darkness and all of his felling and all is being changed upside down. >> he uses a frame narrative, story within a story.. the author narrative is on a ship, told by the 1st narrator. The 2nd story told by one of the guys sitting on a ship, drinking at night. Marlow completely takes over as a narrator(2nd narrator), the 1st narrator completely dissolves. Nostromo The Secret Agent

H. G. WELLS He promoted quite the opposite of conrads beliefs. Wells was a typical Edwardian author. He followed the realist convention and cobined that with modern aspects; especially the new stuff triggered by freud. Closer to naturalism and what he believed is that novelists are basically germ(???))anists, they should get the facts, write them down in a scientific non-sentimental manner. He would write about the excitement of change, the excitement of life a great promise to achieve sth better, to go further. He makes them exciting and familiar. The whole idea is we have a young person is in some way aware of what is going on, has this big idea(science, evolution, feminism,..), this person is the believer in sth connected to modernity. This person is capable of transcending the problems that this reality opposes and starting sth new, offers new possibilities. Tono Bungay; confition of England novel. He is making fun of stuff.

EDWARD FOERSTER He is not taken seriously by literary scholarship in general(for some reason:P). one of the most important authors of the period- he doesnt choose sides, hes critical towards everything. His writing is between naturalism and expressionism(?). probably the most intelligent writer of the period, extremely liberal. He was not afraid to share his liberalism in his books. Maurice open novel about gay men. He was as liberal as Virginia Wolf but less ideological. He had a healthy distance towards everything. He promoted humanity, being true to yourself, true to your feelings. >> A Room With a View English ppl behaving very british. They are completely artificial, they are ery cultured, they have these feelings of superiority towards everything. In their safe little balloon, stuck to tradition, never going outside. He challenged this social dullness and sexual convention, self-sufficiency and how ridiculous it is. >> Howards End probably his greatest novel. A condition of England, a study of England; which is woven around 2 families (industrialist vs. these cultural modern ppl). These 2 families coming together, eith that he opens a wide panoramic window of England and how will the future look like. >> the impact of technology on ppl, He opened realism to wider things he brought together the best of the 2 worlds.

etrti. 28.10.2013

D. H. LAWRENCE ALSO WROTE THE CONDITION OF ENGLAND NOVEL Son of a minor, growing up in a working class environment, he provides the condition of England from the lower point, the working class view. He always mixes that position with his personal philosophies. He saw the solution of the solution in establishing the harmony between the body and the mind with the notion of tenderness through natural sensuality. He has in mind of course sex If you do sex the right way. He strived towards making the world a better place by having sex in the right way (Lady Chatterleys Lover). He is much more interesting because of the technique. He managed to create a realistic feel. He provides a series of sensual moments, which creates a realistic flow of event. With her lovers help she is united with him and then together they can survive anything. Aww :P He opposed the artificiality of james joyce and Virginia wolf. We cant say he wasnt a skilled author. He wanted to explore the possibilities of life. He was a right wing, what was shocking because his background was different. He said; lower classes/ppl cant control themselves, we need a dictator and dictatress to rule over them. Interest in physical intimacy; the desire to restore the emphasis on the body. everything in the modern society in about the mind, artificiality. We are losing touch with our bodily needs and demands. In order to start feeling our bodies again we must reevake them through sexual experiences giving and getting the joy of sex. The only sex that is ok is that which has no other functional value than the plain physical factness. Sex is always functional. You do it for various reasons. Most of them could be described as prostitution, to get sth, not neccesarily money. He was a homophon. He had a problem with masturbation. He said its ok for gays to have sex, but lesbianism was horrible in his opinion. A really, really good writer. When hi diaries were discovered they say that he was a homosexual actually in the closet and was full of frustration. His best novel is Sons and Lovers 1913. His first mature work. Also good dramaturgically, also largerly autobiographical of him growing up with weird mother. Story of how to escape an overwhelming mother to whom you have almost an unhealthy relationship and becoming an srtist His most notorious work is Lady Chatterleys Lover immediately sensered, a lot of pirate copies. Presents the last stage of development of his philosophy. Salvation of the world through sex, the return to the natural existence which symbolically attained through sex (by means of being lovers, no other meaning in sex). Other important works: Rainbow and the White Peacock.

>> Presentation on January 13th!!

JAMES JOYCE He is the symbol of this modern fractured, rebellious journey into the unknown. Looking for new ways of expression, he is basically the symbol of that. He was looking for new was to express himself. He was and still is the key figure of british, irish modernism. - His greatest works written in exile, travelled through Ljubljana, thats why we have that little ? stating that JJ was once here for a night :P cuz they got of the train too soon. His fictional universe not in on work extends beyond Dublin. Everything is happening in Dublin and populated with characters from his family members, friends and enemies. - What connects his all books is the artist. Basically what he was trxing to do and why they are complicated to read.

Search through the supreme artist who works through epiphany. You create true art if you create your art through epiphany a momentary sudden revelation. >> the concept of supreme artist by Joyce The supreme sartist is one who can take sth out of its everyday context and see it and show it anew, in a new perspective, a new context. For example what he was trying to do with words. taking words and putting them in a new context. He was trying to take a notion and clean away all the civilizational garbage, all the possible prejudice around it. Describing what he sees in a new artistic concept. He tries to present the ideas in a new life, clean and aired of everything. Throughout his work he is tying to find the development of the artist and ekstetik discovery. There is always some kind of agenda beyond the words hes writing. We have to give the words and ideas a new meaning that were not used to DUBLINERS 1915 - 15 stories. The connections between are not things that happened bit the connecting element is stasis, paralysis. Dubliners are the overview of how you cant move. All lives are presented as being someway trapped. Or metaphorically or by actual paralysis, the connecting figure is already the artist himself. Showing stuff in a new life, the world is stuck, its up to the artist how to show new perspectives. - The technique is still realism. But it also has very strong symbolic impact. Symbolist naturalism. Portrait of the artist as a young man 1916 - Typical bildungsroman, Kunstler roman. - Story about the formation of an artist; how one becomes an artist, realizes himself as an artist and what one has to do to start being an artist. - Stephen Dedalus ancient greek mythology. A very skilled craftsmen of greek mythology. Joyce named his __?__ Dedulus. - How does one become an artist? You have to throw away all the social garbage, all the religious, philosophical crap that we encounter. Only by throwing all of that away one can become an artist, live a new life, ..Joyce symbolically moves out of Dublin, throws all away, cleares himself of environment, of any other context. - Method: his method is stream of consciousness interior monologues Ulysses 1922 - The shock of the 1920s. he was showing stuff in new life, perceived as immoral, pornographic,.. descriptions of urinating, masturbation, sex, .. that was a bit much for the individuals then. - Ulysses takes 1 day on June 16th 1904 this was the day of his 1st day with his wife. It describes the passage of main character Leopold Bloom through Dublin. The title eludes from Juliusijs (?) Odysses ?? - The whole book is structured as homewards julisi ? recognizable correspondences between events and characters. - He uses stream of consciousness, interior monologue,.. Finnegans Wake 1929 - Took him 17 yrs to write - When we read, we see we could do that, get extremely drunk and sit down and write :P - As we actually go into contemplating each and every syllable in the book, we see how it took him 17 yrs. One of the most works of fiction in the English language. The hermetic text of modernism, the apotheosis of modernism, incarnation of modernism. - Written in the largely idiocratic language. Standard English lexical items and neologisms. Puns he uses are multilingual. Connecting 2 words into a new word. Joyce invented gazillion of words this way (smoke+fog =) portmanteau

The sentence in which the books ends is also at the beginning and it creates a circular structure of events. His voice: about sounds, playing with the text. Finnegans way is the reinvention of playing with text in this manner. Taking the words and showing them in new environments to show the function.

1915 1930 Explosion of modernism. Towards the end of the 1920s modernism was already losing power, new generations were already doing different things. The whole peek was English modernism. The English production was compared to that from around the world. 1915-1920 peirod of the war - Loadz of new stuff happening in the fictional, writing area (portrait of an artist as a young man, t. s. elliots stuff published) - Evyrwhere there was activity; the british were dying at the front but at the same time there was a very vivid activity. - Leonard wolf and Virginia wolf established to Hogorth Press it published and printed stuff that no one else would oublish. With the rise of modernism. - The avant garde was alive and well vorticism. - In that period 1st feminist writers were publishing. - The Bloomsbury group was becoming a centre of intellectual artist activity. 1920-1930 - What still seems new and fresh was becoming fully established now. the peak of modernism. Modern novel was no longer exiting and surprising. - The peak of modernism was starting to fade then, new things emerged. - Major books of the period were published. this period was the final conolation of the tendencies. Everything that was sort of at beginning, became fully established now. - By now, the modern things were not rly very exiting anymore, there was sth much more terminal there; writing about sex, .. all of these things now, the free forms, consciousness was now replaced with a much more depressed view of the world the fragmentation of culture, people, society, a crisis through the violence of the modern time. - 2 modern generations existed side by side at that time: >> 1st: the modernist generation: the radical development of experimental writing. Joyce, Lawrence; Foerster, Virginia Wolf.. they say what it was like before, growing up in Victorian times and now and continued the tradition of experimental wirting, they used all of this in theor own advantage. >> 2nd: the younger generation who entered the scene in 1920s. the modernity was the only environment that they knew. Suddenly you were free to experiment with forms, talk about sex, they lived this modernity and started to create their own arts. The modern before was a way of life that they felt they had to report. >> the younger generation promoted going back to realism, felt the need to report about the monstrosities going on in the world. Post war generation was profoundly interested in the war, the 2nd went to cruel reality. The most common production of that time were war novels. More than 700 war novels published. the war was everywhere, the difference is in how the topic was treated. (Mrs Dalloway characters friend dies in war and how he deals with that, how he lives; To The Lighthouse by Virginia Wolf; Lady Chatterleys Lover.)

Across the younger generations the war is shown in a different way; a human being functioning as animals, a creature that is lost between soul and physicality (Huxley, Orwell) books that are allegories of the situation in the world. Things were getting worse and worse the closer we get to Hitler and the 2nd WW.

Bloomsbury group - Ppl who lived in Bloomsbury which is British mons pronas?? Sth French :P - Loadz of bookshops, Georgian terraces :P, intellectuals r young and quite wealthy they all moved there, they were into the same things and they realized that they had a lot of things in common - A group of intellectuals, writers living there who were friends already. They had informal discussion and were connected to journals and journal editors and of course, what was being discussed over a glass of wine, it was soon found in the magazines; soon the became an elite which commanded ..Wolf was 1st and foremost a critic. - Essential for this group was that they had an aestetic attitude towards literature; what arts and mans goal in life was seeking pleasure was their main principle in everything. They were all sons&daughters of very liberal Victorians. They became rebels against the establishment in Edwardian and Georgian England. Later they themselves became this establishment against which the younger generaions would battle - Promosting love as the highest ideal, they believed in pleasure, to get the maximum pleasure out of everything you do in life; if yu go out to get bread you do it with pleasure, you try to see stuff in the way of pleasure, also how they treated their personal life. - O the other hand pursuing lifestyle that showed that evyrthing is aesthetic. the luminous halo of life not things themselves but that which makes us alive, which makes us sparkle, sensations, descriptions of everything. /Virginia Wolf, Roger fry, Foerster, Vanessa Bell, Wolf/ Keenes 16.12.2013 POST MODERNISM - Process that marks the beginning the 3rd/post ndustrial phase of capitalism development of advertising, media, information technology - The formation of the consumer mass culture Lets experminet, lets live, >> development of philosophy and post structuralism - A new literary era began post modernism; - The text signs to other signs and is in no way connected to anything real. Our worlds are created from words, from signs and we decide as a society what these signs mean - We are a part of massive hallucination that we decided we are going to have. With text/words we can never say anything about the reality. The connection between the word and the ?? was cut. - They create their own realities, which are in no way connected with anything outside of them. Generations after generation followed these realities as if they were real - People who have enough money and wit/ideas/whatever you want to call it, create different little realities for us the regular umanoids to live in and we just blindly accept these realities no matter what - An author is produced by a text. - Barthes: Death of the Author - The author is a construction of a text, it doesnt really exist in any reality. Its a character produced by some little creep trying to earn his money :P - All the characters are produced by the text, creations of the text.. - The whole thing with I think, therefore I am begins already with Darwin, development in psychology

Everything is predetermined, you are lucky if you are not born to a mother with syphilis and a horrible father, in the gutter in the middle ages I think therefore I am Cartesian In naturalism this idea starts to crumble, nietsche says god is dead Modernism technique is stream of consciousness writing, writing, wirting out of your head because this belief stands > I think, therefore I am.. I create thoughts, therefore I am creating my reality Post- modernism starts in America, spreads to England. 1960s America American metafiction - the most popular Metafiction: fiction about fiction. Using existing fiction to write new fiction Allows the stematization of what you can do with literature, nothing is sacred. Its basically using other forms of fiction to write your own novel. The first movement that was entirely associated with post-modernism. As such its not new, it was appearing thoroughout the history. Appears at the end of modernism and beginning of post-modernism. In post modernism there is no way out of realities. Assoon as you have an explanation, a motto or sth this seems to be connected to some reality. BUT in post modernism there are no realities, so all the realities and intertwined. Quite a few authors showed this fictional nature of actualities, of history. He would take historical events and sorta show them as a story, show their fuctional impact, how sth that we soncider history is just another story British post-modernism was never radical, it always remained. This very powerful borzois culture They mixed the realist approach with mostly metafictional reads. British post.modernism reads well. It goes into alternative realities, but its also readable Playing with tradition, (the French Woman you must read. You should and you have to:) The ending must be a resolution of everything. A progressive view into the future. Angus Wilson, Doris Lessing, John Fawles, Anthony Burgess (not a typical post modernist, his play with language comes close to that)

DORIS LESSING (nobel proze for literature) - 3 phases: 1. communist theme, writing radically on social issues > The Grass is Singing 2. Psychological themes prevailed > The Golden Notebook 3. 1970s/80s period connected to the Sufi theme > relates to Islamic fracture where they are trying to experience god indirectly . her science fiction novels fall into that. - The fear of the black power and at once the horrible attitude towards that; the issues The Golden Notebook - The structure of the novel is the main message of the novel. If you observe the structure, you get the nnovel - The frame story about a writers blog, she can no longer unify her life. Anna Wulf. The sections on her story are intercut with the records that she keeps in those notebooks. The black notebook is for her African life, the red for her political life, the yellow to write the story about herself an the blue notebook for psychology and her psychological breakdown. - You get the multiple facets of one personality. The self deceit. Whats factual, whats real.. her 4 point sin life interfering in her story. JOHN FAWLES - One of the most prominent, popular representatives of birtish post modernism - The compley power of fictions and fantasies and how sometimes sth that may seem like fantasy and vice versa - The Collector: bond between realism and experiment

The Magus 1966: example of Fawles typical novel. A young Englishman comes to ggreek island to take a teaching job and there he meets his cnsciouss. This young man is frequently envited to dinner and party and is entangled in fantasies and games,.. the magus conscious keeps telling him stories about a girl and the girl tells him another story. This Englishman thins this is reality that is happening to him conscious is playing with him. What seems real is this fantasy that he is reading. French Lieutenants Woman 1969 a must !! Ideas of characters, society, typical chronological sth. He completely recreates a Victorian novel. He take stypical novel and recreates it. He also provides comments and steps in and explains a thing or two.

ANTHONY BOURGESS - Comic realist. Today survives The Clockwork Orange - He invents his own language in the book slang called Nadsat mix of modified Russian words (he really knew Russian), rhyming slang .. in the end theres a glossary 1980s - PRESENT - Bleak decade when nothing was rly happening. The punk movement formed exactly because nothing was happening. In the 1960s the poor kids went to Vietnam and the rich kids got to be hippies. The capitalism and the capital used the hippes and they werent even aware of it.. some philosophical theretitians and philosophers wrote about it. - We are so bombarded with information every day, everything is being offered to us. It gives us the feeling that if we choose these things we choose what kind of people we are going to be and what will that make of us. But all that is really just a sham, its not true. Its not real. - The complete change of the geographical arrangement and ideological arrangement of the wor.d- up until then; capitalist world (neto) vs. communist (warsaw pack). Either you were here or there. The 2 poles kept each other functioning through the tensions between them. 1980s; the cold war came to an end. Dissolving of the stasis of the cold war. With Gorbaov the west and the east started to communicate. The berlin wall fell the smbol of this division. Russia disintegrated. Formed yugo countries disintegrated. Strengthening of the notion of the politically and ideological united Europe. This modernism also dissolved the ideology. If the division before was ideological, that was no longer relevant in the society where money is king. - 1980s the age of the yuppie - Culture was becoming economic as well. Books became an object of consumption. - An extremely productive period in the novel. The genre went to considerable change, new moods invented, new themes. Fiction became an object of consumption. Literature became business. It was cool to go buy a book. It was in all the papers, the publishing companies basically made money with that, by making books cool, sth that trendy ppl wanted to have. Writers became celebrities. They were well off. The novel itself became the evidence of that miracle. The central theme became the underground. What hides under th 23.12.2013 1980s a fun time for literature in Britain. The whole scene exploded in general,, money was the king and basically the whole industry developed that the writers became celebrities. They would get loadz of media coverage, they were living versatile lifestyles like duran duran and other popstars :P Also the author who employed quite experimental techniques became popular Renewed interest in the history and in the fictional tradition

From the perspective of what we call post-modern trickness?? Were intereste in traditional writing etc but not from the point where everything is what it seems people were aware of relativity of everything, they returned to psysical traditions > stylistic promiscuity > engaging in all sorts of stlyes, mixing and merging, versatile styles/genre/levels you take some elements of detective fiction, pop gothic fiction, putting stuff together, emerging it together. It suddenly became impossible to decide whether sth was If you checked the bookstores, you had the books that today are considered classics and the cheap style books, like today Bridget Jones Diary Its not longer about quality its about sales and sales itself. Quality books get quite a lot of promotion and people buy them > Factionalty there was an incredible amount of facts in these books, ppl were interested in the historical and traditional. They took facts and remodelled them within a different order and different contexts and you would get completely different story. Example; like memento-everything goes backwards > restructuring history by going backwards and making the history different Stephen Fry Making History Dan Brown Inferno The style; sth that a very important theoretician Jameson calls blank parody; a writer would take a skeletal form of an artwork and put it in his work and without ridiculing it. Take sth from sb and put it in and its fine, nobody cares about it, you dont diss it not parodize it, you just use it. In the 1980s science fiction and fantasy exploded and started to importantly interfere with the mainstream. Another thing that happened is that (this was the time of Margaret tchatcher and Reagan conservative and neo-liberal. ) that was the period of the rise of multi-culturology. Great lliterature and artists such as Samuel Rushdie, ? Kureishi, Kazuo Ishiguro, Zadie Smith (some of the best british authors in the last few years) Women were back with vengeance. There was loadz of new women writing and feminist writing. Intelligent captivating stuff. >> Carter, Winterson, Lively Penelope 8contributed to the new consciousness of women; they didnt give an f about differentce between genders.) Most important authors of that time;

MARTIN AMIS - His father was a comic realist, conservative - They had a troubled relationship with his son, he was a drunk with a high moral note :p - He is always returning to this absurdity of this post-modern condition > that money rules the world. When is it enough? You strive and devote your life to get money, to buy more and more stuff, whats the point anyway, you can never enjoy it, you always want more, you never have tme for anything, the whole thing its its only objective, its absurd. Best novels; Money (trilogy), London Fields, The information His technique is to have as a central character a middle aged man and through his life he wxplores undercorrence of life in the 20th cent literature He explores this under the surface reality of britain. Money was published in 1984 and Money came out that time. Money; story narrated by a giy named John Self. Hes successful and he comes to new yourk to shot his first film, he gets invited there and treted like a rockstar and he is and aryhetypcal heterist and slob, eats too much and drinks too much and is ruined in the end. He is drawn into that world full of consuming and spending. Time Arrow; revrsed narrative that centers on the holocaust and goes back in time and explains holocaust in a different way IAN MCEWAN

Ian mcarbure? Very famous. Won manner booker prize A Tolment? Was made into a movie and won an Oscar. Compared to Amis and both are usually mentioned. They share a sense of historical unease, of not feeling comfortable with the the current situation He is much more readable than Amis Concerned with the main two things; inner emptiness and the moral weight of violence what violence does to people, experiencing violence does to people The Child In Time read this before you get children of your own. A story which begins with a father and his daughter shopping and he is holding her by the hand and at some point he lets go of her hand and she disappears, the girl is kidnapped. The marriage falls apart, they dont know what to do with each other and he devotes his life to child care and taking care of kids and so. Life of children are set in the frame of adulthood. How your childhood is present within you, there is a happy ending cuz at some point his wife and he have a quickie and she gets pregnant and they get back together. Amsterdam; story about two friends who do this euthanasia and their relationship Atolment; story of one faithful day a young girl makes a terrible mistake that has life changing effects on myna ppl, she lives seeking atolment and that leads to exploration of nature of writing and so on.

RUSHDIE SAMUEL - A canonized british author - An indian british novelist and essayist, he won the booker prize - His style is calsified as magical realism mixed with historical fiction, you take some indian tradition of oral story telling and you take some Arabian night and mix that with European experimental modernism > fantastically, realistically something stuff - The dominant theme is exhuanition of eastern and western world the relationship between the east and the west, the migrations and so on.. - Themost notorious is the Satanic Verses (4th novel) . starts witing abook that some historians claim that was the part of the coran that were later removed ( historians claim that some peagan verses were included in the coran) > this book was also a centre of major controversy. Unless you know what muslims consider blasfumy, you wouldnt know what is wrong ..what would muslims see as wrong. the critical scepticism of critical tales, primarily a fictional tale. If you mix coran in there, muslims are bound to have some problems with that. - The moors lat sigh (book title:P); KAZUO ISHIGURO - Japanes obviously :P came to England when he was still a baby or born there, basically hes English - One of the most celebrated fictional writers in the English speaking worlds. 4 booker prize nokinations and sth else prize - The Remains of The Day movie, won an Oscar. You cant really decide whether the movie or the novel is btter - Restraint economical fiction which is probably a legacy of his Japanese roots, everything is really simple and described in a simple was > like Japanese haiku, you have 3 lines and you tell everything there. His books are very intimate and private, throught thise private moments large historical events are happening. You can see the impact that these events have on private .. - Written in 2st person narrative style, all of these narrators have certain human ? . they have srs problems with themselves. He allowes these characters to reveal their flaws through their narrative. Through this narration you can sense these problems that this character has. You can see what his problems are > ishiguro creates a pathos, you inevitably feel sympathy, you can see

that all of their failings in life are because of themselves, they are responsible for those mistakes and they are not happy Never Let Me Go

ANGELA CARTER - Major figure in 1980s search new wave of feminist fiction, is basically known for magical realism, the most important representative of magical realism feminist issues, she has an approach that she doesnt problematize stuff, she takes them for granted. - Her novels challenge the fixity(?) she challenges of position of women, what women do, what they need and so on - Her works combination of realism, fantasy and science fiction - Knights At the Circus 1984 focuses on the life/exploits on the woman who is a cockney virgin who was taken from her nest, raised by some other parents and that is that. Book is mix of everything; magical realism, post-modernism, feminism,.. - Wise Children 1991 after she was diagnosed with lung cancer. Angela carters admiration of Shakespeare and her love for..

LOOK! Anthony Hopkins The remains of the day(to be falling in love to feel great affection for each other) Craftwork, brian eno