the ground on Earth and holds the planets in their orbits (paths) around the Sun.

The force of gravity acts over immense distances between objects in the universe and holds them all together. The gravitational force between objects increases with their MASS. It also increases the closer they are. The gravity between objects on Earth is usually too small to observebreathing stoppage.
Treatment of apnoea depends on the cause. In newborn babies, it resolves as they mature. In stroke or head injury, artificial ventilation may be needed temporarily until recovery occurs. apocrine gland A gland that discharges cellular material in addition to the fluid it secretes. The term is usually applied to the type of sweat glands that appear in hairy body areas after puberty. (See also eccrine gland. apolipoprotein A group of proteins that are constituents of lipoproteins, the carriers of fat in the bloodstream. Apolipoproteins are also involved in the growth and repair of nerve tissues. aponeurosis A wide sheet of tough, fibrous tissue that acts as a tendon, attaching a muscle to a bone or a joint. apophysis An outgrowth of bone at the site of attachment of a tendon to bone. Inflammation may also occur, as in OsgoodSchlatter disease. apoplexy An outdated term for a stroke. apoptosis The natural process of programmed cell death. Apoptosis occurs in embryonic development, when the shaping of body parts is taking place and continues throughout life in the constant cycle of death and renewal of body cells. !ailure of apoptosis is implicated in the development of cancers. apothecary An old term for a pharmacist. appendicectomy Surgical removal of the appendi" to treat acute appendicitis. appendicitis Acute inflammation of the appendi". The cause is usually not known, but appendicitis is sometimes caused by obstruction of the appendi" by a lump of faeces. The #st symptom is usually vague discomfort around the navel. $ithin a few hours, this develops into severe, more locali%ed pain, which is usually most intense in the lower righthand side of the abdomen. Symptoms may differ if the appendi" is not in the most common position. !or e"ample, if the appendi" impinges on the ureter, the urine may become bloodstained. The usual treatment for appendicitis is appendicectomy, which is often performed endoscopically (see minimally invasive surgery . If the treatment is delayed, an inflamed appendi" may

burst, releasing its contents into the abdomen. This leads to peritonitis and, in some cases, an abscess. appendix A small, narrow tube that projects out of the caecum (the #st part of the colon at the lower right&hand side of the abdomen. It may lie behind or below the caecum, or in front of or behind the ileum (part of the small intestine . The appendi" has no known function, but it contains a large amount of lymphoid tissue which provides a

ACCELERATION'I(),

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I( T./ ,0() !I).T of black Americans for e1ual rights, one man stands out for his great commitment to racial e1uality. *artin ,uther 'ing was a 2aptist 3hurch minister whose 3hristian faith informed all his work. .e believed in non&violent protest as a way of obtaining change, and led many sit&ins, marches, and voter registration campaigns. 'ing was an inspired speaker, whose words gave hope to millions. .is assassination in #456 dashed many of those hopes.

3ivil rights movement

2lack Americans were given e1ual rights under the -S 3onstitution, but were still treated as second&class citi%ens in many southern states. ,ocal state laws denied black Americans the right to vote or go to multiracial schools. 2lack and white people were segregated (kept apart and even had to sit in different seats on buses. 2lack protests led to a growing civil rights movement in the #478s and #458s. 'ing emerged as the charismatic leader of this movement.

/arly life
*artin ,uther 'ing 9r was born in Atlanta, )eorgia, in the southern -SA, on #7 9anuary #4:4. 'ing;s father was a prominent 2aptist minister, inspiring his son to follow him into the church to study theology. 'ing received his doctorate of theology in #477.
2us boycott
0n # <ecember #477, +osa =arks, a black woman, refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in *ontgomery, Alabama, and was arrested for violating the cirys segregation law. 2lack residents, led by 'ing and +ev +alph Abcrnathy, encouraged a boycott of the ciry s buses that led to their desegregation.

*alcolm >
*any black people disagreed with 'ing;s aim of full integration of black and white, preferring to aim for

black separatism. Their leader was *alcolm >, who was a member of the 2lack *uslim movement led by /lijah *uhammad. .e later converted to orthodo" Islam, and took up the cause of racial unirv.

Sit&ins
A favoured tactic of civil rights campaigners was to stage sit&in demonstrations in segregated restaurants and other public places. In #458 'ing was arrested at a segregated lunch counter in an Atlanta department store& .e was sent to prison, and was only released after the intervention of the <emocratic presidential candidate, 9ohn !. 'ennedy&

!reedom rides
In I 45#, black and white civil rights protesters defied state segregation laws by travelling together on segregated buses. The government sent in national guardsmen to protect the riders. This led to increased racial tension and activity by the racist 'u '9u" 'lan, who carried flaming crosses in marches in southern -SA.

,ittle +ock
In #47?, the governor of Arkansas refused to admit nine black children to the all&white ,ittle +ock 3entral .igh School. =tesident /isenhower sent #,888 paratroopers and #8,888 national guardsmen to protect the children as they went to school.

@I have a dream@
0n :6 August #45A, 'ing led
the historic *arch on $ashington to demand civil rights reform. *ore than :88,888 marchers heard his wordsB @I have a dream that

one day this nation will rise up

and live out the true meaning of its creedB ;$e hold these truths to be self&evident, that all men are created e1ual;@.
2irmingham 9ail
'ing went to jail many times for his beliefs. <uring a period in jail in 2irmingham, Alabama, in Spring #45A, he wrote an elo1uent letter outlining his philosophy of non&violent protest. .e was inspired in this policy by the Indian leader *ohandas '. )andhis non&violence campaign against 2ritish rule in India, the movement known as
vitv.iCBr.ihDl ;devotion ro t r u t h l .

*A+TI( ,-T./+ 'I()

#4:4 2orn in Atlanta, )eorgia. #47# +eceives 2achelor of <ivinity

Assassination
The last years of 'ing;s life were marked by increasing disputes with more radical black leaders who disagreed with his non&violent approach. In April #456, he E&isited *emphis, Tennessee to offer support to striking city sanitation workersD he was assassinated at the motel where he was staying on F April. =rotest riots broke out in most major -S cities. #47F 2ecomes pastor of 2aptist 3hurch in *ontgomery, Alabama. I458 =resident of the Southern 3hristian ,eadership 3onferenceD

sent to prison for his part in a sitin in Atlanta. #45A Spells out his doctrine of non&violent protestD leads march on $ashington. #45F Awarded jG9obel =eaceH=ri%e. #456 Assassinated in *emphis, Tennessee.

*!I(0< +0-/T .+-I)*.AT(S S,AI/+J S03I/TI/S,

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-(.IITS/T0<+ SAbuse is a comple" psychosocial problem that affects large numbers of adults as well as children throughout the world. It is listed in the <iagnostic and Statistic *anual of *ental <isorders (<S*&II&T+ under the heading of K0ther 3onditions That *ay 2e a !ocus of 3linical Attention.L Although abuse was first defined with regard to children when it first received sustained attention in the #478s, clinicians and researchers now recogni%e that adults can suffer abuse in a number of different circumstances. Abuse refers to harmful or injurious tlude not only the direct costs of immediate medical and psychiatric treatment of abused people but also the indirect costs of learning difficulties, interrupted education, workplace absenteeism, and long&term health problems of abuse survivors. Types of abuse =hysical

The Abnormal Involuntary *ovement Scale (AI*S is a rating scale that was designed in the #4?8s to measure involuntary movements known as tardive dyskinesia (T< . T< is a disorder that sometimes develops as a

side effect of long&term treatment with neuroleptic (antipsychotic medications. =urpose

months to monitor the patient for the development of T<. !or most patients, T< develops three months after the initiation of neuroleptic therapyD in elderly patients, however, T< can develop after as little as one month. =recautions The AI*S test was originally developed for administration by trained clinicians. =eople who are not health care professionals, however, can also be taught to administer the test by completing a training seminar. <escription