1. Previous Work.

i) Theoretical Study of Terzaghis and Banerjee methods of Analysis of Well foundation. ii) Numerical study of Heavy well by Different methods of analysis. iii) Comparison on factor of safety against overturning, sliding and bearing for heavy well Foundation.

2. Study of Different Well.

The Well being rigid does not undergo flexure, but tilts under a horizontal load.such a tilt amount to a rotation and one is naturally concerned point about which this rotation take place whether it is at the base of well or above or below the base of well. This point can be taken as the point of rotation of intersection of the centre lines of the well in the original and tilted position hence point is called centre of rotation of well. The Rotation of well is results of sliding of well base whatever the direction of sliding the base can be slide only if friction at the base is overcome. Depending on the sliding of the base ,well may be distinguish in to two. 1) Heavy Well. 2) Light Well. 1) Heavy Well The Well which is rotated or tilt from the base be analysed as heavy well. It can be also be stated that the well is in elastic state. When the vertical soil reaction ( R ) which is equal to the total load at the base coming from reducing by frictional forces on the sides of the well. The magnitude of R will be normally very high and F is the unbalanced tangential force at the base. The well is treated as heavy well if F< R .since R is very high as a result of this base friction to be overcome at base is enormous, which is in other word means that chance of sliding of well base is very less. Example i) Consider a well with following loading. Total horizontal force. H=1755kN Total downward load on the well =13790kN. Maximum Resisting horizontal force. P=5000kN .649 .349

Solution: Effective downward at the base W=13790-.349x5000=12045. Frictional force at the base R = =12045x.649=7817.

Tangential force at the base. F=5000-1755=3245 3245<7817 As the well treated as heavy well. 2

2) Light Well. The Well which is rotated or tilt from above or below the base can be analysed as light well. It can be also be stated that well is in ultimate state. In case of light well centre of rotation of well is above the base or below the base is depend upon the direction of sliding. When the tangential force ( F ) at the base is greater than equal to the base friction F R. Then the well is treated as light Well. ii)Consider a well with following loading. Total horizontal force. H=1755 kN Total downward load on the well.=13790kN. Maximum Resisting horizontal force.P=9000kN .649 .349

Solution: Effective downward at the base W=13790-.349x9000=10649 Frictional force at the base R = =10649x.649=6911

Unbalanced Tangential force at the base. F=9000-1755=7245 7245>6911 As the well treated as Light well.

Fig1Centre Of Rotation Of Well

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3. Parametric Study. The stability of well may be influence by various parameter such as 1 Different shape of Well. 2) Earth pressure theories 3.1 Earth pressure theories.
The earth pressure is equal to vertical earth pressure times the appropriate earth pressure coefficient. For the analysis of the well foundation assumption of the suitable earth pressure theory for the calculation of the active and passive earth pressure coefficient for a particular geometry and soil condition are most important. When discussing active and passive earth pressure theory. There are two simple classical theories that are widely used. 1) Rankines earth pressure theory. 2) Coulombs earth pressure theory. 3.1.1. Rankines Earth Pressure theory. In Rankines theory, it is assumed that the wall yields by a sufficient amount so that the state of plastic equilibrium exist in the soil mass in immediate to face of the wall.The remaining soil is assumed to be in the state of the elastic equilibrium. It is further assumed that there is no friction between soil and wall. This assumption however rarely justified as the wall never smooth so that earth pressure calculated on the basis of Rankines theory leads to erroneous results. Depending upon whether the soil is loose sand, dense sand there are published relationship that depend upon the soils engineering values for calculating earth pressure. Rankines active earth pressure coefficient. ( ) (3.1)

Rankines passive earth pressure coefficient. (3.2) Where = active and passive earth pressure coefficients. = angle of internal friction of soil. 4

3.1.2.Coulombs theory. In coulombs theory also, it is assumed that the wall yields by sufficient amounts and causes plastic equilibrium in soil. Coulombs approach is generally used for the wall with friction it gives peak value of is used to calculate earth pressure The Coulombs active and passive earth pressure coefficient is derived from more complicated expression that depend on the angle of back of wall, the soil-wall friction values and angle of backfill. Coulombs active earth pressure coefficient.
(
( )

(3.3)
)

Coulombs passive earth pressure coefficient

( )

(3.4)
)

Where

= active and passive earth pressure coefficients. = angle of internal friction of soil. = angle of wall friction between wall and soil.

4.Numerical study
Q1) Using IRC, Terzaghis, Banerjee and Gangopadhyay method, check the adequacy of Stability of the Circular well foundation of a bridge, use the following data of loads and properties. Loading: Total horizontal force .P=1755 kN Moment at base = 43180 kN-m. Total Effective down ward load on the well =13790kN. Depth of embedment of well below scour level, D=15m Maximum width of well base, B=5.5m, Angle of internal friction = Submerged unit weight of soil, = 19.2kN/m2. Safe bearing capacity of soil at base of the well 800kN/m2

Angle of friction between wall and soil =20 Check the Factor of safety Against i)Overturning ii)Sliding iii)bearing. Q1) Using IRC, Terzaghis, Banerjee and Gangopadhyay method, check the adequacy of Stability of the Rectangular well foundation of a bridge, use the following data of loads and properties. Loading: Total horizontal force.P=1755 kN Moment at base = 43180 kN-m. Total Effective down ward load on the well =13790kN. Depth of embedment of well below scour level, D=15m width of well base, B=3m, Length of well,L=5.5m, Angle of internal friction = Submerged unit weight of soil, = 19.2kN/m2. Safe bearing capacity of soil at base of the well Angle of friction between wall and soil =20 Check the Factor of safety Against i) Overturning ii) Sliding iii)bearing. 6 800kN/m2

4.1Comparision of Factor of Safety For Different method of analysis.

1) For Heavy Well.

Methods Of Analyis
Terzaghis Method Banerjee Method IRC Method

FOS o.t Rankines Coulombs

FOS sliding Rankines Coulombs

FOS bearing Rankines Coulombs

coefficient Coefficient coefficient 5.01 11.43 8.39

coefficient coefficient coefficient 19.91 2.63 2.63

14.78

19.06

1.62

2.4

3.47

2.05

2.02

4.56

4.25

4.25

1.89

1.89

2)For Light Well.

Methods Of Analyis
Terzaghis Method Banerjee Method IRC Method

FOS o.t Rankines Coulombs

FOS sliding Rankines Coulombs

FOS bearing Rankines Coulombs

coefficient Coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient Coefficient 2.64 --11.18 11.18

12.41

22.12

--

--

17.83

14.03

4.77

10.12

--

--

11.75

11.75

5. Future Work
i) Prepare a excel sheet programme for circular and Rectangular shape well with seismic and wind analysis. ii)Study Of other parameter of well which influence stability of well.

6. References
1) Bindra S.P.(1983) Principles and practice of Bridge Engineering Dhnapat Rai and Sons publication ,New Delhi,pp,262-275. 2)IRC:45-1972 Recommendation for Estimating the Resistance of Soil below the maximum scour level in the Design of Well Foundation of Bridge, The Indian Roads congress, New Delhi, India. 3) IRC:78-2000 Standard Specification and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section VII, Foundation and substructure(Second Revision), The Indian Road Congress,New Delhi,India. 3) Saran. (2010) Analysis and Design of substructures, Oxford and IBH Publishing company (second edition), pp.511-548. 4) Som N.N. and Das S.C.(2003) Theory and Practice of foundation design, Prentice hall of Indian pvt.ltd., New Delhi, India, pp-286-293. 5) Varghese P.C(2005) Foundation engineering ,PHI Learning Private limited, New Delhi, pp.359-379.

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