the ground on Earth and holds the planets in their orbits (paths) around the Sun.

The force of gravity acts over immense distances between objects in the universe and holds them all together. The gravitational force between objects increases with their MASS. It also increases the closer they are. The gravity between objects on Earth is usually too small to observebreathing stoppage.
Treatment of apnoea depends on the cause. In newborn babies, it resolves as they mature. In stroke or head injury, artificial ventilation may be needed temporarily until recovery occurs. apocrine gland A gland that discharges cellular material in addition to the fluid it secretes. The term is usually applied to the type of sweat glands that appear in hairy body areas after puberty. (See also eccrine gland.) apolipoprotein A group of proteins that are constituents of lipoproteins, the carriers of fat in the bloodstream. Apolipoproteins are also involved in the growth and repair of nerve tissues. aponeurosis A wide sheet of tough, fibrous tissue that acts as a tendon, attaching a muscle to a bone or a joint. apophysis An outgrowth of bone at the site of attachment of a tendon to bone. Inflammation may also occur, as in OsgoodSchlatter disease. apoplexy An outdated term for a stroke. apoptosis The natural process of programmed cell death. Apoptosis occurs in embryonic development, when the shaping of body parts is taking place and continues throughout life in the constant cycle of death and renewal of body cells. Failure of apoptosis is implicated in the development of cancers. apothecary An old term for a pharmacist. appendicectomy Surgical removal of the appendix to treat acute appendicitis. appendicitis Acute inflammation of the appendix. The cause is usually not known, but appendicitis is sometimes caused by obstruction of the appendix by a lump of faeces. The 1st symptom is usually vague discomfort around the navel. Within a few hours, this develops into severe, more localized pain, which is usually most intense in the lower righthand side of the abdomen. Symptoms may differ if the appendix is not in the most common position. For example, if the appendix impinges on the ureter, the urine may become bloodstained. The usual treatment for appendicitis is appendicectomy, which is often performed endoscopically (see minimally invasive surgery). If the treatment is delayed, an inflamed appendix may

burst, releasing its contents into the abdomen. This leads to peritonitis and, in some cases, an abscess. appendix A small, narrow tube that projects out of the caecum (the 1st part of the colon) at the lower right-hand side of the abdomen. It may lie behind or below the caecum, or in front of or behind the ileum (part of the small intestine). The appendix has no known function, but it contains a large amount of lymphoid tissue which provides a

ACCELERATIONKING, MARTIN

LUTHER
IN THE LONG FIGHT of black Americans for equal rights, one man stands out for his great commitment to racial equality. Martin Luther King was a Baptist Church minister whose Christian faith informed all his work. He believed in non-violent protest as a way of obtaining change, and led many sit-ins, marches, and voter registration campaigns. King was an inspired speaker, whose words gave hope to millions. His assassination in 1968 dashed many of those hopes.

Civil rights movement

Black Americans were given equal rights under the US Constitution, but were still treated as second-class citizens in many southern states. Local state laws denied black Americans the right to vote or go to multiracial schools. Black and white people were segregated (kept apart) and even had to sit in different seats on buses. Black protests led to a growing civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. King emerged as the charismatic leader of this movement.

Early life
Martin Luther King Jr was born in Atlanta, Georgia, in the southern USA, on 15 January 1929. King's father was a prominent Baptist minister, inspiring his son to follow him into the church to study theology. King received his doctorate of theology in 1955.
Bus boycott
On 1 December 1955, Rosa Parks, a black woman, refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama, and was arrested for violating the cirys segregation law. Black residents, led by King and Rev Ralph Abcrnathy, encouraged a boycott of the ciry s buses that led to their desegregation.

Malcolm X
Many black people disagreed with King's aim of full integration of black and white, preferring to aim for

black separatism. Their leader was Malcolm X, who was a member of the Black Muslim movement led by Elijah Muhammad. He later converted to orthodox Islam, and took up the cause of racial unirv.

Sit-ins
A favoured tactic of civil rights campaigners was to stage sit-in demonstrations in segregated restaurants and other public places. In 1960 King was arrested at a segregated lunch counter in an Atlanta department storeHe was sent to prison, and was only released after the intervention of the Democratic presidential candidate, John F. Kennedy-

Freedom rides
In I 961, black and white civil rights protesters defied state segregation laws by travelling together on segregated buses. The government sent in national guardsmen to protect the riders. This led to increased racial tension and activity by the racist Ku KJux Klan, who carried flaming crosses in marches in southern USA.

Little Rock
In 1957, the governor of Arkansas refused to admit nine black children to the all-white Little Rock Central High School. Ptesident Eisenhower sent 1,000 paratroopers and 10,000 national guardsmen to protect the children as they went to school.

"I have a dream"

On 28 August 1963, King led
the historic March on Washington to demand civil rights reform. More than 200,000 marchers heard his words: "I have a dream that

one day this nation will rise up

and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal'".
Birmingham Jail
King went to jail many times for his beliefs. During a period in jail in Birmingham, Alabama, in Spring 1963, he wrote an eloquent letter outlining his philosophy of non-violent protest. He was inspired in this policy by the Indian leader Mohandas K. Gandhis non-violence campaign against British rule in India, the movement known as
vitv.i!:r.ih;l 'devotion ro t r u t h l .

MARTIN LUTHER KING

1929 Born in Atlanta, Georgia. 1951 Receives Bachelor of Divinity

Assassination
The last years of King's life were marked by increasing disputes with more radical black leaders who disagreed with his non-violent approach. In April 1968, he \-isited Memphis, Tennessee to offer support to striking city sanitation workers; he was assassinated at the motel where he was staying on 4 April. Protest riots broke out in most major US cities. 1954 Becomes pastor of Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. I960 President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference;

sent to prison for his part in a sitin in Atlanta. 1963 Spells out his doctrine of non-violent protest; leads march on Washington. 1964 Awarded j>Jobel Peace^Prize. 1968 Assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. FIN D HUMAN

M O ROUET HRUIGMHATNS SLAVERY SOCIETIES,

UNHIITSETODR SAbuse is a complex psychosocial problem that affects large numbers of adults as well as children throughout the world. It is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) under the heading of Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention. Although abuse was first defined with regard to children when it first received sustained attention in the 1950s, clinicians and researchers now recognize that adults can suffer abuse in a number of different circumstances. Abuse refers to harmful or injurious tlude not only the direct costs of immediate medical and psychiatric treatment of abused people but also the indirect costs of learning difficulties, interrupted education, workplace absenteeism, and long-term health problems of abuse survivors. Types of abuse Physical

The Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) is a rating scale that was designed in the 1970s to measure involuntary movements known as tardive dyskinesia (TD). TD is a disorder that sometimes develops as a side effect of long-term treatment with neuroleptic

(antipsychotic) medications. Purpose

months to monitor the patient for the development of TD. For most patients, TD develops three months after the initiation of neuroleptic therapy; in elderly patients, however, TD can develop after as little as one month. Precautions The AIMS test was originally developed for administration by trained clinicians. People who are not health care professionals, however, can also be taught to administer the test by completing a training seminar.

is one of the most powerful forces scraping and shaping the Earths surface. Whether in its liquid form or as ice, water carves out valleys, wears away coastlines, and carries particles of rock down rivers and across oceans. If water breaks rock down into particles where it stands, the process is called weathering. If water wears rock away and carries its particles from one place to another, the process is known as erosion. Pillars of weathered rock
These strangely shaped pillars are known as hoodoos. Made of soft limestone rock, capped by harder rock, they are shaped by frost and rain. In winter, frost and ice crack the rocks. In warmer weather, rainwater, which is slightly acidic, slowly dissolves the limestone and rounds the hoodoos edges to create this shape.

DescriptionWater

Rivers of snow and ice

When snow and ice settle on high ground, gravity gradually pulls them down along any valleys. This forms a flowing river of ice, called a glacier. The moving ice enters cracks in the rock, dislodges rocky chunks, and wears away the bottom and sides of the valley.

Ice and frost

Rainwater or melting snow seep into cracks in any exposed rock. If this water freezes, it expands and creates wedges of ice. These can cause enormous damage, prising any cracks wider and splitting the rockAbuse is a complex psychosocial problem that

affects large numbers of adults as well as children throughout the world. It is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) under the heading of Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention. Although abuse was first defined with regard to children when it first received sustained attention in the 1950s, clinicians and researchers now recognize that adults can suffer abuse in a number of different circumstances. Abuse refers to harmful or injurious tlude not only the direct costs of immediate medical and psychiatric treatment of abused people but also the indirect costs of learning difficulties, interrupted education, workplace absenteeism, and long-term health problems of abuse survivors. Types of abuse Physical

The Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) is a rating scale that was designed in the 1970s to measure involuntary movements known as tardive dyskinesia (TD). TD is a disorder that sometimes develops as a side effect of long-term treatment with neuroleptic (antipsychotic) medications. Purpose

months to monitor the patient for the development of TD. For most patients, TD develops three months after the initiation

of neuroleptic therapy; in elderly patients, however, TD can develop after as little as one month. Precautions The AIMS test was originally developed for administration by trained clinicians. People who are not health care professionals, however, can also be taught to administer the test by completing a training seminar. Description The entire test can be completed in about 10 minutes. The AIMS test has a total of twelve items rating involuntary movements of various areas of the patients body. These items are rated on a five-point scale of severity from 04. The scale is rated from 0 (none), 1 (minimal), 2 (mild), 3 (moderate), 4 (severe). Two of the 12 items refer to dental care. The patient must be calm and sitting in a firm chair that doesnt have arms, and the patient cannot have anything in his or her mouth. The clinician asks the patient about the condition of his or her teeth and dentures, or if he or she is having any pain or . Again the rater observes the patients face and legs for any abnormal movements. After the face and hands have been tested, the patient is then asked to flex (bend) and extend one arm at a time. The patient is then asked to stand up so that the rater can observe the entire body for movements. Next, the patient is asked to extend both arms in front of the body with the palms facing downward. The trunk, legs and mouth are again observed for signs of TD. The patient then walks a

few paces, while his or her gait and hands are observed 54. Mantra Raj 55. Kuvichka Tantra 56. Vigyan Lalitka Tantra 57. Lingagam Tantra 58. Kalotarr Tantra 59. Brahm Yamal Tantra 60. Aadi Yamal Tantra 61. Rudra Yamal Tantra 62. Brihdhamal Tantra 63. Siddh Yamal Tantra 64. Kalp Sutrah Tantra

(sometimes called a bong) and smoked. An alternative method of using marijuana involves adding it to foods and eating it, such as baking it into brownies. It can also be brewed as a tea. Marijuana has appeared in the form of bluntscigarettes emptied of their tobacco content and filled with a combination of marijuana and another drug such as crack cocaine. Between 1840 and 1900, European and American medical journals published numerous articles on the therapeutic uses of marijuana. It was recommended as an appetite stimulant, muscle relaxant, painkiller, sedative, and anticonvulsant. As late as 1913, Sir William Osler recommended it highly for treatment of migraine. Public opinion changed, however, in the early 1900s, as alternative medications such as aspirin, opiates, and barbiturates

became available. In 1937, the United States passed the Marijuana Tax Act, which made the drug essentially impossible to obtain for medical purposes. By the year 2000, the debate over the use of marijuana as a medicine continued. THC is known to successfully treat nausea caused by cancer treatment drugs, stimulate the appetites of persons diagnosed with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and possibly assist in the treatment of glaucoma. Its use as a medicinal agent is still, however, highly controversial. Even although the states of Arizona and California passed laws in 1996 making it legal for physicians to prescribe marijuana in the form of cigarettes for treatment of the diseases listed above, governmental agencies continue to oppose strongly its use as a medicine, and doctors who do prescribe it may find their licenses at risk. Cannabis-related disorders reflect the problematic use of cannabis products to varying degrees. These disorders include: Cannabis dependence: The compulsive need to use the drug, coupled with problems associated with chronic drug use. Cannabis abuse: Periodic use that may cause legal problems, problems at work, home, or school, or danger when driving. Cannabis intoxication: The direct effects of acute cannabis use and reactions that accompany it such as feeling high, euphoria, sleepiness, lethargy, impairment

in short-term memory, stimulated appetite, impaired judgment, distorted sensory perceptions, impaired motor performance, and other symptoms. with increasing prevalence of obesity more children

are now presenting with type 2 diabetes, particularly from ethnic minorities. In the USA, in some areas, up to 50% of children with diabetes are now presenting with the type 2 form. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is thought to comprise about 5% of all patients with type 2 diabetes. These people have autoantibodies usually seen in type 1 diabetes, but their clinical presentation is like someone with type 2 diabetes. This is a group that may present an excellent opportunity for subsequent prevention of diabetes if an effective intervention can be developed to prevent further beta cell destruction. Monogenic diabetes (previously referred to as maturity onset diabetes in the young, MODY) Monogenic diabetes is the term used for a collection of conditions that cause diabetes now shown to result from single gene defects. One feature of these conditions is that they show autosomal dominant inheritance patterns where the disease appears to be vertically transmitted (e.g. through several generations). It is also diagnosed before the age of 25 years, but, unlike type 1 diabetes patients, monogenic diabetes patients do not often require insulin for at least 5 years after diagnosis. Genetic testing in these cases can confirm the particular sub-type of diabetes. This can have

significant clinical implications. Patients with HNF1a (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1a) mutations, for example, exhibit exquisite sensitivity to sulphonylureas and can be successfully treated with tablets. Knowledge of the mutation, therefore, can help in the management of this disorder, even in children who would otherwise have been put onto insulin. This is also one form of type 2 diabetes where we would use a sulphonylurea in preference to metformin when initiating therapy. Patients with HNF1 have renal cysts. Patients with glucokinase mutations are less common but the diagnosis is significant for the individual and their families. Such patients are much less likely to develop complications of diabetes because they mainly have mild fasting hyperglycaemia without significant post meal hyperglycaemia. Maternally inherited diabetes with deafness (MIDD)