The Grigori

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Contents
Articles
Watcher (angel) Samyaza Arakiel Azazel Kokabiel Tamiel Ramiel Daniel (angel) Chazaqiel Baraqiel Asahel Armaros Batariel Bezaliel Ananiel Zaqiel Shamsiel Sathariel 1 5 6 7 14 15 15 16 16 16 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20

References
Article Sources and Contributors Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 21 22

Article Licenses
License 23

Watcher (angel)

Watcher (angel)
Watcher (Aramaic, , iyr; Theodotian trans: ir; from the root of Heb. `er, "awake, watchful"; Gk. , trans: egrgoroi; Slav transliteration, Grigori, "Watchers", "those who are awake"; Chaldean, "guard", "watcher") is a term used in connection with biblical angels. Watcher occurs in both plural and singular forms in the Book of Daniel (2nd century BC), where reference is made to their holiness. The apocryphal Books of Enoch (1st and 2nd centuries BC) refer to both good and bad Watchers, with a primary focus on the rebellious ones.

Daniel
In the Book of Daniel 4:13, 17, 23 there are three references to the class of "watcher, holy one" (watcher, Aramaic `iyr; holy one, Aramaic qaddiysh). The term is introduced by Nebuchadnezzar who says he saw "a watcher, a holy one come down (singular verb) from heaven." He describes how in his dream the watcher says that Nebuchadnezzar will eat grass and be mad and that this punishment is "by the decree of the Watchers, the demand by the word of the Holy Ones" - "the living may know that the Most High rules in the kingdom of men." After hearing the king's dream Daniel considers for an hour and then responds:

Watching angel on the spire of St Michael's church, Clifton Hampden, Oxfordshire, England

"And whereas the king saw a watcher, a holy one coming down from heaven, and saying, Hew the tree down, and destroy it; yet leave the stump of the roots thereof in the earth, even with a band of iron and brass, in the tender grass of the field; and let it be wet with the dew of heaven, and [let] his portion [be] with the beasts of the field, till seven times pass over him; This is the interpretation, O king, and this is the decree of the most High, which is come upon my lord the king." Lutheran Protestant reformer Johann Wigand viewed the watcher in Nebuchadnezzar's dream as either God himself, or the Son of God. He promoted Trinitarian thinking by linking verse 17 ("This matter is by the decree of the watchers") with verse 24 ("this is the decree of the most High"). Secular scholars view these "watchers, holy ones" as perhaps showing an influence of Babylonian religion, that is an attempt by the author of this section of Daniel to present Nebuchadnezzar's Babylonian gods recognizing the power of the god of Israel as "Most High."[1] The Greek Septuagint version differs from the Aramaic Massoretic Text: for example, the Aramaic text is ambiguous about who is telling the story of verse 14, whether it is Nebuchadnezzar himself, or the watcher in his dream.[2]

Books of Enoch
In the Books of Enoch, the first Book of Enoch devotes much of its attention to the fall of the Watchers. The Second Book of Enoch addresses the Watchers (Gk. egrgoroi) who are in fifth heaven where the fall took place. The Third Book of Enoch gives attention to the unfallen Watchers. The use of the term "Watchers" is common in the Book of Enoch. The Book of the Watchers (1 Enoch 6-36) occurs in the Aramaic fragments with the phrase irin we-qadishin, "Watchers and Holy Ones", a reference to Aramaic Daniel.[3] The Aramaic irin "watchers" is rendered as "angel" (Greek angelos, Coptic malah) in the Greek and Ethiopian translations, although the usual Aramaic term for angel malakha does not occur in Aramaic Enoch. The dating of this section of 1 Enoch is around 2nd-1st Century BCE. This book is based on one interpretation of the

Watcher (angel) Sons of God passage in Genesis 6, according to which angels married with human females, giving rise to a race of hybrids known as the Nephilim. The term irin is primarily applied to disobedient Watchers who numbered a total of 200, and of whom their leaders are named, but equally Aramaic iri ("watcher" singular) is also applied to the obedient archangels who chain them, such as Raphael (1 Enoch 22:6).

Book of Enoch
In the Book of Enoch, the Watchers (Aramaic. , iyrin), are angels dispatched to Earth to watch over the humans. They soon begin to lust for human women and, at the prodding of their leader Samyaza, defect en masse to illicitly instruct humanity and procreate among them. The offspring of these unions are the Nephilim, savage giants who pillage the earth and endanger humanity. Samyaza and his associates further taught their human charges arts and technologies such as weaponry, cosmetics, mirrors, sorcery, and other techniques that would otherwise be discovered gradually over time by humans, not foisted upon them all at once. Eventually God allows a Great Flood to rid the earth of the Nephilim, but first sends Uriel to warn Noah so as not to eradicate the human race. The Watchers are bound "in the valleys of the Earth" until Judgment Day. (Jude verse 6 says that these fallen angels are kept "in everlasting chains under darkness" until Judgement Day.) The chiefs of tens, listed in the Book of Enoch, are as follows: 7. And these are the names of their leaders: Smazz, their leader, Arkba, Rml, Kkabl, Tml, Rml, Dnl, zql, Barqjl, Asl, Armrs, Batrl, Annl, Zaql, Samspl, Satarl, Trl, Jmjl, Saril. 8. These are their chiefs of tens. R. H. Charles translation, The Book of the Watchers, Chapter VI. The book of Enoch also lists leaders of the 200 fallen angels who married and commenced in unnatural union with human women, and who taught forbidden knowledge. Some are also listed in Book of Raziel (Sefer Raziel HaMalakh), the Zohar, and Jubilees. Araqiel (also Arakiel, Araqael, Araciel, Arqael, Sarquael, Arkiel, Arkas) taught humans the signs of the earth. However, in the Sibylline Oracles, Araqiel is referred to not as a fallen angel, or Watcher, but as one of the 5 angels who lead the souls of men to judgement, the other 4 being Ramiel, Uriel, Samiel, and Azazel. Armaros (also Amaros) in Enoch I taught men the resolving of enchantments. Azazel taught men to make knives, swords, shields, and how to devise ornaments and cosmetics. Gadriel taught the art of cosmetics, the use of weapons and killing blows. It was he who led Eve astray in the garden of eden. Baraqel (Baraqiel) taught men astrology Bezaliel mentioned in Enoch I, left out of most translations because of damaged manuscripts and problematic transmission of the text. Chazaqiel (sometimes Ezeqeel or Cambriel) taught men the signs of the clouds (meteorology). Kokabiel (also Kakabel, Kochbiel, Kokbiel, Kabaiel, and Kochab), In the Book of Raziel he is a high-ranking, holy angel. In Enoch I, he is a fallen Watcher, resident of the nether realms, and commands 365,000 surrogate spirits to do his bidding. Among other duties, he instructs his fellows in astrology. Penemue "taught mankind the art of writing with ink and paper," and taught "the children of men the bitter and the sweet and the secrets of wisdom." (I Enoch 69.8) Sariel (also Suriel) taught mankind about the courses of the moon (at one time regarded as forbidden knowledge). Samyaza (also Shemyazaz, Shamazya, Semiaza, Shemhazi, Semyaza and Amezyarak) is one of the leaders of the fall from heaven in Vocabulaire de l' Angelologie. Shamsiel, once a guardian of Eden as stated in the Zohar, served as one of the two chief aides to the archangel Uriel (the other aide being Hasdiel) when Uriel bore his standard into battle, and is the head of 365 legions of angels and also crowns prayers, accompanying them to the 5th heaven. In Jubilees, he is referred to as one of the Watchers. He is a fallen angel who teaches the signs of the sun.

Watcher (angel) The account of the Book of Enoch has been associated with the passage in Genesis 6:1-4, which speaks of Sons of God instead of Watchers: When men began to multiply on earth and daughters were born to them, the sons of God saw how beautiful the daughters of man were, and so they took for their wives as many of them as they chose. Then the Lord said: "My spirit shall not remain in man forever, since he is but flesh. His days shall comprise one hundred and twenty years." At that time the Nephilim appeared on earth (as well as later), after the sons of God had intercourse with the daughters of man, who bore them sons. They were the heroes of old, the men of renown. Genesis 6:1-4 [4]

Second Book of Enoch

The Jewish pseudepigraphon Second Book of Enoch (Slavonic Enoch) refers to the Grigori, who are the same as the Watchers of 1 Enoch. The Slavic word Grigori used in the book is a transcription of the Greek word egrgoroi, pronounced /riri/ in post-classical times, meaning "wakeful".[5] The Hebrew equivalent is , meaning "waking", "awake".[6] Chapter 18 presents the Grigori as countless soldiers of human appearance, "their size being greater than that of great giants". They are located in the fifth heaven and identified as "the Grigori, who with their prince Satanail rejected the Lord of light".[7] One version of 2 Enoch adds that their number was 200 myriads.[8][9] Furthermore, some "went down on to earth from the Lord's throne" and there married women and "befouled the earth with their deeds", resulting in confinement under earth. The number of those who descended to earth is generally put at three,[10] but Andrei A. Orlov, while quoting the text as saying three,[] remarks in a footnote that some manuscripts put them at 200 or even 200 myriads. Chapter 29, referring to the second day of creation, before the creation of human beings, says that "one from out the order of angels"[11] or, according to other versions of 2 Enoch, "one of the order of archangels"[12] or "one of the ranks of the archangels"[13] "conceived an impossible thought, to place his throne higher than the clouds above the earth, that he might become equal in rank to [the Lord's] power. And [the Lord] threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying in the air continuously above the bottomless." Although in this chapter the name "Satanail" is mentioned only in a heading added in one manuscript,[][14] this chapter too is often understood to refer to Satanail and his angels, the Grigori. The Mercer Dictionary of the Bible makes a distinction between the Grigori and the fallen angels by stating that in fifth heaven, Enoch sees "the giants whose brothers were the fallen angels." The longer recension of 2 Enoch 18:3 identifies the prisoners of second heaven as the angels of Satanail.

Philo
According to PrEv 1.10.1-2 of Philo of Byblos, Sanchuniathon mentioned "some living beings who had no perception, out of whom intelligent beings came into existence, and they were called Zophasemin (Heb. p-mayim, that is, 'Watchers of Heaven'). And they were formed like the shape of an egg."

Jubilees
The term "Watchers" occurs in the Book of Jubilees (Jub. 4:15, 5:1).

Damascus Document
A reference to the "fall of the watchers from heaven" is found in Hebrew in the Damascus Document 2:18 echoing 1 Enoch 13:10.

Watcher (angel)

Kabbalah
The Zohar makes reference to the "watchers" of Nebuchadnezzar's dream.

Possible Babylonian/Aramaic origin

According to Jonathan Ben-Dov of the University of Haifa, the myth of the watchers began in Lebanon when Aramaic writers tried to interpret the imagery on Mesopotamian stone moments without being able to read their Akkadian text.

Footnotes
[1] : "... of the watchers, the decision by the words of the holy ones' may reflect the influence of the Babylonian belief" [2] : "14 of the MT the reader wonders who is telling the story, the watcher or Nebuchadnezzar. For a brief moment it does not seem to matter because the dream and its reason ('so that the living might know..." [3] : "Exceedingly common in 1 Enoch is the term "Watchers," which gives its name to an entire book of Enoch (1 En 6-36). It occurs in the phrase 'irin we-qadishin, "Watchers and Holy Ones," [4] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ bibleversefinder. php?book=%20Genesis& verse=6:1-4& src=NAB [5] Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1940. p. 474 [6] Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Dictionary (http:/ / concordances. org/ hebrew/ 5894. htm) [7] 2 Enoch 18:1-7 in The Forgotten Books of Eden (http:/ / www. sacred-texts. com/ bib/ fbe/ fbe125. htm) and in many other editions (http:/ / www. google. com/ search?tbm=bks& hl=en& q="these+ are+ the+ Grigori+ who+ with") [8] Books by Andrei A. Orlov (http:/ / www. google. com/ search?tbm=bks& hl=en& q=orlov+ "200+ myriads+ together") [9] Julia Cresswell, The Watkins Dictionary of Angels (Duncan Baird 2006 ISBN 9781780283609), entry "Grigori" (http:/ / www. google. com/ search?tbm=bks& hl=en& q=Cresswell+ "200+ myriads") [10] Sources using one version of 2 Enoch (http:/ / www. google. com/ search?tbm=bks& hl=en& q=grigori+ "three+ of+ them+ went") and sources using a different version (http:/ / www. google. com/ search?tbm=bks& hl=en& q="three+ of+ them+ descended"+ Grigori) [11] Most sources (http:/ / www. google. com/ search?tbm=bks& hl=en& q="equal+ in+ rank+ to+ my+ power") [12] Marc Michael Epstein, Dreams of Subversion in Medieval Jewish Art and Literature (Penn State University Press 1997 ISBN 9780271016054), p. 141 (http:/ / www. google. com/ search?tbm=bks& hl=en& q="thought+ up+ an+ impossible+ idea") and other sources (http:/ / www. google. com/ search?tbm=bks& hl=en& q="Order+ of+ the+ archangels+ deviated") [13] James Hastings, A Dictionary of the Bible (1898 edition reproduced 2004 by the University Press of the Pacific ISBN 9781410217288), vol. 4, p. 409 (http:/ / www. google. com/ search?tbm=bks& hl=en& q=Hastings+ "ranks+ of+ the+ archangels") [14] James H. Charlesworth, Old Testament Pseudepigrapha-set (Hendrickson 2010 ISBN 9781598564891), p. 149 (http:/ / www. google. com/ search?tbm=bks& hl=en& q="Satanail+ is+ present"+ Charlesworth)

References
Boccaccini, edited by Gabriele (2005). Enoch and Qumran origins : new light on a forgotten connection ([Nachdr.]. ed.). Grand Rapids (Mich.): W. B. Eerdmans. ISBN0802828787. Charlesworth, edited by James H. (2010). The Old Testament pseudepigrapha. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson. ISBN1598564919. DDD, Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter W. van der Horst, (1998). Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible (DDD) (2., extensively rev. ed. ed.). Leiden: Brill. ISBN9004111190. Meadowcroft, T. J. (1995). Aramaic Daniel and Greek Daniel : a literary comparison. Sheffield: Sheffield Acad. Press. ISBN1850755515. Nickelsburg, George W.E. (2004). 1 Enoch : a new translation : based on the Hermeneia commentary. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. ISBN0800636945. Orlov, Andrei A. (2011). Dark mirrors : Azazel and Satanael in early Jewish demonology. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN1438439512. Platt, Rutherford H. (2004). Forgotten Books of Eden. (Reprint ed.). Forgotten Books. p.239. ISBN1605060976. Porteous, Norman W. (1965). Daniel : a commentary. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. ISBN0664223176.

Watcher (angel) SDA Commentary on Daniel (1980). Commentary on Daniel and the Revelation : from the Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary. (Reprint ed.). Hagerstown, Md.: Review and Herald Pub. Association. ISBN0828023808. Ward, Andrew Collins ; additional research by Richard (2001). From the ashes of angels : the forbidden legacy of a fallen race. Rochester, Vt.: Bear & Co. ISBN978-1-879181-72-4.

Samyaza
Samyaza (Aramaic: , Greek: ) also Semihazah, Shemyazaz, Shemyaza, Smazz, Semjz, Samjz, Semyaza, and Shemhazai is a fallen angel of apocryphal Jewish and Christian tradition that ranked in the heavenly hierarchy as one of the Grigori (meaning "Watchers" in Greek). The name 'Shemyaza[z]' means 'infamous rebellion', the combination of 'shem' [meaning 'name' or 'fame' {whether positive or negative}] + 'azaz' [which means 'rebellion' or 'arrogance' as a negative particle]. Michael Knibb lists him as the (or my) name has seen or he sees the name. The interesting thing about the second interpretation is there is a tale about Semjz knowing the explicit name of God and making a deal with a human (Istahar) to tell her the name.[1]

Possible identification outside of the Book of Enoch

Some suggest that Samyaza is most likely another name for Satan (Heb: 'the adversary'), who was originally an entity created in the service of God; he was the caretaker of God's throne, but later fell from the heavens because of his pride according to some Abrahamic traditions. Jesus states that he saw Satan fall from heaven like lightning in Luke 10:18 [2]. Others say that Samyaza should not be mistaken for another name for Satan, who some believe was "cast out" from the heavens previously (reasons offered include the refusal to bow down to Adam.[3]) This interpretation points to Rev. 12:9 [4] and Gen. 6:4 [5] as depicting two separate falls from heaven, one of Satan being cast down, the other of the sons of God choosing to come to earth to take human wives.

Sins of Samyaza and his associates

In the Book of Enoch he is portrayed as the leader of a band of angels called the Watchers that are consumed with lust for mortal women and become Fallen Angels. And Semjz, who was their leader, said unto them: 'I fear ye will not indeed agree to do this deed, and I alone shall have to pay the penalty of a great sin. And they all answered him and said: 'Let us all swear an oath, and all bind ourselves by mutual imprecations not to abandon this plan but to do this thing.' Then sware they all together and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it. (Enoch 6:3-5) A full listing of the leaders of the group can be found on the 1 Enoch page. Semjz convinced several other Grigori to join him in fornicating with women. As a result, he and the other sinful Grigori begot giant offspring (in Genesis called Nephilim or 'fallen ones' in Hebrew) that dominated and feasted upon humans during the days of Enoch. The Watchers' other sin was to teach humans various creative arts especially Azzl's, who taught the secrets of war, which brought down the wrath of God. God commanded the angel Gabriel to cause the Giants to wage Civil War: And to Gabriel said the Lord: 'Proceed against the biters and the reprobates, and against the children of fornication: and destroy [the children of fornication and] the children of the Watchers from amongst men [and cause them to go forth]: send them one against the other that they may destroy each other in battle: for length of days shall they not have. (Enoch 10:9) Finally, the judgement of the associates of Samyaza is described.

Samyaza And the Lord said unto Michael: 'Go, bind Semjz and his associates who have united themselves with women so as to have defiled themselves with them in all their uncleanness. And when their sons have slain one another, and they have seen the destruction of their beloved ones, bind them fast for seventy generations in the valleys of the earth, till the day of their judgement and of their consummation, till the judgement that is for ever and ever is consummated. In those days they shall be led off to the abyss of fire:andto the torment and the prison in which they shall be confined for ever. And whosoever shall be condemned and destroyed will from thenceforth be bound together with them to the end of all generations. (Enoch 10:11-14) After the destruction of the Giants, God caused the Great Flood (Noah's flood) to wipe out the humans who had become corrupted.

Notes
The quotes are taken from a revised text of R. H. Charles's translation, which is more accurate than the present Ethiopian text. The link to which is on the 1 Enoch page.

References
[1] http:/ / www. umsl. edu/ ~schwartzh/ samplemyths_9. htm [2] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ bibleversefinder. php?book=%20Luke& verse=10:18& src=NIV [3] Gospel of Bartholomew (IV:54-56), The Life of Adam and Eve (http:/ / www2. iath. virginia. edu/ anderson/ vita/ english/ vita. lat. html#per5), cf. the Quran s. 7:11 [4] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ bibleversefinder. php?book=%20Rev. & verse=12:9& src=NIV [5] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ bibleversefinder. php?book=%20Gen. & verse=6:4& src=NIV

Arakiel
Arakiel (Aramaic: , Greek: ), also spelled Arkba, Araqiel, Araqael, Araciel, Arqael, Sarquael, Arkiel or Arkas, is a fallen angel, the second mentioned of the 20 Watcher leaders of the 200 fallen angels in the Book of Enoch, who taught the "signs of the earth" (which suggests geomancy) to humans during the days of Jared. Arakiel is also called Aretstikapha (meaning "world of distortion" [the combination of arets + kaphah]) in Chapter 69. His name is generally translated as "earth of God"; the combination of araq-earth (Babylonian in origin) and El-God. Micheal Knibb lists him as a combination of two names the land of the mighty one or the land is mighty.

Azazel

Azazel
Azazel [-z-zl] or Azazael or Azzl (Hebrew: , Azazel; Arabic: , Azzl) is a term used three times in the Hebrew Bible, which has been traditionally understood either as a scapegoat, or in some traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, as the name of a fallen angel or demon.

Hebrew Bible
The term in the Bible is limited to three uses in Leviticus 16, where two he-goats were sacrificed to God and one of two he-goats got a lot, reading - la-aza'zeyl; either "for absolute removal" or "for Azazel" and outcast in the desert as part of the Day of Atonement, for God is seen as speaking through lottery. Leviticus 16:810 reads:
8

Mount Azazel (Jabel Muntar) in the Judean Desert, to which the goat was sent, and from which it was pushed.

And Aaron shall place lots upon the two he goats: one lot "For the Lord," and the other lot, "For Azazel." 9And Aaron shall bring the he goat upon which the lot, "For the Lord," came up, and designate it as a sin offering. 10And the he goat upon which the lot "For Azazel" came up, shall be placed while still alive, before the Lord, to [initiate] atonement upon it, and to send it away to Azazel, into the desert. Leviticus,Leviticus 16:810 [1] Later rabbis, interpreting "la-azazel" as "azaz" (rugged), and "el" (strong), refer it to the rugged and rough mountain cliff from which the goat was cast down (..)[2][3]
Cliffs of Mount Azazel (Jabel Muntar).

Second Temple Judaism

Despite the expectation of Brandt (1889)[4] to date no evidence has surfaced of Azazel as a demon or god prior to the earliest Jewish sources among the Dead Sea Scrolls.[5]

Dead Sea Scrolls

In the Dead Sea Scrolls the name Azazel occurs in the line 6 of 4Q203, the Book of the Giants. This is a part of the Enochic literature about fallen angels found at Qumran.[6] According to the Book of Enoch, which brings Azazel into connection with the Biblical story of the fall of the angels, located on Mount Hermon, a gathering-place of demons from of old (Enoch xiii.; compare Brandt, "Mandische Theologie," 1889, p.38). Azazel is represented in the Book of Enoch as one of the leaders of the rebellious Watchers in the time preceding the flood; he taught men the art of warfare, of making swords, knives, shields, and coats of mail, and women the art of deception by ornamenting the body, dying the hair, and painting the

Azazel face and the eyebrows, and also revealed to the people the secrets of witchcraft and corrupted their manners, leading them into wickedness and impurity; until at last he was, at the Lord's command, bound hand and foot by the archangel Raphael and chained to the rough and jagged rocks of [Ha] Duduael (= Beth adudo), where he is to abide in utter darkness until the great Day of Judgment, when he will be cast into the fire to be consumed forever (Enoch viii. 1, ix. 6, x. 46, liv. 5, lxxxviii. 1; see Geiger, "Jd. Zeit." 1864, pp.196204).

In Greek Septuagint and later translations

The translators of the Greek Septuagint understood the Hebrew term as meaning the sent away, and read:"8and Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats, one lot for the Lord and the other lot for the scapegoat (Greek apompaios dat.).
9

And Aaron shall present the goat on which the lot fell for the Lord, and offer it as a sin offering; 10but the goat on which the lot of the sent away one fell shall be presented alive before the Lord to make atonement over it, that it may be sent away (Greek eis ten apompen acc.) into the wilderness." Following the Septuagint, the Latin Vulgate,[7] Martin Luther[8] and the King James Bible also give readings such as Young's Literal Translation: 'And Aaron hath given lots over the two goats, one lot for Jehovah, and one lot for a goat of departure;' This is rendered Za-za-e'il (the strong one against/of God), according to the Syriac Peshitta Version, as in Qumran fragment 4Q180.[9]

In 1 Enoch and 3 Enoch

The whole earth has been corrupted through the works that were taught by Azazel: to him ascribe all sin.

1 Enoch 10:8

According to 1 Enoch (a book of the Apocrypha), Azazel (here spelled zzyl) was one of the chief Grigori, a group of fallen angels who married women. This same story (without any mention of Azazel) is told in Genesis 6:24: That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose. [] There were giants in the earth in those days; and also afterward, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bore children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown. 1 Enoch portrays Azazel as responsible for teaching people to make weapons and cosmetics, for which he was cast out of heaven. 1 Enoch 8:13a reads: And Azazel taught men to make swords and knives and shields and breastplates; and made known to them the metals [of the earth] and the art of working them; and bracelets and ornaments; and the use of antimony and the beautifying of the eyelids; and all kinds of costly stones and all colouring tinctures. And there arose much godlessness, and they committed fornication, and they were led astray and became corrupt in all their ways. The corruption brought on by Azazel and the Grigori degrades the human race, and the four archangels (Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, and Phanuel) saw much blood being shed upon the earth and all lawlessness being wrought upon the earth [] The souls of men [made] their suit, saying, "Bring our cause before the Most High; [] Thou seest what Azazel hath done, who hath taught all unrighteousness on earth and revealed the eternal secrets which were in heaven, which men were striving to learn." God sees the sin brought about by Azazel and has Raphael bind Azazel hand and foot and cast him into the darkness: and make an opening in the desert which is in Dudael and cast him therein. And place upon him rough

Azazel and jagged rocks, and cover him with darkness, and let him abide there forever, and cover his face that he may not see light. Several scholars have previously discerned that some details of Azazel's punishment are reminiscent of the scapegoat ritual. Thus, Lester Grabbe points to a number of parallels between the Azazel narrative in 1 Enoch and the wording of Leviticus 16, including the similarity of the names Asael and Azazel; the punishment in the desert; the placing of sin on Asael/Azazel; the resultant healing of the land.[10] Daniel Stkl also observes that the punishment of the demon resembles the treatment of the goat in aspects of geography, action, time and purpose. Thus, the place of Asaels punishment designated in 1 Enoch as Dudael is reminiscent of the rabbinic terminology used for the designation of the ravine of the scapegoat in later rabbinic interpretations of the Yom Kippur ritual. Stkl remarks that the name of place of judgment (Dudael) is conspicuously similar in both traditions and can likely be traced to a common origin. Azazel's fate is foretold near the end of 1 Enoch 2:8, where God says, On the day of the great judgement he shall be cast into the fire. [] The whole earth has been corrupted through the works that were taught by Azazel: to him ascribe all sin." In the 5th Century 3 Enoch, Azazel is one of the three angels (Azza [Shemhazai] and Uzza [Ouza] are the other two) who opposed Enoch's high rank when he became the angel Metatron. Whilst they were fallen at this time they were still in Heaven, but Metatron held a dislike for them, and had them cast out. They were thenceforth known as the 'three who got the most blame' for their involvement in the fall of the angels marrying women. It should be remembered that Azazel and Shemhazai were said to be the leaders of the 200 fallen, and Uzza and Shemhazai were tutelary guardian angels of Egypt with both Shemhazai and Azazel and were responsible for teaching the secrets of heaven as well. The other angels dispersed to 'every corner of the Earth.'

In the Apocalypse of Abraham

In the extracanonical text the Apocalypse of Abraham (c.1stC CE), Azazel is portrayed as an unclean bird who came down upon the sacrifice which Abraham prepared. (This is in reference to Genesis 15:11: "Birds of prey came down on the carcasses, but Abram drove them away" [NIV]). And the unclean bird spoke to me and said, "What are you doing, Abraham, on the holy heights, where no one eats or drinks, nor is there upon them food for men? But these all will be consumed by fire and ascend to the height, they will destroy you." And it came to pass when I saw the bird speaking I said this to the angel: "What is this, my lord?" And he said, "This is disgrace this is Azazel!" And he said to him, "Shame on you, Azazel! For Abraham's portion is in heaven, and yours is on earth, for you have selected here, [and] become enamored of the dwelling place of your blemish. Therefore the Eternal Ruler, the Mighty One, has given you a dwelling on earth. Through you the all-evil spirit [was] a liar, and through you [come] wrath and trials on the generations of men who live impiously. Abr. 13:49 Canon text also associates Azazel with the serpent and hell. In Chapter 23, verse 7, it is described as having seven heads, 14 faces, "hands and feet like a man's [and] on his back six wings on the right and six on the left." Abraham says that the wicked will "putrefy in the belly of the crafty worm Azazel, and be burned by the fire of Azazel's tongue" (Abr. 31:5), and earlier says to Azazel himself, "May you be the firebrand of the furnace of the earth! Go, Azazel, into the untrodden parts of the earth. For your heritage is over those who are with you" (Abr. 14:56). Here there is the idea that God's heritage (the created world) is largely under the dominion of evil i.e., it is "shared with Azazel" (Abr. 20:5), again identifying him with Satan, who was called "the prince of this world" by Jesus. (John 12:31 [11] niv)

Azazel

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Rabbinical Judaism
The Mishnah (Yoma 39a[12]) follows the Hebrew Bible text; two goats were procured, similar in respect of appearance, height, cost, and time of selection. Having one of these on his right and the other on his left, the high priest, who was assisted in this rite by two subordinates, put both his hands into a wooden case, and took out two labels, one inscribed "for Yahweh" and the other "for absolute removal" (or "for Azazel"). The high priest then laid his hands with the labels upon the two goats and said, "A sin-offering to Yahweh" (thus speaking the Tetragrammaton); and the two men accompanying him replied, "Blessed be the name of His glorious kingdom for ever and ever." He then fastened a scarlet woolen thread to the head of the goat "for Azazel"; and laying his hands upon it again, recited the following confession of sin and prayer for forgiveness: "O Lord, I have acted iniquitously, trespassed, sinned before Thee: I, my household, and the sons of Aaron Thy holy ones. O Lord, forgive the iniquities, transgressions, and sins that I, my household, and Aaron's children, Thy holy people, committed before Thee, as is written in the law of Moses, Thy servant, 'for on this day He will forgive you, to cleanse you from all your sins before the Lord; ye shall be clean.'" This prayer was responded to by the congregation present. A man was selected, preferably a priest, to take the goat to the precipice in the wilderness; and he was accompanied part of the way by the most eminent men of Jerusalem. Ten booths had been constructed at intervals along the road leading from Jerusalem to the steep mountain. At each one of these the man leading the goat was formally offered food and drink, which he, however, refused. When he reached the tenth booth those who accompanied him proceeded no further, but watched the ceremony from a distance. When he came to the precipice he divided the scarlet thread into two parts, one of which he tied to the rock and the other to the goat's horns, and then pushed the goat down (Yoma vi. 18). The cliff was so high and rugged that before the goat had traversed half the distance to the plain below, its limbs were utterly shattered. Men were stationed at intervals along the way, and as soon as the goat was thrown down the precipice, they signaled to one another by means of kerchiefs or flags, until the information reached the high priest, whereat he proceeded with the other parts of the ritual. The scarlet thread is symbolically referenced in Isaiah 1.18 [13]; and the Talmud states (ib. 39a) that during the forty years that Simon the Just was high priest, the thread actually turned white as soon as the goat was thrown over the precipice: a sign that the sins of the people were forgiven. In later times the change to white was not invariable: a proof of the people's moral and spiritual deterioration, that was gradually on the increase, until forty years before the destruction of the Second Temple, when the change of color was no longer observed (l.c. 39b).

Medieval Jewish commentators

The medieval scholar Nachmanides (11941270) identified the Hebrew text as also referring to a demon, and identified this "Azazel" with Samael.[14] However, he did not see the sending of the goat as honouring Azazel as a deity, but as a symbolic expression of the idea that the people's sins and their evil consequences were to be sent back to the spirit of desolation and ruin, the source of all impurity. The very fact that the two goats were presented before God, before the one was sacrificed and the other sent into the wilderness, was proof that Azazel was not ranked alongside God, but regarded simply as the personification of wickedness in contrast with the righteous government of God. Maimonides (11341204) says that as sins cannot be taken off ones head and transferred elsewhere, the ritual is symbolic, enabling the penitent to discard his sins: These ceremonies are of a symbolic character and serve to impress man with a certain idea and to lead him to repent, as if to say, We have freed ourselves of our previous deeds, cast them behind our backs and removed them from us as far as possible.[15] The rite, resembling, on one hand, the sending off of the basket with the woman embodying wickedness to the land of Shinar in the vision of Zechariah (5:6-11 [16]), and, on the other, the letting loose of the living bird into the open field in the case of the leper healed from the plague (Lev 14:7 [17]), was, indeed, viewed by the people of Jerusalem as a means of ridding themselves of the sins of the year. So would the crowd, called Babylonians or Alexandrians,

Azazel pull the goat's hair to make it hasten forth, carrying the burden of sins away with it (Yoma vi. 4, 66b; "Epistle of Barnabas," vii.), and the arrival of the shattered animal at the bottom of the valley of the rock of Bet adudo, twelve miles away from the city, was signalized by the waving of shawls to the people of Jerusalem, who celebrated the event with boisterous hilarity and amid dancing on the hills (Yoma vi. 6, 8; Ta'an. iv. 8). Evidently the figure of Azazel was an object of general fear and awe rather than, as has been conjectured, a foreign product or the invention of a late lawgiver. More as a demon of the desert, it seems to have been closely interwoven with the mountainous region of Jerusalem.

11

Azazel in Christianity
Latin Bible
The Latin Vulgate contains no mention of "Azazel" but only of capro emissario "emissary goat": Leviticus 16:8 mittens super utrumque sortem unam Domino et alteram capro emissario. 9 cuius sors exierit Domino offeret illum pro peccato 10 cuius autem in caprum emissarium statuet eum vivum coram Domino ut fundat preces super eo et emittat illum in solitudinem. (Latin Vulgate) English versions, such as the King James Bible followed the Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate in understanding the term as relating to a goat. A modern version English Standard Version provides the footnote "16:8 The meaning of Azazel is uncertain; possibly the name of a place or a demon, traditionally a scapegoat; also verses 10, 26". Most scholars accept the indication of some kind of demon or deity,[18] however Judit M. Blair notes that this is an argument without supporting contemporary text evidence.[19] Ida Zatelli (1998)[20] has suggested that the Hebrew ritual parallels pagan practice of sending a scapegoat into the desert on the occasion of a royal wedding found in two ritual texts in archives at Ebla (24th C. BC). A she-goat with a silver bracelet hung from her neck was driven forth into the wasteland of 'Alini' by the community.[21] There is no mention of an "Azazel".[22] According to The Expositor's Bible Commentary, Azazel is the Hebrew word for scapegoat. This is the only place that the Hebrew word is found in the whole Hebrew Old Testament. It says that the Book of Enoch, (extra-biblical Jewish theological literature, dated around 200 B.C.) is full of demonology and reference to fallen angels. The EBC (Vol 2) says that this text uses late Aramaic forms for these names which indicates that The Book of Enoch most likely relies upon the Hebrew Leviticus text rather than the Leviticus text being reliant upon the Book of Enoch.

Azazel

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Christian commentators
Cyril of Alexandria sees the apompaios (sent-away one, scapegoat) as a foretype of Christ. Origen ("Contra Celsum," vi. 43) identifies Azazel with Satan.[23]

Seventh Day Adventists

Adventists teach that the scapegoat, or Azazel, is a symbol for Satan. This was commonly taught among Christians of other centuries as well.[24] The scapegoat scenario has been interpreted to be a prefigure of the final judgment by which sin is removed forever from the universe. Through the sacrifice of Jesus, the sins of the believers are forgiven them, but the fact that sins were committed still exist on record in the "Books" of heaven (see Revelation 20:12 [25]). After the final judgment, the responsibility for all those forgiven sins are accredited to the originator of sin, Satan. After which, Satan is destroyed in the Lake of Fire. Sin no longer will exist anywhere.[26]
A depiction of Azazel in his familiar form of a goat-like demon, from Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal (Paris,1825).

They believe that Satan will finally have to bear the responsibility for the sins of the believers of all ages, and that this was foreshadowed on the Day of Atonement when the high priest confessed the sins of Israel over the head of the scapegoat. (Leviticus 16:21 [27])

Some critics have accused Adventists of giving Satan the status of sin-bearer alongside Jesus Christ. Adventists have responded by insisting that Satan is not a saviour, nor does he provide atonement for sin; Christ alone is the substitutionary sacrifice for sin, but holds no responsibility for it. In the final judgment, responsibility for sin is passed back to Satan who first caused mankind to sin. As the responsible party, Satan receives the wages for his sin namely, death. Jesus alone bore the wage of death for the sinful world, while the guilt of sin is ultimately disposed of on Satan who carried the responsibility of "leading the whole world astray." Thus, the unsaved are held responsible for their own sin, while the saved, depend on Christ's righteousness. [28] The SDA Sabbath School quarterly, 2013 asks the question, "Does Satan then play a role in our salvation, as some falsely charge we teach? Of course not. Satan never, in any way, bears sin for us as a substitute. Jesus alone has done that, and it is blasphemy to think that Satan had any part in our redemption." [29]

Azazel in Islam
Azazel (Arabic: Azzl) does not feature in the Qur'an, but is saidWikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Unsupported attributions to be the original name of Iblis, or Satan (The jinn who commands the army known as Al Saifians)(satan in Islam was not an angel at all he was a Jinn). Iblis was the Jinn (or spirit) who worshiped Allah (God) from amongst the ranks of the angels. He denied Allah's command to bow down before Adam and later tempted Adam to eat from the forbidden tree. He made a promise to tempt mankind into sin and lead them all astray those who are heedless of the signs of Allah (God). The word Iblis means "to despair" and Azazel despaired of the Mercy of God, thus earning him that title. Ibn Abbas, and Ibn Masoud and some companions, said: that Iblis was the main chief between Angels in the 1st sky close to the earth and Ibn Abbas said: Iblis name was Azazel then Allah change him to Satan as the story mentioned in The Quran.(from book of prophets stories for Ibn Kathiir). The Quran does mention the story of two angels Harut and Marut, who were confined within the land of Babylon, teaching magic and other forbidden knowledge to those who seek such knowledge. At a request for dispensing any such information, they were required to declare that they were only there for the trial of men who inquired for knowledge of magic; anything they have taught (magic) can only harm and not profit the student at all. The Quran

Azazel also mentions some underlying correlation with the king Sulaiman (Solomon) without elaborating furthermore. There is no mention of any penalty for the actions of the two angels, although the penalty mentioned for magic is the same as that for being a disbeliever in God: namely, everlasting hellfire. Azazel is referenced as another name for Iblis in the Tawasin, the collection by the 10th Century Sufi writer and martyr, Mansur Al-Hallaj. Chapter Six of that writing is dedicated to the self-defence of Iblis, and in one section Hallaj explains how each of the letters of Azazel's name relate to his personality.[30] Another example can be seen in the Isml literature of the Ginans, which are recognized as the explanation of the Qur'an in the Indian Languages by the Isml Islamic adherents. Pir Sadardin explains in the fourth verse of his Ginan Allah ek kassam:[31] All the present angels performed their prostrations to Adam and Adam accepted the prostrations Azzl did not obey The Commandment, and as such he was reduced in his status earned [that is, of an angel and the blessings thereof]

13

Azazel in popular culture

There are many references to the Azazel figure in popular culture - film, television, fiction, music, comics and video games.

References
[1] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ bibleversefinder. php?book=%20Leviticus& verse=16:810& src=JPR [2] Yoma 67b; Sifra, Aare, ii. 2; Targ. Yer. Lev. xiv. 10, and most medieval commentators [3] For a delineation of the various Rabbinic opinions here, see R. Aryeh Kaplan's note (http:/ / www. bible. ort. org/ books/ pentd2. asp?ACTION=displaypage& BOOK=3& CHAPTER=16#C2414) on "Azazel" (Lev 16:8). [4] Brandt "Mandische Theologie" 1889 pp. 197, 198; Norberg's "Onomasticon," p. 31; Adriaan Reland's "De Religione Mohammedanarum," p. 89; Kamus, s.v. "Azazel" [demon identical with Satan]; Delitzsch, "Zeitsch. f. Kirchl. Wissensch. u. Leben," 1880, p. 182) [5] Ralph D. Levy The symbolism of the Azazel goat 1998 "the midrash is less elaborate than in 1 Enoch, and, notably, makes no mention of Azazel or Asa' el at all." [6] Loren T. Stckenbruck The Book of Giants from Qumran: texts, translation, and commentary [7] 16:8 mittens super utrumque sortem unam Domino et alteram capro emissario [8] 3 Mose 16:8 German: Luther (1545) Und soll das Los werfen ber die zween Bcke, ein Los dem HERRN und das andere dem ledigen Bock. [9] D.J. Stkl in Sacrifice in religious experience ed. Albert I. Baumgarten p. 218 [10] Andrei Orlov, Azazel as the Celestial Scapegoat (http:/ / www. marquette. edu/ maqom/ azazelscapegoat. html) [11] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ bibleversefinder. php?book=%20John& verse=12:31& src=NIV [12] Yoma 39 (http:/ / www. yashanet. com/ library/ temple/ yoma39. htm) [13] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ bibleversefinder. php?book=%20Isaiah& verse=1. 18& src=HE [14] Israel Drazin, Stanley M. Wagner, . Gefen, 2008. p. 122. ISBN 978-965-229-425-8. [15] Guide to the Perplexed 3:46 (http:/ / www. sacred-texts. com/ jud/ gfp/ gfp182. htm#page_366), featured on the Internet Sacred Text Archive [16] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ bibleversefinder. php?book=%20Zechariah& verse=5:6-11& src=HE [17] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ bibleversefinder. php?book=%20Lev& verse=14:7& src=HE [18] Wright, David P. "Azazel." Pages 1:53637 in Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by David Noel Freedman et al. New York: Doubleday, 1992. [19] Judit M. Blair De-demonising the Old Testament: An Investigation of Azazel, Lilith, Deber p. 2324 [20] Ida Zatelli, "The Origin of the Biblical Scapegoat Ritual: The Evidence of Two Eblaite Texts", Vetus Testamentum 48.2 (April 1998):254263) [21] David Pearson Wright, . Scholars Press, University of Michigan, 1987. ISBN 978-1-55540-056-9 [22] Blair p. 21 [23] John Granger Cook The interpretation of the Old Testament in Greco-Roman paganism 299 [24] "In later times the word Azazel was by many Jews and also by Christian theologians, such as Origen, regarded as that Satan himself who had fallen away from God. In this interpretation the contrast found in Lev_16:8, in case it is to be regarded as a full parallelism, would be perfectly correct," International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Azazel article, Eerdmen Publishing, 1915. [25] http:/ / blb. org/ cgi-bin/ index. pl?type=pf& translation=NIV& handref=Revelation+ 20%3A12 [26] White, E. G., 1911, The Great Controversy, p. 422

Azazel
[27] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ bibleversefinder. php?book=%20Leviticus& verse=16:21& src=HE [28] Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine (http:/ / www. sdanet. org/ atissue/ books/ qod/ index. htm), Review and Herald Publishing Association, Washington D.C., 1957. Chapters 34 The Meaning of Azazel and 35 The Transaction With the Scapegoat. [29] http:/ / www. absg. adventist. org/ 2013/ 4Q/ TE/ PDFs/ ETQ413_06. pdf [30] Michael A. Sells, Early Islamic Mysticism, (Mahwah, New Jersey:Paulist Press, 1996), 266-80 [31] Pr adr ad-Dn. "100 ginnj opa ogaevr". Bombay: Lljbh Devrj, Khoj Sidh hpkhn, 1903. MS Indic 2534. Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. (http:/ / pds. lib. harvard. edu/ pds/ view/ 13705726?n=55)

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Kokabiel
Kokabiel (Aramaic: , Greek: ), also spelled Kkabl, Kkhabl, Kakabel, Kochbiel, Kokbiel, Kabaiel, or Kochab, considered the 'angel of the stars,' [1] is a fallen angel, the fourth mentioned of the 20 Watcher leaders of the 200 fallen angels in the Book of Enoch.[2] His name is generally translated as "star of God,"[3] which is fitting since it has been said that Kokabiel taught astrology to his associates.[4] According to The Book of The Angel Raziel, Kokabiel is a holy angel; in other apocryphal lore, however, he is generally considered to be fallen. Kokabiel is said to command an army of 365,000 spirits.[3]

References
[1] Ginzberg, Louis (1909) The Legends of the Jews (http:/ / www. sacred-texts. com/ jud/ loj/ loj105. htm), Volume I, Chapter III, at sacred-texts.com (http:/ / www. sacred-texts. com/ index. htm) [2] Charles, R.H. (Translator, 1917), The Book of Enoch, Chapter VI (http:/ / www. sacred-texts. com/ bib/ boe/ boe009. htm) at sacred-texts.com (http:/ / www. sacred-texts. com/ index. htm) [3] Davidson, Gustav (1967), A Dictionary of Angels, Including The Fallen Angels, Entry: Kokabiel/Kakabel, pp. 164, 168, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 66-19757 [4] Lewis, James R., Oliver, Evelyn Dorothy, Sisung Kelle S. (Editor) (1996), Angels A to Z, p. 241, Visible Ink Press, ISBN 0-7876-0652-9

Tamiel

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Tamiel
Tamiel (Aramaic: Unknown, Greek: ), also spelled Tml, is a fallen angel, the fifth mentioned of the 20 Watcher leaders of the 200 fallen angels in the Book of Enoch. His name is generally translated as "perfection of God" (the combination of tamiym and El-God) but Tamiel is also called Kasdeja or Kasyade (meaning "observer of the hands") in the Book of Enoch, Chapter 69. Micheal Knibb lists the translation of Tamiel as "God is Perfect" or "Perfection of God." Tamiel taught "the children of men all of the wicked strikes of spirits, [the strikes of] demons, and the strikes of the embryo in the womb so that it may pass away (abortion), and [the strikes of the soul], the bites of the serpent, and the strikes which befall through the noontide heat, [which is called] the son of the serpent named Taba'et (meaning male)" during the days of Noah, not the days of Jared. [citation needed]

Ramiel
Rml (Aramaic: , Hebrew: Greek:) is a fallen Watcher in the apocryphal Book of Enoch, one of 20 leaders, mentioned sixth. Ramiel means "thunder of God"[1] from the Hebrew elements ra'am and El, "God". Remiel is one of the archangels of the Christian and Islamic traditions, the Hebrew name meaning "Mercy of God" or "Compassion of God" (see Jerahmeel). He is often confused with Azazel who is also called Rml ("arrogant towards God" or "evening of God") although they are not the same angel. There are 20 leaders in the Book of Enoch, also called 1 Enoch. The section that mentions them reads:

7. And these are the names of their leaders: Smazz, their leader, Arkba, Rml, Kkabl, Tml, Rml, Dnl, zql, Barqjl, Asl, Armrs, Batrl, Annl, Zaql, Samspl, Satarl, Trl, Jmjl, Saril. 8. These are their chiefs of tens." - R. H. Charles translation, The Book of the Watchers, Chapter VI.

As described in 1 Enoch, these are the leaders of 200 angels that are turned into fallen Angels due to their taking wives, mating with human women, and teaching forbidden knowledge. Remiel is the angel of hope, and he is credited with two tasks: he is responsible for divine visions, and he guides the souls of the faithful into Heaven. He is called Jeremiel or Uriel in various translations of IV Esdras, and is described as "one of the holy angels whom God has set over those who rise" from the dead, in effect the angel that watches over those that are to resurrect. He is said to have been the archangel responsible for the destruction of the armies of Sennacherib, as well as being the bearer of the instructions of the seven archangels. He is mentioned also in 2 Baruch where he presides over true visions (55:3).

References
[1] The Ethiopic Book Of Enoch., Knibb, Michael A., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978, repr. 1982.

The Book Of Enoch (1917) translated by R. H. Charles, introduction by W. O. E. Oesterley The Ethiopic Book Of Enoch (1978), Knibb, Michael A., Oxford: Clarendon Press, repr. 1982.

Daniel (angel)

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Daniel (angel)
Daniel (Hebrew: , Greek: ), also spelled Dnl, is a fallen angel, the seventh mentioned of the 20 Watcher leaders of the 200 fallen angels in the Book of Enoch, who taught the "signs of the sun" to humans. The name is translated by Michael Knibb[1] as God has judged." Conversely, according to Francis Barrett in The Magus, Danjal is the name of one of the 72 holy angels bearing the name of God, Shemhamphorae.

References
[1] The Ethiopic Book Of Enoch., Knibb, Michael A., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978, repr. 1982.

Chazaqiel
Chazaqiel (Aramaic: , Greek: ), also zql, was the 8th Watcher of the 20 leaders of the 200 fallen angels that are mentioned in an ancient work called The Book of Enoch. The name means "cloud of God", which is fitting since it was said that Chazaqiel taught men the knowledge of the clouds, meteorology. Michael Knibb[1] translates this angel as being the "Shooting star of God".

References
[1] The Ethiopic Book Of Enoch, Knibb, Michael A., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978, repr. 1982.

Baraqiel
Baraqiel, Barqjl, Baraqel (Aramaic: , Greek: ) was the 9th Watcher of the 20 leaders of the 200 fallen angels that are mentioned in an ancient work called the Book of Enoch. The name means "lightning of God",[1] which is fitting since it has been said that Baraqiel taught men astrology during the days of Jared or Yered. Some scholars believe that he is Sanat Kumara of theosophists such as Benjamin Creme and Madame Blavatsky; others believe that Sanat Kumara is a separate being. It has also been proposed based on a reconstruction by Schniedewind and Zuckerman that Baraqiel was the name of the father of Hazael, mentioned in the 9th century BCE inscription from Tel Dan. The biblical figure, Barak, known from Judges 4 is a shortened version of this longer name.

References
"A Possible Reconstruction of the Name of Hazael's Father in the Tel Dan Inscription," by William M. Schniedewind and Bruce Zuckerman. Israel Exploration Journal, Vol. 51, No. 1 (2001), pp.8891
[1] Knibb, Michael A., The Ethiopic Book Of Enoch, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978, repr. 1982.

Asahel

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Asahel
Asahel (Hebrew: , Greek: ) (also known as Asael, Asaell, and Assael) was the youngest son of Zeruiah, step-daughter of Jesse, daughter of Nahash (which can be inferred from 2 Samuel 17:25). The name means "made by God." Asahel was the nephew of King David, as well as the younger brother of both Joab, David's general, and of Abishai. Asahel is mentioned in 2 Samuel Chapters 2 and 3. Additionally, the name Asahel (under a variant spelling) appears in Aramaic in the Book of Enoch.

Meaning
The name is made up of two parts: the verb , Hebrew "to do, make" 3rd m.sg. perfect, and the theophorous element (deity name), , the Hebrew God El, or Elohim. This would make it a name of "thanksgiving", thanking God for what he has "made" or "done".

Woodcut of Abner killing Asahel, by Johann Christoph Weigel, 1695.

History
Asahel was the youngest son of Zeruiah, David's sister. His older brothers were Joab and Abishai. He was known for his swiftness of foot: "Asahel was swift of foot, like a gazelle in the open field." (cf. 2 Sam. 2:18). He was put to death by Abner, whom he pursued from the battlefield when fighting against Abner at Gibeon, in the army of his brother Joab, (cf. IISam. 2:18-19). He is considered among David's thirty valiant men (cf. IISam. 23:24; 1 Chronicles. 11:26). After a battle at Gibeon between Abner, commanding the army of Ish-bosheth son of Saul and Joab, commanding the army of David, Asahel pursued Abner while he attempted to escape. Young Asahel soon caught up with Abner. Abner begged Asahel to stop pursuing him, but when Asahel refused to desist, Abner thrust the blunt end of a spear through Asahel's stomach, and Asahel died on the spot (cf. 2 Sam. 2: 23). Although Joab won the battle, Abner escaped with his life; Asahel was buried in his father's tomb at Bethlehem. In retaliation, Joab murdered Abner with help from his brother Abishai, against the wishes of David.

References

Armaros

18

Armaros
Armrs (Aramaic: , Greek: ) was the eleventh on a list of 20 leaders of a group of 200 fallen angels called Grigori or "Watchers." in the Book of Enoch. The name means "cursed one" or "accursed one". The name 'Armaros' is likely a Greek corruption of what may be an Aramaic name; Armoni is possibly the original. Michael Knibb, Professor of Old Testament Studies at King's College London, lists the meaning of his name as being "the one from Hermon". "Then sware they all together and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it. And they were in all two hundred; who descended in the days of Jared on the summit of Mount Hermon, and they called it Mount Hermon, because they had sworn and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it." - Book of Enoch

Batariel
Batriel, Batrl (Aramaic: , Greek: ) was the 12th Watcher of the 20 leaders of the 200 fallen angels that are mentioned in an ancient work called the Book of Enoch. The name is generally believed to be "valley of God" bathar-el and Babylonian in origin. Michael Knibb[1] lists the translation for this Angel based on the Ethiopic Book of Enoch as "Rain of God".

References
[1] The Ethiopic Book Of Enoch., Knibb, Michael A., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978, repr. 1982.

Bezaliel
Bezaliel (also Busasejal, Basasael), Aramaic (damaged), Greek (damaged), was the 13th Watcher of the 20 leaders of the 200 fallen angels that are mentioned in an ancient work called the Book of Enoch. This angel is probably one of the most controversial of the list of fallen angels in the Book of Enoch. He is often left off the list of angels from chapter 6 as a result of the problematic transmission of the text. The R. H. Charles[1] translation from 1917 does not include him on the list of 20 leaders. Michael Knibb[2] says as of 1982 there were various translations of the name all with different names and meanings. The name Bezaliel (Shadow of God) is taken from chapter 69 and is the 13th angel listed there.

References
[1] The Book Of Enoch translated by R. H. Charles, introduction by W. O. E. Oesterley, 1917 [2] The Ethiopic Book Of Enoch., Knibb, Michael A., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978, repr. 1982.

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Ananiel
Ananiel, Annl (Aramaic: , Greek: ) was the 14th Watcher of the 20 leaders of the 200 fallen angels that are mentioned in an ancient work called the Book of Enoch. The name means "Rain of God" even though his name is often confused with Hananiel. Michael Knibb[1] believes his name to be "cloud of god". Supernatural character Anna Milton is likely based on Ananiel. In the show, Anna and her garrison of angels were assigned on watch over humans on Earth for two thousand years. Eventually, Anna's desire for emotion of her own drove her to fall and become human, for which she is hunted as a fugitive for other angel characters. Anna is a love interest for one of the show's protagonists, Dean Winchester.

References
[1] Knibb, Michael A., The Ethiopic Book Of Enoch, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978, repr. 1982.

Zaqiel
Zaqiel (Aramaic: , Greek: ) was the 15th Watcher of the 20 leaders of the 200 fallen angels that are mentioned in an ancient work called the Book of Enoch. The name is believed to mean "purity of God" (zaqaq-el). The Ethiopian text reads "Zavebe" (zah-VEE-bay); Michael Knibb translates his name in the Ethiopic Book Of Enoch as being "God has hidden" or "God has protected".

Shamsiel
Shamsiel (Aramaic: , Greek: ), also spelled Samspl, Shamshel, Shashiel or Shamshiel, was the 16th Watcher of the 20 leaders of the 200 fallen angels that are mentioned in an ancient work called the Book of Enoch. The name means "sun of God",[1] which is fitting since it has been said that Shamsiel taught men the songs of the sun during the days of Jared or Yered. Shamash (the Babylonian sun god) may share some mythological basis with Shamsiel. Shamsiel is said to lead 365 legions of lesser angels in the Zohar and it is said that he was assigned by God to guard the Garden of Eden after Adam and Eve were expelled; this would make him a cherub if this legend is true. There is apparently some disagreement in sources as to whether or not Shamsiel is a fallen angel; he is still regarded as the ruler of the 4th Heaven and it has been said that he fought on the side of God during the War in Heaven according to some questionable sources. [2]

Modern culture
There is an angel named Shamshel in the anime series called Neon Genesis Evangelion, ostensibly named for the ancient Hebrew entity. A minor character named Samchia appears in the first book in The Fallen series. He is a fallen angel living on earth as "Samuel Chia" and is the second in-series victim of the books' primary antagonist Verchiel, who kills him by kicking him from a high window. In the anime Fairy Tail, a character named Angel can use Angel Magic summoning forth Shamsiel, a white cherub that can shoot light to blast the latter's opponents.

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References
[1] The Ethiopic Book Of Enoch., Knibb, Michael A., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978, repr. 1982. [2] http:/ / raziel. secondfoundation. org/ Angels/ shamshiel. html

Sathariel
For the Swedish music group see Satariel (band). Sathariel (Hebrew , Greek: ) is one of the Qliphoth, corresponding to the Sephirah Binah on the kabbalistic Tree of life. It represents the Concealment of God, which hides the face of Mercy. The form of the demons attached to this Qliphah are of black veiled heads with horns, with hideous eyes seen through the veil, followed by evil centaurs. The Qliphoth are the shadow of the Sephirot, the chaotic force that exists when the Sephirah is unbalanced. Binah is the Sephirah that gives birth to form, the great mother of the cosmos, the eternal womb. Through her, the spiritual energy of Keter and Chokmah are woven into the matrix that eventually becomes matter. But when this force is unbalanced, then the spiritual principle is hidden, matter is taken to be simply matter, and is not understood to be simply condensed energy, which is crudified spirit. Binah, the giver of form, becomes Sathariel, the concealer of spirit. Sathariel is described in the Book of Enoch as the 17th Watcher of the 20 leaders of the 200 fallen angels. The name is believed to be of Babylonian origin and a combination of shetar and el (God) with the name meaning "side of God". Michael Knibb[1] believes the name to mean "Moon of God" or "Dawn of God" based on the Ge'ez copies of the Book of Enoch. The cortex or outer shell of Sathariel is called the order of Sheireil, "The Hairy Ones of God." This demonic order has been described[2] as a black labyrinth of chaotic riddles, where Lucifuge reigns. The magicans third eye is opened and darkness becomes light if ascension progress through this order. This results in that the magican learns to see the light of Lucifer and becomes clear seeing. In qliphotic kabbalah, Sathariel is the third qliphah after Thamiel and Chaigidel. Sathariel is directly connected to Thamiel, Chaigidel, Da'at, Gamchicoth and Golachab. These connections are described as gateways or tunnels.

References
[1] The Ethiopic Book Of Enoch., Knibb, Michael A., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978, repr. 1982. [2] Thomas Karlsson: Qabalah, Qliphoth and Goetic Magic (English title, ISBN 978-0-9721820-1-0).

Article Sources and Contributors

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Article Sources and Contributors

Watcher (angel) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=586107879 Contributors: ***Ria777, Adkins, Aervanath, Allissonn, AngelKnight, Anitabay, Ari Rockefeller, Author78, Avicennasis, Avir, BD2412, BanyanTree, Bkonrad, BrettAllen, Cambycam, Carlossuarez46, Charles Matthews, Cloj, Conagua, Crystallina, Cuchullain, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Dajagr, Deflective, Deville, Dire organic, Don Braffitt, Dougweller, Editor2020, Eep, Eliyak, Eric Kvaalen, Erthona, Esoglou, Evanh2008, Ewlyahoocom, Eyrian, Fabulous Creature, Feanix, Flax5, Florescent, Francs2000, Fuzzypeg, GCord52, Garciarick, Ghilz, Gilderien, Goblin, GoingBatty, Gosu no Koroshiya, Goustien, Graeme Bartlett, Gwguffey, HJ Mitchell, HMSSolent, Haftorang, Heptazane, Hmains, Hoboscience, Ian.thomson, In ictu oculi, Italomex, J04n, JaGa, Jaiden73, Jasonasosa, Java7837, Jeffq, Jschnur, Ka2uya2ep, Kellikonefal, Kineticman, Kit Foxtrot, Kross, Kwamikagami, Lan.thomsom, Leonini, Liddell, Lima, LloydGraham, Lotje, LowKey, Lowellian, Lucius Sempronius Turpio, M.O.X, MStraw, Machine Elf 1735, Megan1967, Mel Etitis, Meryt, Michaelpremsrirat, Mogism, Mrg3105, Myleslong, Neelix, Noclevername, North911, Not Diablo, Nv8200p, Ohwilleke, Omnipedian, Pinnerup, President Rhapsody, Punk 666, Pydos, Rasenna, RicHard-59, ScallopMonger, SchreiberBike, Secret Squrrel, Semitransgenic, ShelfSkewed, SiIIyLiIIyPiIIy, Simetrical, StAnselm, Sunborn, TX55, Tassedethe, The Man in Question, The Mysterious El Willstro, The misha, Theelf29, Thejadefalcon, Tony Sidaway, Tony432, ToucheGnome, VaniNY, Vassyana, Wdarling, Woodega, Xanzzibar, Yworo, Zahakiel, Zero0000, Zoltan bereczki, 199 anonymous edits Samyaza Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=575054936 Contributors: ***Ria777, Amaraiel, Asarelah, Ben Ammi, Blue Danube, CTF83!, Charles Matthews, Dakart, Darkpoet, ESkog, Favonian, Fred26, Fyrael, G-Man, Galwhaa, Guoguo12, Heptazane, Ian.thomson, Ilion2, Iscariot, Java7837, Knodi3285, Kusma, LahmacunKebab, Magioladitis, MammonI.Dumah, Micha`el Rowley, Michaelpremsrirat, Mintrick, Modargo, Mordicai, NeilEvans, Nlu, OlEnglish, PhoenixSeraph, PigFlu Oink, Pterodactyler, Qaphsiel, Rjwilmsi, SB Habakuk, Samjaza, Sgeureka, Sheridan, Shimirel, Simetrical, SkyWalker, Struway, TJRC, Thomas Peardew, Unknown Dragon, VastVoodoo, Xaulted1, Zouavman Le Zouave, 89 anonymous edits Arakiel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=584123062 Contributors: ***Ria777, Chikanamakalaka, Dennisthe2, Galwhaa, Ian.thomson, Ierome, Java7837, Maestlin, Merovingian, R'n'B, Shimirel, 29 anonymous edits Azazel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=587400394 Contributors: ***Ria777, 1John1:9KJV, 4twenty42o, Abbabash, Abumaya, Academic Challenger, Adraven, Aflyax, Ahahanoo, Aharon, Ajd, Aktron, Alex '05, AlexKarpman, Alfons2, All Worlds, Aminullah, Amprios2001, Anarkitekt, Angel15amc, Anthony Appleyard, Arcayne, ArchGabriel, Archlords, Arx Fortis, Ashley Starchild, Attilios, Augustgrahl, Auric, Avacadojoe, Azgs, Aziel, Azzathoth, BD2412, BaileySchenck, Bastique, Bc modern, Before My Ken, Bellerophon5685, Bertaut, Betorm, Bgwhite, Bwaquin, C.Logan, Casliber, Charles Matthews, ChrisGualtieri, Chrumps, Cinosaur, Colonies Chris, Coreb, Cromwellt, Crowley, Cuchullain, CyberGhostface, Dakart, DarkFalls, Dbachmann, Demonslave, Denisarona, Deror avi, Didactohedron, Dominic, Dr31, DrOxacropheles, DreamGuy, Dunkenud, EOZyo, Eddyspeeder, Edward321, Ekwos, Endopol, Enheduanna, Eshsalachti, Evanh2008, Extrabiblical, Fayenatic london, Ftjrwrites, Gaddy1975, Galoubet, Galwhaa, Gamesmasterg9, Garry SF, Gershom, Ghelae, Gogo Dodo, Goustien, Gtrmp, Gwserafino, Heptazane, I dream of horses, IRP, IZAK, Ian.thomson, In ictu oculi, Iscariot, IthinkIwannaLeia, JForget, Jack Greenmaven, Japanese Searobin, Java7837, Jehochman, Jesamnakazan, Jfdwolff, Jienum, Jimbelton, Jjatria, Joaquin008, JohnThorne, Johnny Pez, Jpogi, Jprg1966, Jujutacular, JustAGal, KF, Kaldari, Kerowren, Ketiltrout, Kukini, LeCire, Lhynard, Lighthead, Lolito81, Lotje, MER-C, Madbehemoth, Makaristos, Malick78, Maproom, Marshall, Martarius, Martey, Masterhatch, Mauro Lanari, Maverick Leonhart, Megan1967, Merovingian, Michael D. Wawoh, Michael Hardy, Michaelpremsrirat, Mintrick, Mungo Kitsch, Nadav1, Naddy, Nandesuka, Nareek, Naviguessor, Netesq, Netzarean, Neurolysis, Nightscream, Nv8200p, Nyttend, Ohnoitsjamie, OlEnglish, Omegastar, Orphy, Ouro, PainfireX, Paul Barlow, Pazuzu413, Phoebe, Plot Spoiler, PrestonH, Princevisram, Printer6, Qbzzt, Quinsareth, Quintote, R'n'B, Radagast83, Randyc, Rbifan, Redrose64, Reneeholle, RichMac, Risacher, Robbstrd, Rooneyjoshua, SKULLSPLITTER, Saiserion, Satanael, Sburke, Scbomber, Scotharkins, Scud422, SexBloodandMetal, Sfdan, Shimirel, Shirahadasha, Simbagraphix, Simetrical, Smajie, Snowmanradio, SoM, Solace098, Sompm, Sophiee1, Soursob, Spearhead, SpectrumDT, Splinters, StAnselm, Stan Shebs, Stationary, SuedeHead, Suriel1981, Sawomir Biay, Tamarkot, That Guy, From That Show!, The Man in Question, The Rambling Man, Thecheesykid, Thomas Peardew, Thombob2, Tlesher, Tranter, Treybien, Tydaj, Ulric1313, Uncle Dick, Universaladdress, Upsilon444, Valley2city, Vclaw, Wayward, Wereon, Wikitiki89, Wikitoast, Winslow Shea, Wookums, Xuchilbara, Yeshuahasochek, Yosefsimcha, Yurik, Zwirello, Zythe, , 453 anonymous edits Kokabiel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=544175015 Contributors: ***Ria777, Clarin, DESiegel, Fuzzypeg, Galwhaa, Hide&Reason, Ian.thomson, Mordicai, Oren neu dag, Shimirel, Zahakiel, 21 anonymous edits Tamiel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=560632431 Contributors: Brutalrepublic, Fraggle81, Galwhaa, Hide&Reason, Iamtamiel, Ian.thomson, Ierome, Nabla, PDH, Rdrozd, Shimirel, 14 anonymous edits Ramiel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=540925361 Contributors: ***Ria777, A ntv, Aastrup, Arasaka, Charles Matthews, CyberGhostface, Eliyyahu, Freedman, Galwhaa, Gilgamesh, Ginjinkun, Haoie, Ian.thomson, Jas131, Java7837, Jimhoward72, Jkdxtrm, Kathleen.wright5, Kit Foxtrot, Koavf, KyrieEleison91, LifeMega, Markrasho, MediaBlvd, Mrg3105, Oshrono, Randall Brackett, Shimirel, Shirulashem, Struway, SuperAntx, T-borg, UrsusArctosL71, Vanoi71, Vivio Testarossa, WilliamKF, YourLittleYuna, Zahakiel, 35 anonymous edits Daniel (angel) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=561732021 Contributors: Danhe777, DanielHe777, Etcher, Galwhaa, Hide&Reason, Ian.thomson, Meryt, Mikedelsol, Omegastar, Shimirel, 27 anonymous edits Chazaqiel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=555397901 Contributors: Cloj, Galwhaa, Goustien, Hide&Reason, Meryt, Omegastar, Shimirel, 1 anonymous edits Baraqiel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=543509582 Contributors: ***Ria777, Auric, Betacommand, Clarin, Demonslave, Docu, Dysprosia, Galwhaa, Grutness, Kathleen.wright5, Megan1967, Merovingian, Meryt, Rjwilmsi, Rocketrod1960, Secretlondon, Shimirel, Sun Creator, 11 anonymous edits Asahel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=578719100 Contributors: Andycjp, Billyhexom, Brumon, Chesdovi, Chris Capoccia, Crystallina, Eliyak, Hk1313, Jojalozzo, Kiore, NekoDaemon, Radagast83, Rjwilmsi, Sam8, SimonP, StAnselm, TIY, Teacherbrock, 13 anonymous edits Armaros Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=543514559 Contributors: ***Ria777, Amyeis, Andycjp, AnthonyQBachler, Bryan Derksen, Clarin, Galwhaa, IZAK, Ian.thomson, Jtpenderville, MUDKIP, Maestlin, Maximus Rex, Quinsareth, RickK, Robbstrd, Shimirel, 23 anonymous edits Batariel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=555397793 Contributors: ***Ria777, Eliyak, Galwhaa, Goustien, Hide&Reason, Kathleen.wright5, Kingturtle, Shimirel, 3 anonymous edits Bezaliel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=555397871 Contributors: ***Ria777, Charles Matthews, Cynwolfe, Galwhaa, Goustien, Hide&Reason, Shimirel, Spitfire, 3 anonymous edits Ananiel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=585183003 Contributors: Eliyak, Goustien, Kathleen.wright5, Kingturtle, Nlu, Omegastar, SQL, Shimirel, 2 anonymous edits Zaqiel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=553903987 Contributors: Galwhaa, Hide&Reason, Ierome, Jeepday, Omegastar, Shimirel, VicariousLurker, 4 anonymous edits Shamsiel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=543963733 Contributors: ***Ria777, ChrisGualtieri, Dakart, DruidOfTheTalon, Galwhaa, Hide&Reason, Januarian Winter, Kathleen.wright5, Kwekubo, Omegastar, PigFlu Oink, Ricecream, Shimirel, Simetrical, Toiletduck, Unschool, Useight, 16 anonymous edits Sathariel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=577108551 Contributors: Bissinger, CatherineMunro, Ciacchi, Cronholm144, Download, Editor2020, Eliyyahu, H. 217.83, Hooperbloob, Jesus Stobie, Joekoz451, Ketiltrout, Krsnajinana, That Guy, From That Show!, Tunnels of Set, 13 anonymous edits

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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Angel watching over - geograph.org.uk - 1573635.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Angel_watching_over_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573635.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic Contributors: WereSpielChequers File:Herodion IMG 0627.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Herodion_IMG_0627.JPG License: Attribution Contributors: Deror avi File:Azazel IMG 1758.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Azazel_IMG_1758.JPG License: Attribution Contributors: deror_avi File:azazel.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Azazel.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Admrboltz, Ascnder, SpiderMum, Wolfmann File:Abner kills Asahel.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Abner_kills_Asahel.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: StAnselm

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License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/