A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS

David Rosete and Joseph Cia o!hi Unive sit" o# $o%%on&on&

Co esponden!e add essed to' David Rosete O &anisationa% Ps"!ho%o&ist Depa t(ent o# Ps"!ho%o&") Unive sit" o# $o%%on&on& $o%%on&on&) A*st a%ia) +,--. Phone' /01-+12++31+32, Fa4' /01-+12++31+2-2 E(ai%' 5 osete6e4e(ai%.!o(.a*7

$o d Co*nt' C%assi#i!ation' R*nnin& Head'

/)--Feat* e A ti!%e E(otiona% Inte%%i&en!e 8 Leade ship E##e!tiveness

$hen e#e en!in& p%ease *se'

Rosete, D. & Ciarrochi, J. (2005). EI and its relationship to workplace perfor ance o!tco es of leadership effecti"eness. #eadership $r%ani&ational De"elop ent, 2', ())* (++

A9st a!t Does E(otiona% Inte%%i&en!e :EI; (a<e so(eone a 9ette %eade = $e *ti%i>ed a ! oss1se!tiona% s* ve" to e4a(ine the e%ationships 9et?een %eade ship e##e!tiveness and tests o# a9i%it" EI and !o&nitive easonin&) and se%#1 epo t (eas* es o# EI and pe sona%it". The sa(p%e !onsisted o# 00@ senio e4e!*tives :Ma%es A ,/B Fe(a%es A /-B 0 *n epo tedB (ean a&e A 2-.,2;. Re& ession ana%"ses indi!ated (edi*( to %a &e e%ationships 9et?een a9i%it" EI s!a%es and a!hievin& 9*siness o*t!o(es. The es*%ts he%d even a#te !ont o%%in& #o easonin& a9i%it") se%#1 epo ted EI) and se%#1 epo ted pe sona%it". Se%#1 epo ted EI a%so ?as %in<ed to 9*siness o*t!o(es) 9*t ?as no %on&e si&ni#i!ant ?hen !ont o%%in& #o pe sona%it". These es*%ts (a" have i(po tant i(p%i!ations #o ho? ?e se%e!t and deve%op e4e!*tives.

Ce" $o ds' e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e) %eade ship e##e!tiveness) a9i%it" (eas* es) pe sona%it") !o&nitive easonin&

A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS Does E(otiona% Inte%%i&en!e :EI; (a<e so(eone a 9ette %eade = This D*estion has p eo!!*pied ? ite s and s!ientists #o the past de!ade :Hi&&s) +--3;. Man" #a!to s have 9een identi#ied as i(po tant to %eade ship) s*!h as !o&nitive a9i%it" :Ste n9e & 8 V oo() +--+; and !ons!ientio*sness :Ea i!< 8 Mo*nt) 0FF0;. $ith %itt%e eviden!e) peop%e have a%so p oposed that e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e :EI; is an i(po tant p edi!to o# %eade ship pe #o (an!e) pe haps the (ost i(po tant p edi!to :Go%e(an) 0FFGB M!Cee) +--,;. The p* pose o# this pape is to ! iti!a%%" eva%*ate this !%ai(. Spe!i#i!a%%") ?e e4a(ine the e4tent to ?hi!h di##e ent EI (eas* es p edi!t %eade ship pe #o (an!e) even a#te !ont o%%in& #o t aditiona% (eas* es o# pe sona%it" and !o&nitive easonin&.

E(otiona% Inte%%i&en!e In 0FF-) Sa%ove" and Ma"e d e? to&ethe (*!h o# the (ate ia% avai%a9%e on !o&nition :i.e.) !apa!it" to !a " o*t a9st a!t easonin&; and e(otion :de#ined as si&na%s that !onve" e&*%a ) dis!e na9%e (eanin&s a9o*t e%ationships; and deve%oped a theo " o# EI. The e (o e e!ent e#ine(ent o# thei de#inition see EI as the HIa9i%it" to e!o&nise the (eanin&s o# e(otions and thei e%ationships and to eason and p o9%e(1so%ve 9ased on the(J :Ma"e ) Ca *so 8 Sa%ove") 0FFF) p. +/@;. EI is seen as the !apa!it" to pe !eive e(otions) assi(i%ate e(otion1 e%ated #ee%in&s) *nde stand the in#o (ation o# those e(otions) and (ana&e the(. Eet?een 0FF2 and 0FF@) EI ?as pop*%a i>ed 9" ps"!ho%o&ist and Ko* na%ist Danie% Go%e(an :0FF,; in his 9oo< HE(otiona% Inte%%i&en!eJ. D* in& this ti(e) Go%e(an :0FF,; !han&ed the de#inition D*ite s*9stantia%%" ?ith the ne? de#inition appea in& to eD*ate EI ?ith &ood so!ia% 9ehavio . Sin!e 0FF@ the e has 9een an e4p%osion o# a!tivit" in a ne?

and no? #*>>i%"1de#ined a ea. EI is no? *sed pop*%a %" to (ean va io*s thin&s) in!%*din& (otivation) e(path") so!ia9i%it") ?a (th) and opti(is( :Ma"e ) +--0;. Ma"e and Sa%ove" :0FF@; a &*e that the e a e t?o (aKo EI (ode%s that d ive esea !h' :0; a9i%it" (ode%s and :+; (i4ed (ode%s. A9i%it" (ode%s !on!ept*a%ise EI in a si(i%a ?a" to !o&nitive inte%%i&en!e :i.e.) Inte%%i&en!e L*otient 1 IL;. These (ode%s s*&&est that EI sho*%d deve%op ove ti(e) 9e !o e%ated ?ith (eas* es o# IL) and 9e (eas* a9%e ?ith a test 9ased on pe #o (an!e :Cia o!hi) Chan 8 Cap*ti +---B Ma"e ) Sa%ove") 8 Ca *so +--2;. In !ont ast) (i4ed (ode%s o# EI in!o po ate 9oth non1!o&nitive (ode%s :e.&.) Ea On 0FF@; and !o(peten!"19ased (ode%s :e.&.) Go%e(an 0FF,;. These (i4ed (ode%s t"pi!a%%" ove %ap o M(i4N ?ith t aditiona% (ode%s o# pe sona%it" and tend to *ti%ise se%#1 epo ts as thei p i(a " (ode o# assess(ent. I(po tant%") ?hi%e ea!h app oa!h !on!ept*a%ises and (eas* es EI # o( di##e ent pe spe!tives) the app oa!hes the(se%ves appea to !o(p%e(ent athe than !ont adi!t ea!h othe :Cia o!hi) Chan 8 Cap*ti) +---;. Fo e4a(p%e) 9oth (i4ed and a9i%it" 9ased (eas* es o# EI have 9een sho?n to 9e on%" (odest%" e%ated to ea!h othe and to e%ate to i(po tant ! ite ia s*!h as so!ia% s*ppo t) (enta% hea%th) and so!ia% 9ehavio :Cia o!hi) S!ott) Deane) and Heaven) +--3B Ma"e ) Sa%ove" and Ca *so) +--2;. A ! iti!a% D*estion is ?hethe EI is distin&*isha9%e # o( t aditiona% (eas* es o# pe sona%it" and IL. The a9i%it" 9ased (eas* e o# EI has 9een epeated%" sho?n to have in! e(enta% va%*e ove t aditiona% (eas* es :Cia o!hi) Chan) 8 Cap*ti) +---B Cia o!hi) Dean 8 Ande son) +--+B Ma"e in p essB Ma"e ) Sa%ove") Ca *so) 8 Sita enios) +--3B Ma"e ) Sa%ove" 8 Ca *so;. In !ont ast) (i4ed (ode% (eas* es o# EI !o e%ate) so(eti(es st on&%") ?ith (eas* es o# pe sona%it" :Cia o!hi) Chan 8 Cap*ti) +---B Cia o!hi) Chan) Cap*ti) and Ro9e ts) +--0B Ma!Cann) Ro9e ts) Mathe?s) and Oeidne ) +--2B Rosete +--2;. So(e esea !h has sho?n that these (eas* es !an sho? in! e(enta% va%*e ove

pe sona%it" :Cia o!hi) Chan) 8 EaK&a ) +--0B Cia o!hi) S!ott) Deane) 8 Heaven) +--3B Cia o!hi) 8 S!ott) +--,B S!h*tte) Ma%o*##) Ha%%) Ha&&e t") Coope ) Go%den) 8 Do nhein) 0FF@;) ?he eas othe s have sho?n that the" add %itt%e in! e(enta% va%*e :Davies) Stan<ov) 8 Ro9e ts) 0FFG;. O* st*d" so*&ht to esta9%ish the e4tent to ?hi!h (i4ed and a9i%it" 9ased (eas* es o# EI ?e e *se#*% #o p edi!tin& %eade ship e##e!tiveness ove and a9ove t aditiona% pe sona%it" and !o&nitive a9i%it" (eas* es.

Leade ship E##e!tiveness and E(otiona% Inte%%i&en!e Peop%e have theo i>ed that EI !ont i9*tes to peop%eNs !apa!it" to ?o < e##e!tive%" in tea(s) (ana&e st ess) andPo %ead othe s :Ash<anas" 8 T evo 1Ro9e ts) +---B Ma"e ) Sa%ove") 8 Ca *so) +--2B Geo &e) +---B Go%e(an) 0FFGB Go%e(an) Eo"at>is) 8 M!<ee) +--+B P ati) Do*&%as) Fe is) A((ete ) 8 E*!<%e") +--3;. Fo e4a(p%e) %eade s ?ho a e poo at pe !eivin& thei e(otions (a" *n<no?in&%" (iss i(po tant e(otiona% si&na%s # o( thei !o1?o <e s. Si(i%a %") %eade s ?ho a e poo at (ana&in& e(otions (a" a%%o? thei e(otions to inte #e e ?ith e##e!tive a!tion. Fo instan!e) ?hen the" #ee% an4io*s) the" (a" avoid &ivin& an i(po tant spee!h) o ?hen the" #ee% an& ") the" (a" inapp op iate%" %ash o*t at a !o1?o <e . The t ans#o (ationa%Pt ansa!tiona% %eade ship (ode% o# Eass and Avo%io :0FF-; has p ovided the &ene a% # a(e?o < #o (ost o# the esea !h on e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e and %eade ship e##e!tiveness :see #o e4a(p%e) Ea %in&) S%ate 8 Ce%%o?a") +---B Pa%(e ) $a%%s) E* &ess 8 Sto*&h) +--0B Ga dne 8 Sto*&h) +--+;. T ans#o (ationa% %eade s a e seen as those peop%e that a e a9%e to ! eate a vision) !o((*ni!ate this vision) 9*i%d !o((it(ent a(on&st s*9o dinates to the vision) and (ode% the vision ?ithin the ?o <p%a!e. In !ont ast) t ansa!tiona% %eade s a e vie?ed (o e as (ana&e s that (aintain

the stat*s D*o. It is a &*ed that t ans#o (ationa% %eade s a e a9%e to dea% ?ith st ate&i! (atte s (o e e##i!ient%" and in t* n a e a9%e to 9*i%d !o((it(ent in e(p%o"ees) and a e the e#o e (o e %i<e%" to ta<e an o &ani>ation #o ?a d :Eass and Avo%io) 0FF2B M!Shane 8 Von G%ino?) +---;. The avai%a9%e EI1Leade ship esea !h s*ppo ts the h"pothesis that se%#1 epo ted EI is %in<ed to se%#1 epo ted t ans#o (ationa% %eade ship st"%e :Ea %in&) S%ate 8 Ce%%o?a") +---) Pa%(e ) $a%%s) E* &ess 8 Sto*&h) +--0B Ga dne 8 Sto*&h) +--0;. Ea %in&) S%ate and Ce%%o?a" :+---; !ond*!ted an e4p%o ato " st*d" on the e%ationship 9et?een e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e and t ans#o (ationa% %eade ship. Thei es*%ts s*&&est that se%#1 epo ted e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e is asso!iated ?ith th ee aspe!ts o# t ans#o (ationa% %eade ship) na(e%" idea%ised in#%*en!e) inspi ationa% (otivation and individ*a%ised !onside ation. The %eade s ?ho epo t e4hi9itin& these 9ehavio* s ?e e ass*(ed to 9e (o e e##e!tive in the ?o <p%a!e. Pa%(e ) $a%%s) E* &ess and Sto*&h :+--0; ad(iniste ed a se%#1 epo t EI (eas* e to 23 (ana&e s in o de to eva%*ate the %in< 9et?een EI and %eade ship st"%e. The" #o*nd si&ni#i!ant !o e%ations ?ith seve a% !o(ponents o# the t ans#o (ationa% %eade ship (ode%. Spe!i#i!a%%") the inspi ationa%) (otivation and individ*a%ised !onside ation !o(ponents o# t ans#o (ationa% %eade ship !o e%ated ?ith se%#1 epo ted a9i%it" to 9oth (onito and (ana&e e(otions. $hi%e esea !h 9ased on se%#1 epo ted (ana&e ia% st"%e is i(po tant) it does not esta9%ish ?hethe an a9i%it"19ased test o# EI o se%#1 epo t (eas* e o# EI is e%ated to e%ative%" o9Ke!tive :o non1se%#1 epo t; (eas* es o# %eade ship e##e!tiveness s*!h as s*pe viso atin&s o (eas* es o# a!t*a% 9*siness *nit pe #o (an!e. In one e%evant st*d") Lopes) CQtR) G e?a%) Cadis) Ga%% and Sa%ove" :+--3; e4a(ined the %in< 9et?een an a9i%it" (eas* e o# EI and seve a% indi!ato s o# Ko9 pe #o (an!e) in!%*din& sa%a ") (e it

in! eases) and !o(pan" an<. The" a%so assessed inte pe sona% #a!i%itation) a##e!t and attit*des at ?o <) and %eade ship potentia%) *sin& 9oth pee and s*pe viso atin&s in 22 ana%"sts and !%e i!a%Pad(inist ative e(p%o"ees. The #indin&s evea%ed that EI ?as e%ated to the pe !enta&e o# pa" in! ease) inte na% !%assi#i!ation %eve%) and 9ette pee and s*pe viso atin&s. I(po tant%") these es*%ts he%d even a#te !ont o%%in& #o the e##e!ts o# !o&nitive a9i%it" and pe sona%it" t aits. In anothe st*d") Rosete and Cia o!hi :in p ess; !ond*!ted a s(a%% e4p%o ato " st*d" o# the e%ationship 9et?een an a9i%it" (eas* e o# e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e) pe sona%it") !o&nitive inte%%i&en!e and %eade ship e##e!tiveness a(on&st senio e4e!*tives. Leade ship e##e!tiveness ?as assessed *sin& 9oth (ana&e ia% pe #o (an!e atin&s and a 3/assess(ent invo%vin& ea!h %eade Ns s*9o dinates and di e!t (ana&e atin&s. Co e%ationa% ana%"ses evea%ed that hi&he e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e ?as asso!iated ?ith hi&he %eade ship e##e!tiveness In the p esent st*d" ?e so*&ht to ep%i!ate and e4tend past esea !h 9" *ti%isin& a %a &e sa(p%e) and ad(iniste in& 9oth se%#1 epo t and a9i%it" 9ased (eas* es o# EI. $e a%so ad(iniste ed a (eas* e o# pe sona%it" and easonin& a9i%it") to e4a(ine the in! e(enta% va%*e o# the EI (eas* es ove (eas* es that a e !o((on%" *sed in the o &ani>ationa% settin&.

The P esent St*d" and Resea !h L*estions O* p i(a " (eas* es o# %eade ship e##e!tiveness ?i%% 9e 9ased on a st *!t* ed pe #o (an!e (ana&e(ent assess(ent. The st *!t* ed pe #o (an!e (ana&e(ent s"ste( assesses e(p%o"eesN p o& ess to?a ds o &anisationa% &oa%s :Co po ate Leade ship Co*n!i%) +--+;. This s"ste( is seen as a &ood indi!ato o# an individ*a%Ns %eade ship e##e!tiveness :Mana&e(ent Adviso " Co((ittee +--0B Co po ate Leade ship Co*n!i%

+--+B Ho&an) C* ph" 8 Ho&an) 0FF2;. It esta9%ishes ?hethe an individ*a% (eets 9*siness o*t!o(es in s*!h a (anne that the" not on%" a!hieve es*%ts 9*t a%so 9*i%d e##e!tive ?o <in& e%ationships. I(po tant%") the pe #o (an!e (ana&e(ent s"ste( is tied to !on! ete o*t!o(es #o the individ*a%' Leade s ?ho s!o e ?e%% on the s"ste( e!eive %a &e 9on*s pa" in! eases :*p to 0,S o# thei no (a% pa";. This st*d" so*&ht to add ess t?o (aKo esea !h D*estions. Fi st) to ?hat e4tent a e se%#1 epo ted and a9i%it" 9ased (eas* es o# EI e%ated to %eade ship pe #o (an!e= Se!ond) to ?hat e4tent do the EI (eas* es p edi!t va ian!e in %eade ship pe #o (an!e ove and a9ove that a!!o*nted #o 9" t aditiona% pe sona%it" and !o&nitive easonin& (eas* es=

Method Pa ti!ipants The sa(p%e !onsisted o# 0++ e4e!*tives # o( a %a &e A*st a%ian P*9%i! Se vi!e o &anisation. E4e!*tives ?ho did not !o(p%ete the (ain 9atte " o# (eas* es o ?hose pe #o (an!e atin&s ?e e not a!!essi9%e ?e e then e4!%*ded %eavin& a #ina% sa(p%e o# 00@ e4e!*tives :,/ (en) /- ?o(en) 0 *n epo tedB (ean a&e 2-.,2) SD A G.F,;. The #ina% sa(p%e !onsisted o# 9oth assistant di e!to s :n A /2; and di e!to s :n A ,+; ?ith 0 *n epo ted. M*%tiva iate ana%"ses evea%ed that the e ?e e no di##e en!es 9et?een these & o*ps in te (s o# &ende ) a&e) ten* e and D*a%i#i!ations. Pa ti!ipantsN (ean ten* e ?ithin the o &anisation ?as app o4i(ate%" 0, "ea s. The %eve% o# D*a%i#i!ations a(on&st the sa(p%e ?as D*ite i(p essive ?ith app o4i(ate%" 3+S epo ted to have !o(p%eted a (aste s de& ee o hi&he B ++S epo ted to have !o(p%eted a post& ad*ate dip%o(a o !e ti#i!ateB 33S epo ted to have !o(p%eted an *nde & ad*ate de& ee and 2S epo ted to have !o(p%eted so(e #o ( o# asso!iate dip%o(a o !e ti#i!ate.

P o!ed* e Pa ti!ipants ?e e ad(iniste ed a 9atte " o# ps"!ho%o&i!a% tests that assessed pe sona%it") easonin& a9i%it") and EI. In e4!han&e #o thei pa ti!ipation) individ*a%s ?e e p ovided ?ith a !on#identia% #eed9a!< epo t on thei es*%ts on ea!h o# the inst *(ents.

Mate ia%s The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) v 2.0 The MSCEIT v.+.- is an a9i%it" (eas* e o# EI eD*i in& pa ti!ipants to !o(p%ete a set o# tas<s asso!iated ?ith eithe pe !eivin& e(otion) *sin& e(otion) *nde standin& e(otiona% in#o (ation o (ana&in& e(otions :Ma"e ) Sa%ove" 8 Ca *so) +--+;. It !ontains 020 ite(s ?hi!h a e 9 o<en do?n into ei&ht tas<s) ?hi!h a e #* the divided into #o* 9 an!hes o# a9i%ities in!%*din& :a; pe !eivin& e(otion) :9; *sin& e(otion to #a!i%itate tho*&ht) :!; *nde standin& e(otion) and :d; (ana&in& e(otions. The esea !h to date on the MSCEIT has sho?n &ood e%ia9i%it" and p o(isin& va%idit" st*dies a! oss a dive se an&e o# ps"!ho%o&i!a% !onst *!ts :Ma"e ) Ca *so and Sa%ove") +---B Ma"e ) Sa%ove") Ca *so and Sita enios) +--3B Pa%(e ) Gi&na!) Mano!ha and Sto*&h) in p essB Ro9e ts) Oeidne 8 Matthe?s) +--0;.

The Swinburne

niversity Emotional Intelligence Test (S EIT)

Given spa!e %i(itations in o* s* ve") ?e !o*%d not in!%*de eve " se%#1 epo t (eas* e o# e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e that e4ists in the %ite at* e. $e th*s so*&ht a (eas* e that ?as ep esentative o# se%#1 epo t (eas* es in &ene a%. The SUEIT ?as deve%oped a#te an e4tensive #a!to ana%"ti! st*d" invo%vin& #ive o# the p edo(inant (eas* es o# EI :Pa%(e 8 Sto*&h +--0B Pa%(e +--3;. Fo* o# these ?e e !o((on%" *sed se%#1 epo t (eas* es o# EI in!%*din& the Ea 1On E(otiona% L*otient Invento " :Ea 1On) 0FF@;) the T ait Meta1Mood S!a%e :Sa%ove") Ma"e ) Go%d(an 8 Pa%#ai) 0FF,;) the t?ent"1ite( To onto A%e4ith"(ia S!a%e1II :TAS1+-B Ea&9") Ta"%o 8 Pa <e ) 0FF2a)9;) and the E(otiona% Inte%%i&en!e S!a%e :EIS) S!h*tte) Ma%o*##) Ha%%) Ha&&e t") Coope ) Go%den and Do nhein) 0FF@;. In addition to ep esentin& a n*(9e o# !ent a% EI di(ensions) the SUEIT a%so had the advanta&e o# #o!*sin& on EI in the ?o <p%a!e) athe than &ene a% EI.

0-

The SUEIT !onsists o# /, ite(s that as< pa ti!ipants to indi!ate the e4tent to ?hi!h a pa ti!*%a state(ent is t *e o# the ?a" the" t"pi!a%%" thin<) #ee% and a!t at ?o < :on a #ive1 point s!a%e' 0 A neve ) + A se%do() 3 A so(eti(es) 2 A *s*a%%") , A a%?a"s;. The SUEIT epo t p ovides an ove a%% EI s!o e that indi!ates a pa ti!ipantNs &ene a% ?o <p%a!e EI) and #ive s*91s!a%e s!o es in!%*din& :0; e(otiona% e!o&nition and e4p ession :in onese%#; ?hi!h is the Ha9i%it" to identi#" oneNs o?n #ee%in&s and e(otiona% states) and the a9i%it" to e4p ess those inne #ee%in&s to othe sJ :+; e(otions di e!t !o&nition) ?hi!h (eas* e the He4tent to ?hi!h e(otions and e(otiona% <no?%ed&e is in!o po ated in de!ision (a<in& andPo p o9%e( so%vin&J :3; *nde standin& o# e(otions e4te na%) ?hi!h is the Ha9i%it" to identi#" and *nde stand the e(otions o# othe s and those (ani#est in e4te na% sti(*%iJ :2; e(otiona% (ana&e(ent) ?hi!h is the Ha9i%it" to (ana&e positive and ne&ative e(otions 9oth ?ithin onese%# and othe sJ and :,; e(otiona% !ont o%) ?hi!h is Hho? e##e!tive%" e(otiona% states e4pe ien!ed at ?o < s*!h as an&e ) st ess) an4iet" and # *st ation a e !ont o%%edJ :Pa%(e and Sto*&h) +--0) p. ,;. $hi%e a e%ative%" ne? EI (eas* e) the e is & o?in& esea !h to s*ppo t the SUEITNs e%ia9i%it" and p edi!tive va%idit" ?ith %eade ship #a!to s :Pa%(e and Sto*&h) +--0B Pa%(e ) $a%%s) E* &ess and Sto*&h) +--0B Pa%(e ) Ga dne and Sto*&h) +--3B Rosete) +--2;.

Measuring !ersonality via the "#!$ Pa ti!ipants !o(p%eted the ?e%% va%idated Si4teen Pe sona%it" Fa!to :0/PF; D*estionnai e :Conn 8 Rie<e) 0FFG;. The 0/PF ?as !hosen as it is a ?ide%" *sed and e!o&nised pe sona%it" test ?ithin the A*st a%ian P*9%i! Se vi!e ?ith avai%a9i%it" o# A*st a%ian no (s. The tota% s!a%e !ontains 0G, ite(s and 0/ s*9s!a%es ea!h !ontainin& 0- to 0, ite(s.

00

Measuring Cognitive %bility via $actor & 'easoning The 0/PF p i(a " #a!to E e4a(ines ?hat is des! i9ed as Reasonin&. Fa!to E is &ene a%%" *sed as a D*i!< (eas* e o# &ene a% (enta% a9i%it" d*e to its 9 evit" and (ode ate%" hi&h e%ationship ?ith (eas* es o# inte%%i&en!e :Conn 8 Rie<e) 0FGG;. The s!a%e (eas* es th ee a eas o# &ene a% easonin& a9i%it") na(e%" ve 9a%) n*(e i!a%) and %o&i!a% easonin& in a 0,1ite( s!a%e. The s!a%e has an ove a%% !oe##i!ient a%pha o# .G- and has 9een sho?n to !o e%ate ?ith othe &ene a% a9i%it" (eas* es s*!h as the In#o (ation Invento " : A ./0; and the C*%t* e Fai Inte%%i&en!e Test : A .,0;.

Measuring (ea)ershi* E++ectiveness via an %nnual %**raisal The ann*a% app aisa% is a #o (a% #eed9a!< dis!*ssion 9et?een a (ana&e and an e4e!*tive a9o*t ?o < pe #o (an!e. The p* pose o# the ann*a% app aisa% is to evie? an e4e!*tiveNs pe #o (an!e a&ainst thei 9*siness p%ans) so(eti(es e#e ed to as pe #o (an!e and deve%op(ent a& ee(ent :PDA;. The e a e t?o #o!*ses p%a!ed on the ann*a% app aisa%' :0; H$hatJ has 9een a!hieved) and :+; HHo?J has it 9een a!hieved. E4a(p%es o# the ?hat #o!*s in!%*de ?hethe o!!*pationa% hea%th p e(i*(s have 9een de! eased) ?hethe e4te na% !ha te standa ds have 9een (et) ?hethe the spe!i#i! a ea has de%ive ed on <e" &ove n(ent initiatives) o ?hethe ta4 even*e ta &ets have 9een a!hieved. The $hat se!tion is a%?a"s e4p essed in te (s o# 9oth de%ive a9%e and (eas* a9%e ta &ets. The Ho? #o!*s o# the PDA is on ho? %eade ship 9ehavio s ?e e adopted to a!hieve 9*siness o*tp*ts. A si&ni#i!ant pa t o# the Ho? aspe!t is an individ*a%Ns a9i%it" to de(onst ate !o e %eade ship 9ehavio* s as o*t%ined 9" the A*st a%ian P*9%i! Se vi!e Co((ission :APSC; Leade ship Capa9i%it" F a(e?o <. This # a(e?o < has #ive !o e

0+

%eade ship !apa9i%ities' :0; Shapes st ate&i! thin<in& :i.e.) so(eone ?ho inspi es a sense o# p* pose and di e!tionB #o!*ses st ate&i!a%%"B ha nesses in#o (ation and oppo t*nitiesB and sho?s K*d&(ent) inte%%i&en!e and !o((onsense;B :+; A!hieves es*%ts :i.e.) so(eone ?ho 9*i%ds o &anisationa% !apa9i%it" and esponsivenessB (a sha%s p o#essiona% e4pe tiseB ens* es !%os* e and de%ive s on intended es*%tsB and stee s and i(p%e(ents !han&es and dea%s ?ith *n!e taint";B :3; C*%tivates p od*!tive ?o <in& e%ationships :i.e.) so(eone ?ho n* t* es inte na% and e4te na% e%ationshipsB va%*es individ*a% di##e en!es and dive sit"B &*ides) (ento s and deve%ops peop%eB and #a!i%itates !o1ope ation and pa tne ships;B :2; Co((*ni!ates ?ith in#%*en!e :i.e.) so(eone ?ho !o((*ni!ates !%ea %"B %istens) *nde stands and adapts to an a*dien!eB and ne&otiates pe s*asive%"; and :,; E4e(p%i#ies pe sona% d ive and inte& it" :i.e.) so(eone ?ho en&a&es ?ith is< and sho?s pe sona% !o* a&eB !o((its to a!tionB disp%a"s esi%ien!eB and de(onst ates se%#1a?a eness and a !o((it(ent to pe sona% deve%op(ent;. Eoth the $hat and Ho? a e initia%%" ated on a #ive point s!a%e :0 to ,; 9" the pa ti!ipantsN di e!t (ana&e . The (eanin& o# the #ive atin&s a e'1 :,; E,ce*tional 1 Pe #o (an!e ?e%% 9e"ond e4pe!tations) 9 ea<in& ne? & o*nd) p od*!in& o*t!o(es o# !onside a9%e va%*e to the o &anisation) o#ten D*ite *nanti!ipatedB :2; Su*erior 1 A!hieve(ent has 9een !onsistent%" hi&h on the an&e o# indi!ato s) 9ehavio* s) !apa9i%ities and an" %eade ship o%e th o*&ho*t the #inan!ia% "ea B :3; $ully E++ective 1 Good and (e ito io*s a!hieve(ent. Has a!hieved standa d as detai%ed in pe #o (an!e a& ee(ent #o 9oth 9*siness o*tp*ts and 9ehavio* sB :+; &or)erline !er+ormance 1 has s%ipped 9e%o? standa d as detai%ed in pe #o (an!e a& ee(ent #o eithe 9*siness o*tp*ts and o 9ehavio* sB and :0; standa d. nsatis+actory 1 Contin*ed #ai%* e to a!hieve e4pe!ted

03

An i(po tant inte& it" aspe!t o# the app aisa% p o!ess is the #a!t that the $hat and Ho? atin&s &o th o*&h a se ies o# !he!<s 9e#o e the" a e #ina%i>ed. An individ*a% e4e!*tive ?i%% #i st !o%%ate eviden!e a9o*t his o he pe #o (an!e) ?hi!h is #* the s*pp%e(ented 9" the e4e!*tiveNs di e!t (ana&e ?ho a%so !o%%ates eviden!e on thei pe #o (an!e. The ai( o# this is to identi#" i# spe!i#i! 9*siness ta &ets have 9een (et. D* in& the app aisa% dis!*ssion) 9oth the e4e!*tive and di e!t (ana&e ?i%% evie? 9*siness o9Ke!tives and o*t!o(es) evie? the e4e!*tiveNs 9ehavio a&ainst the %eade ship # a(e?o < and a& ee on inte i( atin&s #o 9oth the $hat and Ho? !o(ponents. The inte i( atin&s a e then (ode ated 9" a thi d pa t" !o((ittee) and &ene a%%") individ*a%s disp%a"in& s*pe io o e4!eptiona% pe #o (an!es a e hi&h%" s! *tini>ed 9" 9oth depa t(ent and !o po ate ass* an!e p o!esses. The i(po tan!e o# the !o po ate ass* an!e p o!ess 9e!o(es pa ti!*%a %" evident ?hen one !onside s that e4e!*tive di e!to s a e entit%ed to pe #o (an!e pa" sho*%d thei individ*a% pe #o (an!e atin&s ea!h a !e tain %eve%. The hi&he the pe #o (an!e atin&s) the hi&he the pe #o (an!e 9ased pa" the" a e entit%ed to e!eive. Consistent ?ith the va%idit" o# this atin& p o!ed* e) the $hat and Ho? atin&s have 9een sho?n to !o e%ate si&ni#i!ant%" ?ith inte na% pee 3/- pe #o (an!e atin&s) A .,+ :Rosete +--2;. In addition) past esea !h has s*ppo ted the va%idit" o# this so t o# atin& s"ste( :M!Evo" and Eeatt") 0FGFB Ho&an) C* ph" and Ho&an) 0FF2B Mana&e(ent Adviso " Co((ittee +--0B Co po ate Leade ship Co*n!i%) +--+;. Fo e4a(p%e) M!Evo" and Eeatt" :0FGF; e4a(ined the p edi!tive va%idit" o# pe #o (an!e eva%*ations !o(pa ed to assess(ent !ente atin&s and !on!%*ded that pe #o (an!e atin&s ?e e as e##e!tive as assess(ent !ente data in #o e!astin& pe #o (an!e seven "ea s %ate .

Res*%ts

02

Des! iptive Statisti!s and Inte na% Re%ia9i%ities The S EIT The (eans) standa d deviations) and inte na% e%ia9i%ities o# the SUEIT s*9s!a%es ?e e :0; e(otiona% e!o&nition and e4p ession :in onese%#; :M A 3@.F3B SD A /.0FB A .@2;B :+; e(otions di e!t !o&nition :M A 3+.2+B SD A /.33B A .@G;B :3; *nde standin& o# e(otions e4te na% :M A @2.G/B SD A G.G3B A ./F;B :2; e(otiona% (ana&e(ent :M A 20.0,B SD A ,.G+B A .@3;B and :,; e(otiona% !ont o% :M A 3+.2GB SD A 2.3/B A .@/;. The sa(p%e (ean #o the ove a%% SUEIT EI ?as +0G.G3 :SD A ++.+G;. These es*%ts a e si(i%a to the no (ative sa(p%e :M A ++/.@,B SD A 0@.+,; as epo ted #o the ?o <p%a!e SUEIT :Pa%(e and Sto*&h) +--0;. In #o* o# the #ive s*91s!a%es) and #o the ove a%% SUEIT EI s!o e) the (ean pe !enti%e s!o es #e%% ?ithin the ave a&e an&e) ?he eas the E(otions Di e!t Co&nition :EDC; s*9s!a%e #e%% ?ithin the %o? an&e. The EDC es*%ts indi!ate that &ene a%%") e4e!*tives ?ithin this o &ani>ation (a" tend to e4hi9it a ve " ana%"ti!a% o te!hni!a%%" o iented de!ision1(a<in& st"%e ?he e de!isions at ?o < a e p edo(inant%" (ade on #a!ts and te!hni!a% in#o (ation :Pa%(e and Sto*&h +--0;. F* the !oe##i!ient a%pha ana%"sis ?as !a ied o*t on the inte !o e%ations a(on& the #ive s*91s!a%es and tota% SUEIT EI s!o e. The si>es o# these !o e%ations a e &ene a%%" hi&he than that epo ted #o the ?o <p%a!e SUEIT :Pa%(e and Sto*&h) +--0;. In pa ti!*%a ) the e is a s*9stantia% !o e%ation 9et?een the Unde standin& o# E(otions E4te na% and E(otiona% Mana&e(ent : A ./-; s!a%es s*&&estin& that the s*9s!a%es sha e app o4i(ate%" 3/S o# the va ian!e in this data set. The hi&hest inte !o e%ation ?as #o*nd 9et?een E(otiona% Cont o% and E(otiona% Mana&e(ent : A .@-; s*&&estin& that these s!a%es sha e app o4i(ate%" 2FS o# the va ian!e in this data set.

0,

The MSCEIT The (eans) standa d deviations) and e%ia9i%ities o# ea!h o# the s*9s!a%es is as #o%%o?s :0; pe !eivin& e(otion :M A .,0B A .@/;) :+; *sin& e(otion to #a!i%itate tho*&ht :M A .2FB A .@-;) :3; *nde standin& e(otion :M A .,,B A .@G;) and :2; (ana&in& e(otions :M A .20B A .@,;. Ove a%%) the a? MSCEIT sa(p%e (ean o# .2F :SD A .-,; s!o ed si(i%a %" to the &ene a% s!o in& no (ative sa(p%e :M A .,0B SD A .-/; as epo ted #o the MSCEIT *se Ns (an*a% :Ma"e ) et a%) +--+;. In a%% #o* o# the 9 an!h %eve% s!o es and #o the ove a%% EI s!o e) the (ean s!o es #e%% ?ithin the ave a&e an&e. F* the !o e%ationa% ana%"ses ?e e !a ied o*t on the #o* 9 an!h %eve%s and tota% MSCEIT EI s!o e. Pe !eivin& e(otion ?as !o e%ated ?ith *nde standin& e(otion A .2G) *nde standin& e(otions A .0/ and (ana&in& e(otion A .+/. Usin& e(otion ?ith !o e%ated ?ith *nde standin& e(otion A .0F) and (ana&in& e(otion A .32. Fina%%") *nde standin& e(otion ?as !o e%ated ?ith (ana&in& e(otion A .3G. The si>es o# these !o e%ations a e &ene a%%" %o?e than that epo ted in the *se Ns (an*a% :Ma"e ) et a%) +--+;.

!ersonality - Cognitive %bility

0/

The Si4teen Pe sona%it" Fa!to :0/PF; is a !o(p ehensive (*%ti1di(ensiona% (eas* e o# pe sona%it" 9ased on e4tensive #a!to ana%"ti! esea !h. It is !o(p ised o# si4teen p i(a " pe sona%it" #a!to s!a%es and #ive se!onda " o &%o9a% 9ipo%a #a!to s. These in!%*de int ove sion ve s*s e4t ove sion :M A 2.+) S.D. A +.32;) %o? ve s*s hi&h an4iet" :M A ,.F2) S.D. A 0.F+;) to*&h1(indedness ve s*s e!eptivit" :M A ,.--) S.D. A +.-+;) independen!e ve s*s a!!o((odation :M A 2.G,) S.D. A 0.F3;) and %o? ve s*s hi&h se%#1!ont o% :M A 2.20) S.D. A 0.,2;. The #ive &%o9a% #a!to s a e !o(pa a9%e to the HEi& FiveJ di(ensions o# pe sona%it" :Conn 8 Rie<e) 0FFG;. Fo 9oth the p i(a " s!a%es and &%o9a% #a!to s) (ean s!o es 9et?een 2 and / indi!ate no (a% ave a&e an&e o# #*n!tionin&. Ove a%%) es*%ts #o the si4teen p i(a " s!a%es tended to 9e 9et?een 2 and / ?ith (ini(*( and (a4i(*( s!o es &ene a%%" 9ein& 9et?een 0 and 0-. These es*%ts indi!ate that the sa(p%e ?as app o4i(ate%" no (a%) ?ith p opo tiona% n*(9e s o# e4e!*tives e4hi9itin& the 9 eadth o# pe sona%it" di(ensions one ?o*%d 9e e4pe!ted in an" no (a% pop*%ation. The e4!eption ?as the Reasonin& s!a%e ?hi!h had a (ean o# @., :SD A 0.,;. The e%ative%" hi&h (ean in this st*d" s*&&ests that as a & o*p) the pa ti!ipants a e &ene a%%" (o e inte%%i&ent) 9 i&hte ) and have hi&he &ene a% (enta% !apa!it" than the no (a% pop*%ation) ope atin& at the G2 pe !enti%e.

Co e%ationa% Ana%"ses (ea)ershi* E++ectiveness Pea son !o e%ation !oe##i!ients ?e e *sed to e4a(ine an" e%ationship that (a" e4ist 9et?een the SUEIT EI (eas* e and %eade ship e##e!tiveness as (eas* ed th o*&h the pe #o (an!e (ana&e(ent atin&s. No si&ni#i!ant !o e%ations ?e e #o*nd 9et?een tota% SUEIT EI s!o es and an" o# the pe #o (an!e (ana&e(ent (eas* es. As !an 9e seen in

0@

Ta9%e 0) on%" the s*919 an!h #a!to s o# e(otiona% (ana&e(ent and e(otiona% !ont o% !o e%ated si&ni#i!ant%" ?ith one aspe!t o# the pe #o (an!e atin&) na(e%" the ho? atin&. In !ont ast) the tota% EI s!o e o# the MSCEIT !o e%ated ?ith 9oth ?hat and ho? atin&s :see Ta9%e 0;) indi!atin& that hi&he a9i%it" EI ?as asso!iated ?ith 9ette pe #o (an!e. In addition) Ta9%e 0 i%%*st ates that a%% o# the EI s*9s!a%es !o e%ated ?ith ho? pe #o (an!e atin&s) and t?o s*9s!a%es) pe !eivin& and (ana&in& e(otions !o e%ated ?ith ?hat pe #o (an!e atin&s. Pea son !o e%ation !oe##i!ients ?e e a%so *sed to e4a(ine e%ationships 9et?een pe sona%it" #a!to s) easonin& and %eade ship e##e!tiveness as (eas* ed th o*&h the pe #o (an!e (ana&e(ent atin&s. The e ?e e no si&ni#i!ant !o e%ations 9et?een the #ive &%o9a% #a!to s and easonin& ?ith pe #o (an!e atin&s. At the p i(a " #a!to s*9s!a%es the e ?e e so(e !o e%ations. In pa ti!*%a ) %o? %eve%s o# vi&i%an!e) hi&h %eve%s o# a9st a!tedness) %o? %eve%s o# p ivateness) and hi&h %eve%s o# openness to !han&e ?ith hi&he ?hat pe #o (an!e atin&s. Lo? %eve%s o# vi&i%an!e ?e e a%so asso!iate ?ith hi&h ho? pe #o (an!e atin&s.

Insert Table 1 about here

EI. !ersonality an) 'easoning %bility $e ne4t investi&ated the e4tent that the se%#1 epo t and a9i%it" 9ased EI (eas* es ?e e distin!tive # o( pe sona%it" and easonin& a9i%it". Con!e nin& se%#1 epo ted EI :the SUEIT;) ta9%e + sho?s (ode ate to st on& !o e%ations 9et?een a%% 9*t one o# the s!a%es. Fo the MSCEIT EI (eas* e) ?ea< to (ode ate !o e%ations ?e e #o*nd 9et?een tota% EI s!o e and an4iet". The se%#1 epo t (eas* e o# EI appea s to 9e (o e hi&h%" !o e%ated ?ith pe sona%it" than the a9i%it" (eas* e. In !ont ast) easonin& see(s to 9e (o e hi&h%"

0G

!o e%ated ?ith the MSCEIT *nde standin& e(otion s*9s!a%e than it is ?ith the othe s!a%es.

Insert Table 2 about here

$e !a ied o*t a se ies o# hie a !hi!a% e& ession ana%"ses in o de to dete (ine i# a9i%it" and se%# epo t (eas* es o# e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e e%ated to pe #o (an!e a#te !ont o%%in& #o pe sona%it" and easonin& a9i%it". Reasonin& a9i%it" ?as ente ed in Step 0) the #ive &%o9a% pe sona%it" #a!to s on Step + and eithe a9i%it" EI o se%#1 epo ted EI ?e e ente ed in step 3. The es*%ts o# the #i st e& ession ana%"sis ?ith the $hat atin&s sho?ed that neithe easonin& a9i%it" :Step 0) A .-0) R+!han&e A .--) FChan&e A .--;) the #ive &%o9a% pe sona%it" #a!to s o# the 0/PF :Step +) A .+F :R+!han&e A .-G) FChan&e A 0.GF;) o the se%#1 epo t (eas* e o# EI :Step 3) A .30 :R+!han&e A .--) FChan&e A .-0;) had a si&ni#i!ant e##e!t. In !ont ast) the a9i%it" (eas* e o# EI p od*!ed si&ni#i!ant i(p ove(ent in the (ode% :step 3) .3@) R+!han&e A .-,) FChan&e A /.++; a!!o*ntin& #o app o4i(ate%" ,S o# the va ian!e in the $hat pe spe!tive o# the pe #o (an!e (ana&e(ent s"ste(. The a9i%it" (eas* e o# EI th*s e%ated to va ian!e ove and a9ove that invo%vin& easonin& and pe sona%it". The Ho? atin& ana%"ses p od*!ed si(i%a es*%ts. Essentia%%") the se%#1 epo ted EI (eas* e did not p edi!t va ian!e ove and a9ove pe sona%it" and easonin&) p 7 .+. In !ont ast) the a9i%it" (eas* e o# EI si&ni#i!ant%" i(p oved the #it o# the (ode% :Step 39) A ,3) R+!han&e A.++) FChan&e A 30.FF;. Th*s) the a9i%it" (eas* e o# EI ?as a9%e to e4p%ain an additiona% ++S o# the va ian!e a9ove 9oth easonin& a9i%it" and pe sona%it" !ha a!te isti!s. In addition to !ont o%%in& #o the &%o9a% di(ensions o# pe sona%it" :i.e.) the Ei& Five;) ?e !ond*!ted ana%"ses that !ont o%%ed #o the individ*a% pe sona%it" s*9s!a%es :see Ta9%e

0F

0;. $e #o!*sed on the s*9s!a%es o# EI that had 9een identi#ied as si&ni#i!ant. Hie a !hi!a% e& ession ana%"sis ?as !ond*!ted #o the $hat pe #o (an!e atin& ?ith easonin& a9i%it" at Step 0) the si&ni#i!ant 0/PF p i(a " #a!to s at Step + and an" si&ni#i!ant EI (eas* e at the 9 an!h %eve% at Step 3. No si&ni#i!ant se%#1 epo t EI e##e!ts ?e e #o*nd at step 3) s*&&estin& these (eas* es do not add in! e(enta% va%*e ove and a9ove pe sona%it" and easonin&. In !ont ast) ?e #o*nd that even ?hen !ont o%%in& #o easonin& in step 0 and the #o* si&ni#i!ant 0/PF s*9s!a%es in step + :see Ta9%e 0;) the MSCEIT s*9s!a%es :pe !eivin& A .+/) p 5 .-0 and (ana&in& e(otions A .-G) p 7 .2; si&ni#i!ant%" i(p oved the #it o# the (ode% :Step 3) A .2/) R+!han&e A .-G) FChan&e A ,.0-; and a!!o*nted #o GS o# the va ian!e. Fina%%") ?e an hie a !hi!a% e& essions that #o!*sed on the Ho? atin&s) and a&ain #o*nd that the se%#1 epo ted EI (eas* es did not !ont i9*te si&ni#i!ant%" to the (ode% at Step 3. In !ont ast) the a9i%it" 9ased (ode% :pe !eivin& e(otion) A .2-) p 5 .-0) *sin& e(otion A .-/) p 7 .,) *nde standin& e(otion A .+-) p 5 .-,) and (ana&in& e(otion A . -,) p 7 ./; !ont i9*ted si&ni#i!ant%" :Step 3) A .,2) R+!han&e A .3-) FChan&e A F.,+;) indi!atin& that it p edi!ted 3-S o# the va ian!e in the Ho? va ian!e even a#te !ont o%%in& #o easonin& and pe sona%it".

Dis!*ssion The #indin&s s*&&est that the e4e!*tives ?ho a!hieve the 9est 9*siness o*t!o(es a e the ones ?ho 0; s!o e hi&he on an EI a9i%it" test) +; (ani#est !e tain pe sona%it" !ha a!te isti!s :e.&.) hi&h openness) %o? vi&i%an!e and p ivateness;) and 3; have hi&he se%#1 epo ted a9i%it" to (ana&e e(otions. I(po tant%") the a9i%it" (eas* e o# e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e ?as a9%e to p edi!t e##e!tive %eade ship ove and a9ove a% ead" ?e%% esta9%ished ?o <p%a!e (eas* es s*!h as easonin& a9i%it" and pe sona%it". In !ont ast)

+-

se%#1 epo ted (eas* es o# e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e had %itt%e to o##e ove and a9ove ?e%%1 esta9%ished (eas* es o# pe sona%it" and easonin&. These es*%ts (a" have i(po tant i(p%i!ations on ho? ?e en&a&e in pe #o (an!e (ana&e(ent) and se%e!t and deve%op e4e!*tives.

Sel+-re*orte) EI an) *ersonality The SUEITNs e(otiona% !ont o% and e(otion (ana&e(ent s*9s!a%e ?as e%ated to hi&he Ho? atin&s) e4p%ainin& 9et?een 3 to , S o# the va ian!e. Pe sona%it" a%so e4p%ained app o4i(ate%" 3 to /S o# the va ian!e. Spe!i#i!a%%") the (ost e##e!tive e4e!*tives ?e e those ?ho sho?ed %o? %eve%s o# vi&i%an!e and p ivateness) and hi&h %eve%s in a9st a!tness and openness to !han&e. The SUIET tended to !o e%ate (ode ate%" ?ith pe sona%it") espe!ia%%" ?ith e4t ave sion) an4iet" and independen!e. I(po tant%") the SUEIT #ai%ed to p edi!t %eade ship e##e!tiveness ove and a9ove pe sona%it". These es*%ts a e !onsistent ?ith eviden!e that s*&&ests se%#1 epo t (eas* es o# EI ove %ap ?ith ?e%%1esta9%ished pe sona%it" t aits o 9ehavio s :Cia o!hi) Chan 8 Cap*ti) +---B Cia o!hi) Chan) Cap*ti) and Ro9e ts) +--0B Ma!Cann) Ro9e ts) Mathe?s) and Oeidne ) +--2;. On a p a!ti!a% %eve%) these es*%ts s*&&est that se%#1 epo t EI (a" not add in! e(enta% va%*e ove pe sona%it" in p edi!tin& %eade ship s*!!ess. Th*s) the e appea s to 9e %itt%e e(pi i!a% K*sti#i!ation) to date) #o the *se o# se%#1 epo t EI (eas* es #o the se%e!tion o# e4e!*tives :Meidne ) Matthe? 8 Ro9e ts) +--2B Land") +--,;. One (aKo di##i!*%t" ?ith the ove %ap 9et?een se%#1 epo ted EI and pe sona%it" is that one !an a%?a"s D*estion ?hethe a es*%t invo%vin& se%#1 epo ted EI is ea%%" K*st a ep%i!ation o# a p evio*s es*%t *sin& a si(i%a pe sona%it" (eas* e. Fo e4a(p%e) esea !h has !%ea %" de(onst ated a %in< 9et?een se%#1estee( and (enta% hea%th :Cia o!hi) S!ott)

+0

Deane 8 Heaven) +--3;. Th*s i# an EI (eas* e !o e%ates s*9stantia%%" ?ith se%#1estee( and (enta% hea%th) is the EI test (eas* in& so(ethin& ne?) o is it ep%i!atin& p evio*s se%#1estee( e##e!ts= O* #indin&s do not i(p%") ho?eve ) that se%#1 epo t EI (eas* es have no p a!ti!a% *se. Eoth se%#1 epo t EI and pe sona%it" e4p%ained the sa(e %eve% o# va ian!e in %eade ship s*!!ess :a9o*t 2S;. Th*s) it (a" 9e that in so(e instan!es one (i&ht *se the se%#1 epo t EI (eas* e instead o# a pe sona%it" (eas* e. Spe!i#i!a%%") one (i&ht *se the EI (eas* e 9e!a*se it p ovides (o e H*sea9%eJ #eed9a!< to (ana&e s than pe sona%it" (eas* es. Fo e4a(p%e) it (i&ht 9e (o e inst *!tive to p ovide (ana&e s #eed9a!< on e(otion (ana&e(ent s<i%% :# o( the se%#1 epo t EI (eas* e; than on thei %eve% o# p ivateness :# o( the pe sona%it" (eas* e;. F*t* e esea !h is needed to eva%*ate ?hethe se%#1 epo t EI does have so(e added p a!ti!a% va%*e ove pe sona%it" (eas* es. Fo e4a(p%e) do %eade s i(p ove thei pe #o (an!e (o e ?hen p ovided ?ith EI #eed9a!< !o(pa ed to ?hen the" a e p ovided ?ith pe sona%it" #eed9a!<= A e se%#1 epo t EI (eas* es (o e *se#*% #o &*idin& inte vention p o& a(s=

%bility base) measures o+ EI - 'easoning $e #o*nd that the e4e!*tive ?e e on ave a&e in the top G2 pe !enti%e in te (s o# !o&nitive inte%%i&en!e. Va iations at this %eve% did not p edi!t pe #o (an!e. Pe haps on!e peop%e o9tain a !e tain %eve% o# !o&nitive inte%%i&en!e) havin& hi&he inte%%i&en!e (a<es %itt%e di##e en!e :Ste n9e & 8 V oo() +--+;. In !ont ast) a9i%it"19ased EI de(onst ated a st on& e%ationship ?ith Ko9 pe #o (an!e. An ana%"sis o# the individ*a% s*9s!a%es evea%ed that the (ost i(po tant s!a%es ?e e pe !eivin& e(otions and (ana&in& e(otions. These s!a%es e%ated to the e4tent that

++

e4e!*tives a!hieved 9*siness o*t!o(es) o the $hat o# pe #o (an!e. In e%ation to the Ho? o# pe #o (an!e) the !apa!it" to pe !eive e(otion) *se e(otions) *nde stand e(otion and (ana&e e(otion a%% e%ated to ho? e##e!tive%" an e4e!*tive a!hieved thei 9*siness o*t!o(es. Geo &e :+---; s*&&ests that %eade ship invo%ves the deve%op(ent o# a !o%%e!tive sense o# &oa%s) insti%%in& in othe s 9oth <no?%ed&e and app e!iation o# !e tain ?o < a!tivities) and &ene atin& a sense o# e4!ite(ent) !on#iden!e) and t *st. One !o*%d a &*e that these e%e(ents a%% eD*i e a %eade to *se thei e(otions to enhan!e ho? the" !o((*ni!ate to s*9o dinates) ?hi!h in t* n ?o*%d assist the( to e##e!tive%" !a " o*t the o%e o# a %eade . Not s* p isin&%") ?e #ind a%% #o* e%e(ents a e ! iti!a% in ena9%in& a %eade to (eet 9*siness o*t!o(es. The a9i%it" to pe !eive e(otions p ovides an a?a eness o# e(otions and the a9i%it" to a!!* ate%" ead othe s e(otions) espe!ia%%" s*9o dinates. Usin& e(otions p ovides a (eans to &ene ate ideas ?ithin a tea(. Unde standin& e(otions o##e s insi&hts into ?hat (otivates peop%e and othe sN points o# vie?. Fina%%") (ana&in& e(otions (a" a%%o? a %eade to sta" open to thei e(otions) e4t a!t va%*a9%e in#o (ation) and *se the( !onst *!tive%" to enhan!e tea( and individ*a% pe #o (an!e :Ca *so 8 Sa%ove") +--2;. A%% #o* e%e(ents (a" enhan!e a %eade Ns a9i%it" to !o((*ni!ate. O# pa ti!*%a inte est ?as the 9 an!h o# pe !eivin& e(otion ?hi!h in 9oth the $hat and Ho? atin& had the hi&hest e##e!t si>es. A %eade ?ho is s<i%%ed in pe !eivin& e(otion ?o*%d 9e des! i9ed as so(eone ?ho <no?s ?hat peop%e #ee%) eads peop%e a!!* ate%") is &ood at e!o&nisin& thei o?n #ee%in&s and !an e4p ess thei #ee%in&s app op iate%" :Ca *so 8 Sa%ove") +--2;. These s<i%%s a e pa ti!*%a %" i(po tant as it a%%o?s a %eade to a!!* ate%" !apt* e i(po tant so!ia% data a o*nd the() in pa ti!*%a the a9i%it" to ead 9et?een the %ines.

+3

It is i(po tant to p*t the e##e!t si>es ?e o9tained he e in !onte4t. O* e##e!t si>e #o a9i%it" EI ?as in the o de o# .+/ #o the $hat o*t!o(es and .,- #o the Ho? o*t!o(es. This e##e!t %eve% is !onside ed to 9e %a &e 9" (an" evie?s :Ea i!< 8 Mo*nt) 0FF0B S!h(idt 8 H*nte ) 0FFG;. Fo e4a(p%e) esea !h has !onsistent%" sho?n that pe sona%it" t aits s*!h as !ons!ientio*sness a e e%ate to (ost Ko9 pe #o (an!e ! ite ia and t"pi!a%%" have an e##e!t si>e in the o de o# .+ :Ea i!< 8 Mo*nt) 0FF0;. S!h(idt and H*nte :0FFG; have a%so sho?n that in ana%">in& G, "ea s o# esea !h in pe sonne% se%e!tion that Gene a% Menta% A9i%it" :GMA; tests have one o# the hi&hest e##e!t si>es at .,0. The p esent es*%ts have potentia% i(p%i!ations #o ho? ?e (ana&e pe #o (an!e) se%e!tion and deve%op(ent o# e4e!*tives. In te (s o# pe #o (an!e (ana&e(ent) it is i(po tant #o an e4e!*tive to 9oth de%ive o*tp*ts :$hat pe #o (an!e;) and a%so dea% e##e!tive%" ?ith !o%%ea&*es and sta## :the Ho? o# pe #o (an!e 1 MAC +--0;. It (a" 9e !o((on #o te!hni!a% %eade s to have $hat 9*t not Ho? s<i%%s. Fo e4a(p%e) a te!hni!a% spe!ia%ist (a" pe #o ( !o(p%e4 tas<s tena!io*s%" and (ana&e to p od*!e 9*siness o*tp*ts) 9*t (a" 9e ine##e!tive at (ana&in& his o he s*9o dinates) %eadin& to iss*es o# sta## t* nove and *nde pe #o (an!e. The es*%ts o# this st*d" sho? that e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e (a" 9e *se#*% in identi#"in& ?ho is and is not %i<e%" to dea% e##e!tive%" ?ith !o%%ea&*es and sta##. F* the (o e) the" a%so sho? ?hi!h %eade s a e %i<e%" to a!hieve 9*siness o*t!o(es. O &ani>ations ?ho ?ish to (a4i(i>e thei a9i%it" to (eet 9*siness o*t!o(es the e#o e have the !hoi!e to eithe e! *it #o these a9i%ities o #* the deve%op these a9i%ities in thei top e4e!*tives. In !on!%*sion) these es*%ts (a<e si&ni#i!ant !ont i9*tions to the st*d" o# e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e in a ?o < settin&) 9*t %eave a n*(9e o# i(po tant D*estions *nans?e ed. Fi st) esea !h is needed to eva%*ate ?h" EI is e%ated to pe #o (an!e. Does it e%ate to inte pe sona% e##e!tiveness on the Ko9) as ?e s*&&ested a9ove= O does it e%ate to othe

+2

aspe!ts o# (ana&e(ent) s*!h as inspi in& enth*sias() o (ana&in& st ess#*% Ko9s= Se!ond) &iven the !o e%ationa% nat* e o# the p esent st*d") esea !h is needed to eva%*ate ?hethe EI p edi!ts #*t* e pe #o (an!e) o (e e%" !o1o!!* s ?ith pe #o (an!e. Thi d) esea !h is needed to e4a(ine ?hethe these es*%ts &ene a%i>e a! oss di##e ent o!!*pationa% settin&s= Is EI (o e i(po tant in inte pe sona% settin&s) !o(pa ed to settin&s that eD*i e %itt%e int ape sona% !onta!t :e.&.) so(e in#o (ation te!hno%o&" Ko9s;= Re&a d%ess o# the ans?e s to these and (an" "et *nans?e ed D*estions) this st*d" s*&&ests that a9i%it" 9ased (eas* es o# EI have inte estin& app%i!ations ?ithin an app%ied settin&.

+,

References Ash<anas") N. M.) E. T evo 1Ro9e ts) et a%. :+---;. Leade ship att i9*tes and !*%t* a% va%*es in A*st a%ia and Ne? Oea%and !o(pa ed' An initia% epo t 9ased on &%o9e data. International /ournal o+ 0rganisational &ehaviour 2(1)' 3@122. Ea&9") R. M.) G. J. Ta"%o .) J. D. A. Pa<e ) :0FF2 a;. The t?ent"1te( to onto a%e4ith"(ia s!a%e1I. Ite( se%e!tion and ! oss1va%idation o# the #a!to st *!t* e. /ournal o+ !sychosomatic 'esearch 12(")' +313+. Ea&9") R. M.) G. J. Ta"%o .) J. D. A. Pa<e ) :0FF2 9;. The t?ent"1ite( to onto a%e4ith"(ia s!a%e1II. Conve &ent) dis! i(inant) and !on!* ent va%idit". /ournal o+ !sychosomatic 'esearch 12(")' 3312-. Ea %in&) J.) S%ate ) F. and Ce%%o?a" E.C. :+---;) T ans#o (ationa% %eade ship and e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e' an e4p%o ato " st*d") (ea)ershi* - 0rgani3ation 4evelo*ment /ournal. +0:3;) pp. 0,@10/0. Ea 1On) R. :0FF@;) &ar-0n Emotional 5uotient Inventory6 ser7s Manual) M*%ti1Hea%th S"ste(s) Ne? To <) NT. Ea i!<) M. R. and M. C. Mo*nt :0FF0;. The Ei& Five pe sona%it" di(ensions and Ko9 pe #o (an!e' A (eta1ana%"sis. !ersonnel !sychology 88(")' 01+/. Eass) E.M. and Avo%io) E.J. :0FF-;) Trans+ormational (ea)ershi* 4evelo*ment6 Manual +or the Multi+actor (ea)ershi* 5uestionnaire) Cons*%tin& Ps"!ho%o&ist P ess) Pa%o A%to) CA. Eass) E.M. and Avo%io) E.J. :0FF2;) Im*roving 0rgani3ational E++ectiveness through Trans+ormational (ea)ershi*) Sa&e P*9%i!ations) Tho*sand Oa<s) CA. Ca *so) D. R. and P. Sa%ove" :+--2;. The E(otiona%%" Inte%%i&ent Mana&e . San F an!is!o) Josse"1Eass. Cia o!hi) J.V.) Chan) A.T.C. and Cap*ti P. :+---;) A ! iti!a% eva%*ation o# the e(otiona%

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inte%%i&en!e !onst *!t) !ersonality an) In)ivi)ual )i++erences +G) pp. ,3F1,/0. Cia o!hi) J.V.) Chan) A.T.C.) Cap*ti P. and Ro9e ts) R. :+--0;) Meas* in& E(otiona% Inte%%i&en!e. In Cia o!hi) Fo &as and Ma"e :Eds;) Emotional Intelligence in Every)ay (i+e6 % Scienti+ic In9uiry) Ps"!ho%o&" P ess) Phi%ade%pha) USA. Cia o!hi) J.) Chan) A. T.) 8 EaK&a ) J. :+--0;. Meas* in& e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e in ado%es!ents. !ersonality - In)ivi)ual 4i++erences. 1":@;) 00-,1000F. Cia o!hi) J.) 8 S!ott) G. :+--,;. Social an) Emotional com*etence an) well-being6 a longitu)inal stu)y. s*9(itted #o p*9%i!ation. Cia o!hi) J.) Dean) F. P.) 8 Ande son) S. :+--+;. E(otiona% inte%%i&en!e (ode ates the e%ationship 9et?een st ess and (enta% hea%th. !ersonality - In)ivi)ual 4i++erences. 12:+;) 0F@1+-F; Cia o!hi) J.) S!ott) G.) Deane) F.P.) and Heaven) C.L. :+--3;) Re%ations 9et?een so!ia% and e(otiona% !o(peten!e and (enta% hea%th' a !onst *!t va%idation st*d") !ersonality an) In)ivi)ual 4i++erences) 3,) pp) 0F2@10F/3. Con) S.R.) and Rie<e) M.L. :0FFG;) The "#!$ $i+th E)ition Technical Manual) Instit*te #o Pe sona%it" and A9i%it" Testin&) In!) Cha(pai&n) I%%inos. Co po ate Leade ship Co*n!i% :+--+;. Closing the !er+ormance :a*6 4riving &usiness 'esults Through !er+ormance Management. Co po ate E4e!*tive Eoa d) $ashin&ton. Davies) M.) Stan<ov) L.) and Ro9e ts) R. D. :0FFG; E(otiona% inte%%i&en!e' In sea !h o# an e%*sive !onst *!t. /ournal o+ !ersonality - Social !sychology. ;<:2;) FGF10-0,. Ga dne ) L. and Sto*&h) C. :+--+;) E4a(inin& the e%ationship 9et?een %eade ship and e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e in senio %eve% (ana&e s) (ea)ershi* - 0rgani3ation 4evelo*ment /ournal +3:+;) pp. /G1@G. Geo &e) J. M. :+---;. E(otions and %eade ship' The o%e o# e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e. H*(an

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Re%ations ,3' 0-+@10-,,. Go%e(an) D. :0FF,;) Emotional Intelligence) Eanta() Ne? To <. Go%e(an) D. :0FFG;) =or>ing with Emotional Intelligence) E%oo(s9* " P*9%ishin&) London. Go%e(an) D.) Eo"at>is) R.) and M!Cee) A :+--+;. !rimal (ea)ershi*6 'eali3ing the *ower o+ EI. Eoston) Ha va d E*siness S!hoo% P ess. Hi&&s) M. :+--3;. Ho? !an ?e (a<e sense o# %eade ship in the +0st !ent* "= (ea)ershi* an) 0rgani3ation 4evelo*ment /ournal 28(<)) +@31+G2. Ho&an) R.) G. C* ph") Ho&an. :0FF2;. $hat ?e <no? a9o*t %eade ship' E##e!tiveness and pe sona%it". %merican !sychologist 8?(#)6 2F31,-2. Land") F. J. :+--,;. So(e histo i!a% and s!ienti#i! iss*es e%ated to esea !h on e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e. /ournal o+ 0rgani3ational &ehavior 2#) 20012+2. Lopes) CQtR) G e?a%) Cadis) Ga%% and Sa%ove" :+--3;. Eviden!e that E(otiona% Inte%%i&en!e is Re%ated to Jo9 Pe #o (an!e) Inte pe sona% Fa!i%itation) A##e!t and Attit*des at $o <) and Leade ship Potentia%. Man*s! ipt s*9(it #o p*9%i!ation. Ma!Cann) C.) Ro9e ts) R.D.) Mathe?s) G. and Oeidne ) M. :+--2;) Consens*s s!o in& and e(pi i!a% option ?ei&htin& o# pe #o (an!e19ased e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e tests) !ersonality an) In)ivi)ual 4i++erences. Mana&e(ent Adviso " Co((ittee. :+--0;. !er+ormance Management in the %ustralian !ublic Service. Can9e a) Co((on?ea%th o# A*st a%ia. M!Evo") G.M.) and Eeatt") R.$. :0FGF;. Assess(ent !ente s and s*9o dinate app aisa%s o# (ana&e s. !ersonnel !sychology. 82(")) p 3@. M!Cee) A. :+--,;. (ea)ershi*. !assion. an) !ower6 EI. 'esonance an) 'enewal. ,th Ann*a% E(otiona% Inte%%i&en!e Con#e en!e) Nethe %ands) 0+ U 02 J*ne. Ma"e ) J.D.) and Sa%ove") P. :0FF@;) $hat is e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e= In Sa%ove") P. and S%*"te ) D.J. :Eds;) Emotional 4evelo*ment an) Emotional Intelligence6 Im*lications

+G

+oe e)ucators) Easi! Eoo<s) Ne? To <) NT. Ma"e ) J. D.) Ed. :+--0;. A #ie%d &*ide to e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e. E(otiona% inte%%i&en!e in eve "da" %i#e' A s!ienti#i! inD*i ". Phi%ade%phia) Ps"!ho%o&" P ess. Ma"e ) J. D. :in p ess;. A ne? #ie%d &*ide to e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e. E(otiona% Inte%%i&en!e and Eve "da" Li#e. J. Cia o!hi) J. P. Fo &as and J. D. Ma"e . Ne? To <) Ps"!ho%o&" P ess. Ma"e ) J. D.) Ca *so) D. R.) and Sa%ove") P. :0FFF;. E(otiona% inte%%i&en!e (eets t aditiona% standa ds #o an inte%%i&en!e) Intelligence. 2;) +/@1+FG. Ma"e ) Ca *so and Sa%ove") +---. Se%e!tin& a (eas* e o# EI' The !ase o# a9i%it" s!a%es. In R. Ea On and J.D.A Pa <e :Eds;. The hand9oo< o# EI :pp 3+- U 32+;. San F an!is!o' Josse" U Eass. Ma"e ) J.D.) Sa%ove") P. and Ca *so) D.R. :+--+;) Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test) M*%ti1Hea%th S"ste(s) To onto. Ma"e ) J.D.) Sa%ove") P.) Ca *so) D.R.) and Sita enios) G. :+--3;) Meas* in& e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e ?ith the MSCEIT V+.-) Emotion 3:0;) pp. F@ 1 0-,. Ma"e ) J.D.) Sa%ove" P and Ca *so) D.R. :+--2;. E(otiona% inte%%i&en!e' Theo ") Findin&s and I(p%i!ations. !sychology In9uiry. #0) 0F@1+0,. Me"e ) G. J.) S. E. Finn) et a%. :+--0;. Ps"!ho%o&i!a% testin& and ps"!ho%o&i!a% assess(ent' A evie? o# eviden!e and iss*es. %merican !sychologist <#(2)' 0+G1 0/,. Meidne ) M.) Matthe?) G.) and R. D. Ro9e ts) :+--2;. EI in the ?o <p%a!e' A ! iti!a% evie?) %**lie) !sychology6 %n International 'eview. <1(1)) 3@013FF. M!Shane) S. L.) and Von G%ino?) M.A. :+---;) O &ani>ationa% Eehavio ) M!G a?1Hi%% In!) USA.

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Pa%(e ) E. R. :+--3;. An Ana%"sis o# the Re%ationships Eet?een Va io*s Mode%s and Meas* es o# E(otiona% Inte%%i&en!e. Cent e #o Ne* ops"!ho%o&") S!hoo% o# Eioph"si!a% S!ien!es and E%e!t i!a% En&inee in&. Vi!to ia) S?in9* ne Unve sit" o# Te!hno%o&". Pa%(e ) E.) $a%%s) M.) E* &ess) O. and Sto*&h) C. :+--0;) E(otiona% inte%%i&en!e and e##e!tive %eade ship) (ea)ershi* - 0rgani3ation 4evelo*ment /ournal ++:0;) pp. , 1 0-. Pa%(e ) E. and Sto*&h) C. :+--0;) =or>*lace S EIT6 Swinburne niversity Emotional

Intelligence Test @ Manual. O &ani>ationa% ps"!ho%o&" Resea !h Unit) S?in9* ne Unive sit") AU. Pa%(e ) E.R.) Ga dne ) L and Sto*&h) C. :+--3;) The relationshi* between emotional intelligence. *ersonality an) e++ective lea)ershi*. ,th A*st a%ian Ind*st ia% 8 O &ani>ationa% Ps"!ho%o&" Con#e en!e) Me%9o* ne. Pa%(e ) E. R.) G. Gi&na!) R. Mano!ha and C. Sto*&h :in p ess;. A ps"!o(et i! eva%*ation o# the Ma"e 1Sa%ove"1Ca *so E(otiona% Inte%%i&en!e test ve sion +.-. Intelligence. P ati) L. M.) C. Do*&%as) et a%. :+--3;. E(otiona% inte%%i&en!e) %eade ship e##e!tiveness) and tea( o*t!o(es. Inte nationa% Jo* na% o# O &ani>ationa% Ana%"sis 00:0;' +012-. Ro9e ts) R.) Oeidne ) M.) and Matthe?s) G. M. +--0. Does e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e (eet t aditiona% standa ds #o an inte%%i&en!e= So(e ne? data and !on!%*sions. Emotion) 0) pp 0F/ U +30. Rosete) D. :+--2;. A (ea)ers *ro+ile - =hat attributes ma>e an e++ective lea)erA 2th Inte nationa% Test Use sV Con#e en!e) Me%9o* ne) A*st a%ia. Rosete) D. and J. Cia o!hi :in p ess;. E(otiona% inte%%i&en!e and its e%ationship to ?o <p%a!e pe #o (an!e o*t!o(es o# %eade ship e##e!tiveness. (ea)ershi* an) 0rgani3ation 4evelo*ment /ournal.

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Sa%ove") P and Ma"e ) J.D. :0FF-;. E(otiona% Inte%%i&en!e. Imagination. Cognition an) !ersonality. ?) 0G,1+00. Sa%ove") P.) Ma"e ) J.) Go%d(an) S.) T* ve") C. 8 Pa%#ai) T. :0FF,;. E(otiona% attention) !%a it" and epai ' E4p%o in& e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e *sin& the T ait Meta1Mood S!a%e. In J.$. Penne9a<e ) Emotion. )isclosure. an) health :pp. 0+,10,2; $ashin&ton) DC' A(e i!an Ps"!ho%o&i!a% Asso!iation. S!h*tte) N. S.) J. M. Ma%o*##) Ha%%) Ha&&e t") Coope ) Go%den and Do nhein) :0FF@;. Deve%op(ent and va%idation o# a (eas* e o# e(otiona% inte%%i&en!e. !ersonality an) In)ivi)ual 4i++erences 2<' 0/@10@@. Sh(idt) F. L. and J. E. H*nte :0FFG;. The va%idit" and *ti%it" o# se%e!tion (ethods in pe sonne% ps"!ho%o&"' P a!ti!a% and theo eti!a% i(p%i!ations o# G, "ea s o# esea !h #indin&s. !sychological &ulletin "28(2)' +/+1+@2. Ste n9e &) R. J.) 8 V oo() V. H. :+--+;. The pe son ve s*s the sit*ation in %eade ship. (ea)ershi* 5uarterly. "1. 3-013+3

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,a-le .

Correlations Coefficients -etween the /0CEI,, 01EI,, 2ersonalit3 and

Reasonin% 0cales with 2erfor ance /ana%e ent Ratin%s

Performance What Rating Ability Based EI !"#EIT Tota% EI S!o e Pe !eivin& E(otion Usin& E(otion Unde standin& E(otion Mana&in& E(otions "elf$re%orted EI SUEIT EI E(otiona% Re!o&nition 8 E4p ession Unde standin& Othe s E(otions E(otions Di e!t Co&nition E(otiona% Mana&e(ent E(otiona% Cont o% Personality &1'P() Vi&i%an!e A9st a!tness P ivateness Openness to !han&e Reasoning * 5 .-,B WW * 5 .-0 Ta9%e + Pe sona%it" E4t ave sion An4iet" To*&h Mindedness Independen!e Se%# Cont o% Reasonin& .+/WW .+@W .0G .00 .+3W .-F .-/ 1.-0 .-.-F .0@W 1.+0W .++W 1.0GW .+,W 1.-Performance How Rating .,-WW .2GWW .3-WW .+FWW .+/WW .0, .-+ 1.-+ .-G .+3W .+0W 1.0GW .-G 1.02 .0G .0+

Co e%ations Coe##i!ients 9et?een the MSCEIT) SUEIT) and Pe sona%it" SUEIT ER8E EDC -.32WW -.--.3/WW -.+2WW 1-.++W 1-.-+ UEE -.+@WW 1-.0/ 1-.0GW -.+F 1-.-2 1-.-@ EM -.23WW -.2,WW 1-.-, -.3+WW -.03 1-.-F EC -.+0W -.22WW 1-.-G -.+2WW -.02 -.0, MSCEI T EI -.0, 1-.+GWW 1-.-@ -.-G -.--.00 PE -.-/ 1-.++W -.-, 1-.-@ -.-@ -.02 UFE -.0@ 1-.+2 1-.-2 -.01-.-3 1-.-@ UnE -.01-.-/ 1-.0@ -.-G 1-.+-W -.30W ME -.++W -.+GWW 1-.02 -.0G -.-1-.-3

EI -.,+WW -.,@WW -.3,WW 1-.0GW -.+FWW -.32WW -.23WW -.2+WW 1-.-/ -.++WW -.-+ -.0* 5 .-,B WW * 5 .-0

ER8E A e(otiona% e!o&nition and e4p essionB EDC A e(otions di e!t !o&nitionB UEE A *nde standin& o# e(otions e4te na%B EM A e(otiona% (ana&e(entB EC A e(otiona% !ont o%B PE A pe !eivin& e(otionB UE A *sin& e(otionB UnE A *nde standin& e(otion and ME A (ana&in& e(otion

3+