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study two the pentateuch part i

TABLE OF CONTENTS introduction 2-1 the pentateuch 2-1 genesis 2-2

Brief Synopsis 2-2 Creation 2-3 Sin 2-3 Judgment 2-4 Abraham 2-4 Election 2-5 Promise 2-6 Covenant 2-7 Into Egypt 2-7
exodus 2-8

Brief Synopsis 2-8 Oppression: Slavery in Egypt 2-8 Moses 2-9 Redemption: The Exodus 2-10 Covenant: The Giving of the Law 2-11 Gods Character 2-13 Worship: The Tabernacle 2-13

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study two the pentateuch part i

TABLE OF CONTENTS continued

leviticus 2-13

Brief Synopsis 2-13 Worship: Responding to Gods Call 2-14 The Law 2-15 Holiness 2-16 The Five Major Offerings 2-17 Atonement 2-17
appendix A: major OT passages 2-19 appendix B: israels travels 2-20 appendix C: charts 2-21

The Tribes of Israel 2-21 The Tabernacle 2-22 Major OT Theological Themes 2-23
study two endnotes 2-24

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INTRODUCTION
This class will study three of the rst ve books of the Old Testament, commonly called the Pentateuch. This class will cover: ---The basic structure of each book. An introduction to the major teachings found in these books. A survey of the main historical events and people that played a signicant role in the history of Israel and in Gods unfolding plan of salvation for his people.

MAJOR OT DIVISIONS The Pentateuch The History Books Poetry and Wisdom Literature Major Prophets Minor Prophets

Many Christians dont spend a lot of time reading the Old Testament (OT). However, the OT is the foundation for a greater understanding of Jesus and the character of God. The OT has much to offer our faith! One person has noticed: Aside from a few celebrated texts on Creation and the fall of man, selections dealing with the

THE PENTATEUCH Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy

names and ascriptions of deity, and passages presenting the basic ideas of covenant, the Torah [Pentateuch] is generally neglected. True, passages are chosen from time to time to illustrate truth already afrmed in the NT, but rarely do theologians build theological propositions solidly on Torah truth.1 The purpose of this class is to provide a quick snapshot of this portion of the OT and to provide you with some tools to help you read the Bible well.

[the pentateuch]
1. The term Pentateuch is a Greek word meaning ve-volumed. This refers to the rst ve books of the Bible (see sidebar). -These books are also called: The Law, The Book of the Law, The Five Books of Moses, and The Torah.

genesis The ancient beginnings of the human race and Israel. eXodus The creation of a nation that began in slavery and ended in a covenant relationship with God. LEVITICUS Focuses on what it means to lead a holy life and to worship God.

2. Torah is a Hebrew word meaning instruction or teaching. This is an accurate description of these books because they contain the history and laws of the people of Israel.
NUMBERS The events of the 40-year wanderings of Israel, which was judgment due to the peoples rebellion against God. DEUTERONOMY The farewell speeches of Moses to Israel in which he reminds them of their redemption and obligation to God.

3. Most scholars believe Moses wrote the Pentateuch. -The Bible teaches this (Jesus didsee Mark 12:26), and the earliest Christian and Jewish traditions have always afrmed Mosaic authorship. -Those who have disputed this dont have conclusive evidence.

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4. The Pentateuch is not a collection of abstract religious or moral ideas. Its message roots itself in history and cannot be understood apart from the historical events it describes.

5. The importance of the Pentateuch can hardly be overemphasized. These ve books create the foundation for understanding the Bible. For example, the New Testament book of Hebrews makes little sense without an understanding of the OT. -These books are the rst written revelation by God. They are the opening chapters of Gods love letter to humanity. The Pentateuch is the center of the Jewish canon and is the most important section of their Bible.

6. The Pentateuch sets the tone for the rest of Scripture. Every major teaching or doctrine has its roots in the Pentateuch. Gods love for humanity and our hope of redemption can be found on nearly every page.

GENESIS [brief synopsis]

I. Major World Events (111) ----Creation Fall Flood Tower of Babel

II. The Forefathers of Israel (1250) ----Abraham Isaac (Ishmael) Jacob (Esau) Joseph (11 brothers)

Genesis seeks to establish two major points: (a) The God of creation is the God of the Israelites. (b) Obedience to Gods covenant with Israel is the re-establishment of Gods original purpose for creation.

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[creation]
1. God created everything, and God did it out of nothing.

----

There were no accidents in creation; everything was intended. God made everything in six days and then rested on the seventh. God created everything through his words, but the exact details of how this happened is not known.

2. God created everything perfect, without sin.

3. Human beings were the crown of all creation, created in Gods image. -Many people have said that in the image of God means we have a soul or spirit, mind, conscience, self-awareness, and reason. --The Bible does not give us a specic denition; there is something in usthe image of Godthat is not in animals. People have the ability to choose and to be held accountable; this separates us from everything else in creation.

4. God wanted people to rule (steward) over the earth; it is our great gift, a playground for us to nd life.

5. God created everything in love, and that meant giving Adam and Eve the option of whether or not to love back.

[sin]
1. With encouragement from the devil, Adam and Eve chose to disobey God.

2. The consequence of disobedience was deathnot just the physical kind, but also spiritual separation from God. This is why they were kicked out of the Garden of Eden.

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3. Sin had other drastic consequences that devastated and perverted Gods perfect creation: ---Increased pain in childbirth. A chasm between gendermale and female relationship imperfect. The ground grew weeds. Food came only after hard work.

4. The three major relationships a person haswith God, other people, and creationwere ruined and therefore in need of restoration.

[judgment]
1. Gods judgment on Adam and Eve wasnt arbitrary, vindictive, or evil. Its evidence of Gods love and consistency.

2. Gods love led to the perfect creation of people who had choice. Those choices had to have consequences; they wouldnt be real choices without real results.

3. Gods love means he wanted nothing but the best for us. Even in the midst of judgment, Gods gift of the hope of redemption was still present. -God promised that salvation would come from Eves offspring and that ultimately this person would destroy the devil.

[abraham]
1. Abraham was a wealthy man who lived in the city of Ur. At the age of 75 he was called by God: Leave your native country, your relatives, and your fathers family, and go to the land that I will show you (Genesis 12:1).

2. Abraham became a nomad with a large family and many servants. His travels led him through Canaan, the Sinai Peninsula, and Egypt.

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3. Abraham was very old before he had any sons. God had promised Abraham his descendants would become a nation. -Abrahams wife, Sarah, was too old for childbearing. So Abraham decided to have a child with Sarahs servant Hagar; their sons name was Ishmael. -Although God disapproved of Abrahams actions (even though they were culturally acceptable), God still chose to bless Abraham and Sarah with a son, Isaac. Gods blessings are not always linked to a persons actions.

4. Abraham was the father of the nation of Israel. He is known for putting God rst in his life, he was a man of faith and obedience (Hebrews 11:17-19), and he was the father of all who live by faith (Galatians 3:9).

[election]
1. Important to understanding OT theology is the concept of the election of Israel.

2. Out of all of the people in the world, God elected or chose Abraham for a specic task, for specic promises. -Election probably isnt the best term; it implies a bunch of people getting together and votingthats not how it happened. Theres only one vote: Gods.

3. Historical events dont just happen by chance. God is in control. For I know the plans I have for you, says the Lord. They are plans for good and not for disaster, to give you a future and a hope (Jeremiah 29:11). -God has plans for everyone, plans made before the world was made.

4. Jesus also taught this idea of election: You didnt choose me. I chose you. I appointed you to go and produce lasting fruit, so that the Father will give you whatever you ask for, using my name (John 15:16).

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5. Election is Gods sovereign choosing of a person according to his eternal purposes.

[promise]
1. A promise is something you can count on. God made a promise to Abraham that he didnt have to make. Nobody forced God; he gave a gift of his promise.

2. In Genesis 12, God promised Abraham: -----He would become a great nation He would be blessed He would have a great name (interesting irony: see Genesis 11) God would be on his side He would bless all the peoples of the earth

Another word for promise is graceundeserved favor. God made and kept all sorts of favors to Abraham (see Deuteronomy 9:5; 1 Kings 8:56; Psalm 105; Psalm 119; and Haggai 2:5).

3. When God makes a promise, our response is to have faith in what God plans (see Romans 4:16-17 and Galatians 3:18).

4. Maintaining faith in Gods promises was difcult for Abraham. For example: -- Some of Gods promises to Abraham werent fullled until Jesus came! Sarah was barrenunable to have children The land of Israel was lled with other powerful nations

5. Believers in Christ receive Abrahams promise from God (Galatians 3:29). This means Christians are Gods children.

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[covenant]
1. A covenant is a legal contract or deal between two parties.

2. There were several different kinds of covenants in ancient times, depending on the parties involved and the duration of the covenant.

3. Covenants usually involved responsibilities to be carried out by both parties. When one side broke the covenant, the other side was released from obligation.

4. In Genesis 1617, God entered into a strict covenant with Abraham according to ancient traditions. Gods Obligations --Make Abraham father of many nations of kings Covenant will be everlasting, with descendants to give Abraham the land of Canaan

Abrahams obligations -He must keep the covenant and his descendants must be circumcised

5. Further details of Gods covenant with Abrahams descendents came to Moses some 400 years later in the form of the Law. -With his death and resurrection, Jesus ushered in a new and better covenant between God and humanity (see Hebrews 8).

[into egypt]
1. Through a complex series of God-controlled events, the Israelite clan (Abrahams descendents) moved to Egypt (from Canaan).

2. The last major portion of Genesischapters 3750is called the Joseph Narrative. These chapters describe the amazing life of Joseph and reveal how God worked behind the scenes to bring about his will.

THE FATHERS OF ISRAEL Abraham Isaac Jacob

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3. Joseph was Jacobs favorite son, and his 11 brothers were very jealous. They sold Joseph into slavery, and he ended up in Egypt. After being falsely accused of sexual immorality, he was thrown into jail.

4. A few years later, Joseph impressed the Pharaoh by interpreting his dreams (God gave Joseph the wisdom to understand). Joseph became the second in command over all of Egypt.

5. There was a severe famine in the region, and the Israelites needed food, so they moved to Egypt. Joseph gave his father the best land for his family. The Israelites would end up living there for more than 400 years.

(See the chart of the Tribes of Israel on page 2-21.)

EXODUS [brief synopsis]

I. Redemption from slavery (118) ----The time is now: Slavery (1) A leader is born: Moses (26) The 10 plagues (711) The Exodus (1218)

II. Covenant at Mount Sinai (1924) ---Covenant proposed (19) The Law (2023) The Covenant ratied (24)

III. Worshipping God (2540) ---Instructions for building the tabernacle (2531) Rebellion so soon: Idol worship (3234) Building the tabernacle (3540)

[oppression: slavery in egypt]

1. The narrative in the book of Exodus begins about 400 years after the close of Genesis. The Israelites still lived in Egypt.

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Political power shifted in Egypt, and a Pharaoh who knew nothing about Joseph or what he had done (Exodus 1:8) ruled over the Egyptians.

2. This Pharaoh feared the rapidly growing Israelites, and he enslaved them as a means to control them. This action wasnt enough, so the Pharaoh ordered all Israelite males to be killed at birth.

3. The slavery by the Egyptians was particularly harsh (see 5:1-21), and a collective groan arose from the Israelites to the Lord for help (6:5).

4. God heard this plea for help, remembered his promise to Abraham, and sent Moses to deliver Israel.

[moses]
The life of Israels most important human prophet can be conveniently divided into three roughly equal parts of 40 years.

Prince --Moses was born during the time of Pharaohs persecution but escaped death and was raised by one of Pharaohs daughters. Living in the royal household, Moses received an advanced education (Acts 7:22) in order to be prepared for political leadership in Egypt. -Being an Israelite, Moses sympathized with the harsh slavery of the Hebrews. One day, in a t of anger, Moses killed a cruel Egyptian who was beating an Israelite. Moses became a fugitive and ed to the wilderness, to Midian. Shepherd --In Midian, Moses took on a much different position as a shepherd far from Egypt. These 40 years in the wilderness represented an important step in Moses development as a leader. Moses had time to think, reect, develop humility, and build a family. --He also spent time learning about the land through which he would eventually lead the Israelites. From a mysterious burning bush, God called Moses to lead Israel from slavery. Moses tried to make excuses; eventually he obeyed God.

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Prophet -Moses returned to Egypt and asked Pharaoh to let the Israelites go, but the Egyptian king wasnt ready to give up free labor. In order to convince Pharaoh, God sent 10 plagues upon Egypt (Genesis 711): -----------Nile River turned into blood Frogs Gnats Flies Death to livestock Boils Hail Locusts Darkness Death of rstborn (Passover)

After the last plague, Pharaoh agreed to let the Israelites go, but after they went just a short distance, Pharaoh tried to stop them. His entire army ended up drowning in the sea.

--

Moses led Israel to Mount Sinai; he probably had 2.5 million people with him. This journey was lled with several more miracles, evidence to the people that God was with them.

--

Moses was the greatest prophet of the Old Testament, yet the biblical record portrays a normal and imperfect person. Moses wasnt a good public speaker, he had insecurities, he argued with God, and he had a problem dealing with his anger. In spite of this: There has never been another prophet in Israel like Moses, whom the Lord knew face to face. The Lord sent him to perform all the miraculous signs and wonders in the land of Egypt against Pharaoh, and all his servants, and his entire land. With mighty power, Moses performed terrifying acts in the sight of all Israel (Deuteronomy 34:10-12). But Jesus deserves far more glory than Moses, just as a person who builds a house deserves more praise than the house itself. For every house has a builder, but the one who built everything is God. Moses was certainly faithful in Gods house as a servant. His work was an illustration of the truths God would reveal later. But Christ, as the Son, is in charge of Gods entire house. And we are Gods house, if we keep our courage and remain condent in our hope in Christ (Hebrews 3:3-6).

[redemption: the exodus]

1. Perhaps the single most important act in the life of the nation of Israel was the Exodus. This act of redemption by God wasnt ever supposed to be forgotten by Israel. It was to be repeated to every generation of children. On that night I will pass through the land of Egypt and strike down every rstborn son and rstborn male animal in the land of Egypt. I will execute judgment against all the gods of Egypt, for I am the Lord! But the blood on your doorposts will serve as a sign, marking

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the houses where you are staying. When I see the blood, I will pass over you. This plague of death will not touch you when I strike the land of Egypt. This is a day to remember. Each year, from generation to generation, you must celebrate it as a special festival to the Lord. This is a law for all time (Exodus 12:12-14).

And in the future, your children will ask you, What does all this mean? Then you will tell them, With the power of his mighty hand, the Lord brought us out of Egypt, the place of our slavery. Pharaoh stubbornly refused to let us go, so the Lord killed all the rstborn males throughout the land of Egypt, both people and animals. That is why I now sacrice all the rstborn males to the Lordexcept that the rstborn sons are always bought back. This ceremony will be like a mark branded on your hand or your forehead. It is a reminder that the power of the Lords mighty hand brought us out of Egypt (Exodus 13:14-16).

2. It is important to understand that God redeemed Israel before giving them the Law. The peoples salvation came before their lifestyle changed. God gained credibility before giving them guidelines for living.

3. After the 10 plagues, God led the Israelites by a pillar of clouds during the day and by a pillar of re at night. The journey to Mount Sinai included several other miracles: -----Splitting of the sea Puried bitter water Provided food (manna and quail) Brought water from a rock Victory against the Amalekites

4. The trip from Egypt to Sinai took three months. God saved, protected, and guided Israel, yet the people still complained often and put God to the test. (See map on page 2-20 for the details of their journey.)

[covenant: the giving of the law]

1. When Israel rst got to Mount Sinai, God reminded the people of his redemption and stated his plans for them: You have seen what I did to the Egyptians. You know how I carried you on eagles wings and brought you to myself. Now if you will obey me and keep my covenant, you will be my own special treasure from among all the peoples on earth; for all the earth belongs to me. And you will be my kingdom of priests, my holy nation. This is the message you must give to the people of Israel (Exodus 19:4-6).

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--

The people agreed to follow God: And all the people responded together, We will do everything the Lord has commanded. So Moses brought the peoples answer back to the Lord (Exodus 19:8).

2. Israel camped before Mount Sinai, but the people were careful not to touch the mountain. The mountain was holy and off limits because Gods presence was there. Only Moses could go up on the mountain to listen to God and receive the Law. -Moses came down from the mountain: Then Moses went down to the people and repeated all the instructions and regulations the Lord had given him. All the people answered with one voice, We will do everything the Lord has commanded. Then Moses carefully wrote down all the Lords instructions. Early the next morning Moses got up and built an altar at the foot of the mountain. He also set up twelve pillars, one for each of the twelve tribes of Israel (Exodus 24:3-4). --The people agreed to the covenant with God Moses wrote down everything God had said

3. Moses returned to the mountain a second time, this time for an extended period: 40 days. While there, Moses received more instructions for worship and the two tablets of the testimony.

4. The people got nervous and thought Moses would never come back, so they created an idol and worshipped it. -When Moses came down, he was so angry that he threw the tablets and broke them. That day, Gods faithful servants killed 3,000 people. As further punishment, God sent a plague on the people.

5. Moses went up to the mountain a third time, again for 40 days, to listen to God. When he returned, the people began building the tabernacle. The total time Israel spent at Mount Sinai was about a year.

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[Gods character]
The Lord passed in front of Moses, calling out, Yahweh! The Lord! The God of compassion and mercy! I am slow to anger and lled with unfailing love and faithfulness. I lavish unfailing love to a thousand generations. I forgive iniquity, rebellion, and sin. But I do not excuse the guilty. I lay the sins of the parents upon their children and grandchildren; the entire family is affectedeven children in the third and fourth generations (Exodus 34:6-7). But I lavish unfailing love for a thousand generations on those who love me and obey my commands (Exodus 20:6).

God isat all timesrighteous and just. God is our model; God sets the standards. God is compassionate and gracious but also consistent: The guilty will be punished. Its important not to ignore truth about God simply because it doesnt make sense, we dont agree with it, or its a truth that doesnt help us.

[worship: the tabernacle]

1. A major portion of Exodus deals with worshipping God in the tabernacle. The signicance of the tabernacle for Israel could hardly be overstated. The glory of God, Gods very presence, was in the tabernacle. God came down from heaven to dwell among his people. -The tabernacle was yet more evidence of Gods love. God created us, saves us, and reveals himself to us, but this is not enoughGod also lives among us. -With the tabernacle, God no longer spoke to Israel from the mountaintopGod lived with them and would travel with them. (See the chart on page 2-22 for a diagram of the tabernacle.)

Leviticus [brief synopsis]

I. Five major offerings (17) II. Tabernacle worship (810) III. Laws of cleanness (1115) IV. The Day of Atonement (16)

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V. Personal holiness (1722) VI. Feasts and worship (2324) VII. Laws of land use (25) VIII. Warnings against falling away (26) IX. Laws concerning gifts (27)

[worship: responding to Gods call]

1. The book of Leviticus contains very little narrative. The opening and closing scenes nd Israel at the same geographical spot (Mount Sinai).

2. Leviticus is a book of worship. It explains the workings of the tabernacle, laws the people were to obey, and holy days they were to observe.

3. Leviticus is a book of law and must be studied carefully by the Christian. -With Jesus, there is a change in law (Hebrews 7:12) and thus some laws do not apply to Christians (Acts 10:14-15), and yet others are to be obeyed (such as the Ten Commandments). (Well take a closer look at the Law in a moment.)

4. The book of Leviticus lays the foundation for the work of Jesus on the cross. --Without Leviticus, the death of Christ would hold no meaning; we would be forced to say, So why did Jesus die? No matter how you slice it up, animal sacrice is nasty. Bulls are screaming, knives are being sharpened, blood is spilling, and life is being extinguished. And can you imagine the smell? Burnt esh and blood? When the pastorsthe priests went home, they needed a shower. -However, none of this even comes close to illustrating just how painful and gross all sin is before God.

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5. The books of Genesis and Exodus record dozens of times where God calls out to his people. In Leviticus we see people answering that call.

[the law]
1. The nation of Israel was a theocracy: a country ruled by God. There was no difference or division between church and state, as the NT seems to advocate (Matthew 22:21). -The religious laws of Israel were also the civil laws; this is why breaking the Law would have punishments like capital punishment.

2. There are several ways to categorize, understand, and interpret the Laws found in the OT: (a) Traditional understanding 1. Moral laws: you shall not laws that are always true for all time 2. Civil laws: given by government to ensure a smooth-running society 3. Ceremonial laws: dietary laws, laws about cleanliness, and so on For the Christian, this understanding usually views the ceremonial laws as no longer relevant. The civil laws change to the standard to existing government laws, and the moral laws are still relevant.
TEN Commandments 1. You must not have any other god but me. 2. You must not make for yourself an idol of any kind; you must not bow down to them or worship them. 3. You must not misuse the name of the Lord your God. 4. Remember to observe the Sabbath day by keeping it holy. 5. Honor your father and mother. 6. You must not murder. 7. You must not commit adultery.

(b) Relational understanding 1. Laws that deal with our relationship with God. For example: Commandments 1-4. 2. Laws that deal with our relationship with people. For example: Commandments 5-10. This second understanding seeks to look at Gods principle behind OT Laws and then apply that principle in todays context. For example: -LAW: When you build a new house, you must build a railing around the edge of its at roof. That way you will not be considered guilty of murder if someone falls from the roof (Deuteronomy 22:8).

8. You must not steal. 9. You must not testify falsely against your neighbor. 10. You must not covet.

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---

PRINCIPLE: Your possessions should not hold potential harm for others. TODAY: Dont drive your car with bad brakes.

(c) Albrecht Alts understanding 1. Case laws (casualties)If a person, then 2. Categorical laws (apodictic)You shall not This third understanding came about as an attempt to discover the origin of Old Testament Law in its relation to other cultures of the time. Although many scholars pursue this course of study, it is enough to say, the Lord spoke to Moses18 chapters in Leviticus begin this way! God revealed the Law to Moses. It contains Gods will for living. The goal of the Law is to dene sin (and thus holiness) and create a model for the people of God to follow.

[holiness]
1. In its most basic understanding, holiness means to be set apartseparated from sin and united with God.
HOLY GOD He [David] led them to Baalah of Judah to bring back the Ark of God, which bears the name of the Lord of Heavens Armies, who is enthroned between the cherubim. They placed the Ark of God on a new cart and brought it from Abinadabs house, which was on a hill. Uzzah and Ahio, Abinadabs sons, were guiding the cart as it left the house, carrying the Ark of God. Ahio walked in front of the Ark. David and all the people of Israel were celebrating before the Lord, singing songs and playing all kinds of musical instrumentslyres, harps, tambourines, castanets, and cymbals. But when they arrived at the threshing oor of Nacon, the oxen stumbled, and Uzzah reached out his hand and steadied the Ark of God. Then the Lords anger was aroused against Uzzah, and God struck him dead because of this. So Uzzah died right there beside the Ark of God (2 Samuel 6:2-7).

2. Holiness is the essence of Gods character. God is holy; no one can see Gods face that is, behold all of Gods glory and love (see Exodus 33:19-20 and John 1:18).

3. Holiness is the opposite of sin and cannot tolerate the presence of sin. This is the problem we have if we want a relationship with God. That is why God calls us to be holy as he is holy, and thats the only way we can enjoy Gods presence.

4. The Law outlines the path to holiness. Follow the law completely and youd be a completely holy person. --

It is impossible for a person to become holy and remain holythat is where sacrices enter the picture.

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[the ve major offerings]2

The book of Leviticus opens with a description of the ve major sacrices an Israelite could offer (see Leviticus 17). SACRIFICE burnt offering ELEMENTS a bull, ram, or male bird; totally burned; must be without defect PURPOSE voluntary act of worship; atonement for unintentional sin in general; expression of devotion, commitment, and complete surrender to God grain offering grain, ne our, olive oil, incense, baked bread, salt; no yeast or honey; usually went along with grain or thanks offering thanks offering sin offering any animal without defect from herd or ock; a variety of breads the high priest and congregation sacriced a young bull; a leader of Israel sacriced a male goat; a common person sacriced a female goat or lamb; a poor person sacriced a dove or pigeon; a very poor person sacriced ne our guilt offering a ram or lamb mandatory atonement for unintentional sin requiring restitution; cleansing from delement; make restitution; pay ne of 20 percent voluntary act of worship; recognition of Gods goodness and provisions; devotion to God voluntary act of worship; thanksgiving and fellowship; included a communal meal mandatory atonement for specic unintentional sin; confession of sin; forgiveness of sin; cleansing from delement

[atonement]
1. For a person to be made right with God, atonement (or payment) for his or her sins must be made.

2. Blood must be spilleda life takento make this happen. This is not some harsh and vindictive rule; its a necessary consequence of sin.

3. Sin is a serious thing; it holds deadly consequences. Gods grace is not cheap; it costs life (Leviticus 17:11).

4. The offerings of the OT, found in Leviticus, were a shadow of the things to come in Jesus. His sacrice was nal, perfect, and eternal (see Hebrews 10).

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Each day you must sacrice a young bull as a sin offering to purify them, making them right with the Lord. Afterward, cleanse the altar by purifying it; make it holy by anointing it with oil (Exodus 29:36). This is a permanent law for you, to purify the people of Israel from their sins, making them right with the Lord once each year (Leviticus 16:34).

--

Atonement sacrices were offered several times a day, extra offerings were done on holy days, and all of these are in addition to personal offerings. The old system under the law of Moses was only a shadow, a dim preview of the good things to come, not the good things themselves. The sacrices under that system were repeated again and again, year after year, but they were never able to provide perfect cleansing for those who came to worship. If they could have provided perfect cleansing, the sacrices would have stopped, for the worshipers would have been puried once for all time, and their feelings of guilt would have disappeared. But instead, those sacrices actually reminded them of their sins year after year. For it is not possible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins. For Gods will was for us to be made holy by the sacrice of the body of Jesus Christ, once for all time. And since we have a great High Priest who rules over Gods house, let us go right into the presence of God with sincere hearts fully trusting him. For our guilty consciences have been sprinkled with Christs blood to make us clean, and our bodies have been washed with pure water (Hebrews 10:1-14, 10, 21-22).

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AppendiX A:
Major OT Passages A suggested reading list to get you started in your journey into the Old Testament. Genesis 13 12 Creation, fall of man Call of Abraham 68 Flood 1617 Gods covenant with Abraham Exodus 12 3 Oppression of Israelites; birth of Moses Moses meets God

1112 Passover and Exodus 1920 Israel receives Law at Mount Sinai 24 26 40 Covenant conrmed by people Making of the Tabernacle Setting up the Tabernacle

3233 Israel rebels

Leviticus 17 26 Five major offerings Consequences for action (see also Deuteronomy 28) 1617 Day of Atonement

Numbers 6 9 13 14 Nazarite vow Passover celebration Spies inspect the Promised Land Rebellion of Israel

Deuteronomy 13 5 6 12 17 18 26 30 34 Historical recap Ten Commandments Loving God One place of worship Instructions for kings (vs. 14-20) The prophet First fruits and tithes to the Lord Offer of life Death of Moses

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AppendiX B:
Israels Travels Map of Egypt, Sinai, and Israel3

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AppendiX C:
Charts The Tribes of Israel

Ishmael Abraham Isaac Jacob* Leah Zilpah Bilhah Rachel Ruben Esau (Wives of Jacob) Simeon Levi** Judah Issachar Zebulun Gad Asher Dan Naphtali Joseph*** Benjamin Manasseh *Jacobs name was changed to Israel by God in Genesis 32. **Levis tribe is not included in the 12 tribes of Israel because they belonged to the Lord; this entire family became priests who served God. ***Joseph became the father of two tribes because Jacob adopted Ephraim and Manasseh (Genesis 48). Ephraim

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The Tabernacle

1. Courtyard Curtain (75 x 150) 2. Entrance (always faced east) 3. Bronze Basin 4. Bronze Altar 5. The Tent of Meeting (15 x 35) 6. Entrance to the Tent of Meeting 7. Holy Place (15 X 30) 8. Golden table for bread 9. Golden lampstand 10. Altar of incense 11. The Curtain 12. Most Holy Place (Holy of Holies) (15 X 15) 13. Ark of the Covenant (for more detail, read Exodus 2528)

5 12 13 11 10 8 6 3 4 9

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Major OT Theological Themes THEME

In other words...

ELECTION choice

PROMISE pledge land;

COVENANT relational obligations

HOLINESS set apart

REDEMPTION salvation

For Israel

Abraham chosen by God

be blessed; be a blessing; become a nation

the Law

moral and ritual

the exodus

Our response

humility

faith So the promise is received by faith. It is given as a free gift. And we are all certain to receive it,

obey

pursue

repent

And in the future, For I, the Lord, am And you will live in Israel, the land I gave your ancestors long ago. You will be my people, and I will be your God (Ezekiel 36:28). the one who brought you up from the land of Egypt, that I might be your God. Therefore, you must be holy because I am holy (Leviticus 11:45). your children will ask you, What does all this mean? Then you will tell them, With the power of his mighty hand, the Lord brought us out of Egypt, the place of our slavery (Exodus 13:14).

The Lord had said to

Key verse

whether or not we live according to the law of Moses, if we have faith like Abrahams. For Abraham is the father of all who believe (Romans 4:16).

Abram (Genesis 12:1).

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STUDY TWO ENDNOTES

1. See page 660 in Ronald B. Allens commentary on Numbers in The Expositors Bible Commentary, Volume 2, Frank E. Gaebelein, General Editor. 2. This material has been adapted from the NIV Study Bible, page 149. 3. Thomas Nelson, Inc. 1963.

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