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Categories of Music
1. Folk Music
a. Express the life cycle/our experiences
i. Example: Happy Birthday
ii. Task: Elemental ethnicity
iii. Creators: Compos er, writer
iv. Intended for upperclass and intellectual
v. Participation: everyone
vi. Notation: passed down by word of mouth, never written down, lends itself
to character change
vii. Tone: realistic mode, explores the life cycle
viii. Goal: continuity pass from generations
2. Popular Music
a. Serves as entertainment, commercial commodity, follows pattern
i. Example: all music on radio
ii. Task: Don’t step out of box, uses pattern already established.
iii. Creators: Performer and creator
iv. Intended for middle class
v. Participation: most people
vi. Notation: a mix of fine arts and folk
vii. Tone: practical, reason for it, people’s living need in society
viii. Goal: accessibility, need to make money
3. Fine-Art Music
a. Intended to be art, take us to a different place, brain is called into play, state of the art
i. Example:
ii. Task: Brain called to play, push the envelop
iii. Creators: Anonymous
iv. Intended for lowest class, which is getting smaller
v. Participation: few, select people
vi. Notation: symbolic musical notation, always written down
vii. Tone: idealistic in all aspects
viii. Goal: transcendence
African American music European American music
Heterogeneous Sound Ideal Homogeneous
Spectrum is so wide Narrowly defined
Based on African languages Based on standard European beauty
Create a sound that relates to them Tries to blend together, sound the
same
Individuality required Loss of individuality
Emphasis
Performer Composer
Emotional Content
High Refined, if at all
Sacred Music
Spiritual (authentic) Hymn tune
Secular Song
Parlor Song Work song
Ethiopian Song (minstrel) Rural blues
Dance Music
schottische Ragtime (oral tradition)
march Classic ragtime
Dance music of minstrel
Formalistic movement with formalistic Informal movement with informal
music music
Structure
Always a little different Same music, different words
Very little repetition Always in repetition
Strophic variation Melody and verses
Key Terms:
1. Zeit Gest – A time ghost in German
2. ACCULTUREATION – when two things fuse together creating something new
3. Medium – what makes the music; instruments, voice, etc.
4. Media – rock band, groups mediums together
5. Genre – a meaningful category of music that people contribute to and have a set of
conventions to go along with. There are a lot o variations inside genre but there are key
underlying values that become traditions.
6. Tradition of signifying – where the message deals with something underground. Symbolism.
7. Minstrel Show – white performers putting on black face make-up to entertain white people.
Basically, made fun of blacks.
8. Ethiopian Song – “camp town lady sing this song… doodah doodah”
9. Hymn Tune – music
10. Hymn – words
CONSTRUCTION OF RACE
CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER
CONSTRUCTION OF RACE
CONSTRUCTION OF JAZZ HISTORY
Key People:
1. Stephen Foster – parlor/popular song
2. Robert Johnson – made own guitar “crossroads”
3. Leadbelly – blues, work song
4. Lighten Hopkins – blues, back water blues, call and response
5. Sister Rosetta Tharpe – spiritual black singer
6. Mahalia Jackson – spiritual singer
7. Boys Choir of Harlem – compromised spiritual singer
8. Fisk Jubilee singers – Fisk university went around country and performed. Raised $ for
buildings.
9. Scott Joplin – Missouri’s man. From St. Louis, died penniless but RAGTIME GENIUS.
10. Jellyroll – authentic ragtime
11. Louis Morean Gotschalk – New Orleans. Touring pianist. Toured the world, played own
music “Bombula”
12. Syndney Bechet – Jazz, clarinet and saxophonist. Used his horn to tell story.
13. Buddy Bolden – influential trumpet player… no recordings
14. King Joe Oliver – trumpet player, standing on shoulder of Buddy. Has recordings.
15. Louis Armstrong – revolutionized early Jazz and trumpet player!! SCAT!!
Origins of Jazz:
1. Jazz was born in New Orleans. Then when they closed the main Jazz area in New Orleans, the
music crept up the Mississippi river up to Chicago, St. Louis and other place.
2. Jazz was accumulating in ever major African American city (Philly, St. Louis, Chicago).
3. There was music stewing in ever major city, but main city was New Orleans and spread from
there. We believe this because almost all early jazz artists are from New Orleans.
New Orleans:
1. Geological location seaport = lots of young men looking for entertainment.
a. Hot temperature, sensual sensations, crossroads of many different cultures
2. Culture – French, then owned by Spanish back to French and then to US. So they inherited the
French attitude and Spanish slavery **PLACE CONGO**
3. Party life – French loved pleasure and loved to party. If it feels good, do it.
4. Interest in having a mistress – French idea… mainstream men took beautiful AA women as their
mistress. Put them up, raised their children. FREE PEOPLE OF COLOR. French education,
prominent AA in New Orleans
5. Emphasis of being a member of secret society – party when alive, celebrate elaborate death.
6. Night Life District – centralized in one location, convenience and control. Music lubricated all of
the vices (prostitution, gambling, alcohol). Incredible opportunity for musicians. Many musicians
got their instruments from pawnshops.
7. Jim Crowe – Laws … whites trying to take power back. If you have one drop of black blood, you
are black. People who had an AA education and people who had an EA education were put in one
category, causing them to come together in music.
Term “Jazz”: concept of blues had to be transformed into an instrumental tradition before Jazz could
emerge. Noun and a verb.
- James
- Prostitutes wearing Jasmine perfume
- ORGASM!
Early New Orleans Jazz:
- prototype dance music : MARCHING BAND (when the saints go marching in)
- functional music
- polyphonic many voices
- performed by small combo (group). One performer per instrument.
- Distribution of labor
o Melody: clarinet, trumpet, trombone
o Rhythm: tuba (base line), banjo/piano (harmony), drum (beat)
- Oral Traditions
Importation Dates:
1913 First Printed “Jazz” in San Fran
1917 First recorded “jazz” music by white guys