Forms 4HK/YEAR 10 Chemistry

Topic: Atoms, Elements and Compounds

1|Page

Table of contents
(A) Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.3
1) STATE THE RELATIVE CHARGES AND APPROXIMATE RELATIVE MASSES OF PROTONS, NEURONS AND ELECTRONS3 2) DEFINE PROTON NUMBER AND NUCLEON NUMBER.4 3) DEFINE ISOTOPES..4

4) STATE TWO TYPES OF ISOTOPES..4 5) STATE ONE MEDICAL AND ONE INDUSTRIAL USE OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES4

(B) Bonding : The Structure Of Matters5

1)Describe The Differences Between Elements, Mixtures And Compounds Between Metals And Non-Metals.5

2) Describe An Alloy (give an example of alloys and their uses)..7

2|Page

(A) Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table

1) STATE THE RELATIVE CHARGES AND APPROXIMATE RELATIVE MASSES OF PROTONS, NEURONS AND ELECTRONS

Proton Neutron Electron

Relative Mass Relative Charge 1 1.00 1 0.00 1 -1.00 2000

Charge of an electron = -1.6 x 10-19C Mass of an electron = 9.11 x 10-31kg Mass of a proton = 1.66 x 10-27kg Much of the atom is empty space. The nucleus, which contains nearly all its mass has about 1/1000 of the radius of the atom. Hydrogen is the only element that has special names for its forms. Charge of an electron = -1.6 x 10-19C Mass of an electron = 9.11 x 10-31kg Mass of a proton = 1.66 x 10-27kg Much of the atom is empty space. The nucleus, which contains nearly all its mass has about 1/1000 of the radius of the atom.

(2) DEFINE PROTON NUMBER AND NUCLEON NUMBER Proton number Proton number is the number of protons present in the nucleus. Eg, in oxygen atom, the proton number is 8.

3|Page

Nucleon number Nucleon number is the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus. It is also known as mass number. Eg, for oxygen the nucleon number is 16

(3) DEFINE ISOTOPES Any of two or more forms of a chemical element, having the same number of protons in the nucleus/or the same atomic number, but having different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus/different atomic mass. (4) STATE TWO TYPES OF ISOTOPES Consider carbon, which exists naturally with 6, 7 or 8 neutrons. These carbon isotopes have atomic masses of 12, 13 and 14. (Atomic mass = mass protons + mass neutrons). The isotopes are called carbon-12, carbon-13 and carbon-14. Alternatively, they may be written 12 C, 13C and 14C. Carbon-12 and carbon-13 are stable. Carbon-14 is unstable, decaying with a half-life of about 5,700 years. It is produced in earth's atmosphere by cosmic ray bombardment of nitrogen-14. Uranium has three naturally occurring isotopes. These are uranium-234, uranium-235, and uranium-238. Since each atom of uranium has 92 protons, the isotopes must have 142, 143 and 146 neutrons respectively. Uranium has no stable isotopes. It is present in the earth's crust because natural rates of decay - particularly for 235U and 238U are extremely slow. (5) STATE ONE MEDICAL AND ONE INDUSTRIAL USE OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES Medical Radioactive substances are frequently used as markers, which can help doctors trace the movement of some substance throughout the body. PET scans, for instance, make use of injected radioactive isotopes to monitor the movement of various substances throughout the brain. Proteins can be "labelled" with a radioactive tag, allowing physiologists to determine how dietary protein is used and oxidized under various levels of exercise intensity. Radioactive isotopes are also used to sterilize medical equipment i.e. use of Gamma rays. Radium-226 and cobalt-60 are used in cancer therapy Industrial
Ionization smoke detectors use an ionization chamber and a source of ionizing radiation to detect smoke. This type of smoke detector is more common because it is inexpensive and better at detecting the smaller amounts of smoke produced by flaming fires. Inside an ionization detector is a small amount (perhaps 1/5000th of a gram) of americium-241. The radioactive element americium has a half-life of 432 years, and is a good source of alpha particles.

4|Page

(B) Bonding : The Structure Of Matters

(1)Describe The Differences Between Elements, Mixtures And Compounds Between Metals And Non-Metals ELEMENTS An element is a pure substance which cannot be split up into two or more simpler substances by chemical means. There are two major groups of elements metals and non-metals. Iron is a metal. Oxygen is a non-metal.

Metal Malleable Conducts electricity High melting point (usually solid) The oxides of a metal, when soluble, form an alkaline solution.

Non-metal Brittle Does not conduct electricity (except carbon,

which does conduct)

Low melting point (usually gas or liquid) The oxides of a non-metalusually form an acidic solution.

COMPOUNDS

A compound: can be broken down into a simpler type of matter (elements) by chemical means (but not by physical means), has properties that are different from its component elements, and always contains the same ratio of its component atoms.

Metals react with oxygen in the air to produce metal oxides, like magnesium oxide. Non-metals react with oxygen in the air to produce non-metal oxides. Here are two examples for the non-metals carbon and sulphur.

Carbon burns in air to form carbon dioxide: carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide

5|Page

Sulphur burns in air to form sulphur dioxide: sulphur + oxygen sulphur dioxide

Non-metal oxides such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are responsible for acid rain. They dissolve in the water in the clouds to form acidic solutions. Acid rain damages rocks and buildings, and harms wildlife. Ionic compounds are compounds formed when metal reacts with non-metals; this is mainly through the transfer of electrons from a metal to non-metal through a process known as ionic bonding. Ionic bonding results from the attraction between the positive and negative charges. Metals with few electrons in the outer energy layer loose them easily, on the other hand non-metals which lack two or more electrons do not easily loose the electrons but instead they have a tendency of gaining them from the metals. Properties of ionic compounds are, the conduct electric current, have a high melting point and are solid in nature. Examples of ionic compounds are Sodium chloride (NaCl) which is formed through the combination of positive sodium ions and negative chloride ions. The second example of ionic compound is Calcium Carbonated (CaCo3) formed through the combination of positive ions from calcium and negative ions from carbon dioxide. Covalent bonds are formed when non-metals react with each other. Covalent bonding is a chemical bonding that is characterized by sharing of electrons between atoms. All nonmetals are high electro negativity value hence the transfer of electrons between them is through oxidation-reduction reaction process. Sharing of electrons results in an unequal distribution of charge, the atoms of low electronegativity becomes more positive as the more electronegative atom becomes more negative. The properties of covalent compounds are they are usually in molecular form, have low boiling and melting points, insoluble in water. In addition non- polar covalent compounds do not conduct electricity, while polar conduct a small amount of electricity. Covalent compounds Examples of covalent compound are (H2) which is formed by sharing of the same atom of hydrogen. Carbon dioxide is another example formed by sharing the carbon and oxygen atoms.
MIXTURES

A mixture is not a pure substance as it contains a mixture of atoms of molecules which are not chemically combined together. All mixtures share certain properties. A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. Two or more materials together form a mixture if they do not react to form a compound. For example, cheese and tomato sauce do not react when they are used to make a pizza.

6|Page

(2) Describe An Alloy (give an example of alloys and their uses) It is a mixture of metals with other elements Alloy metals are generally stronger and better in physical properties Examples Steel (Iron + Carbon) Stainless Steel (Nickel + Iron + Chromium + carbon) Brass (Copper + Zinc)

Stainless Steel Alloy and its Uses This name stainless steel is commonly referred to those metal alloys comprising 10.5% or more Chromium (Cr) and 50% Iron (Fe) in it. There are different types of stainless steel depending on the amount of chromium, iron and other metals in them. The chromium present in it gives stainless steel its highly corrosion resistant property. Pure iron is unstable and corrodes naturally by rust formation. By the addition of chromium, iron is prevented from combining with oxygen and water to form rust. This highly stain resistant alloy looks bright because of its ability to reflect light. It is used to make kitchen utensils, as stainless steel forms one of the most hygienic surfaces to store and prepare food in. Neither do they affect the flavor of the food, nor do they react with acidic foods during cooking. Moreover, since it has no pores in its surface it does not collect germs, dirt or grim, thereby making it very easy to clean. Besides cookware, stainless steel is also used for preparing surgical instruments, reinforcement bars, masonry support, washing machine drums, ships, chemical tankers, etc.

7|Page