Roundness (object)

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Jump to: navigation, search Roundness is the measure of how closely the shape of an object approaches that of a circle. Roundness is dominated by the shape's large-scale features rather than the sharpness of its edges and corners, or the surface roughness of a manufactured object. A smooth ellipse can have low roundness, if its eccentricity is large. Regular polygons increase their roundness with increasing numbers of sides, even though they are still sharp-edged. Roundness applies in two dimensions. Its analogue in three dimensions is sphericity. In geology and the study of sediments (where three dimensional particles are most important), roundness is considered to be the measurement of surface roughness and the overall shape is described by sphericity.

Contents
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1 Simple definitions o 1.1 Diameter o 1.2 Radial displacements 2 Calculation in two-dimensions 3 Roundness measurements 4 Methods o 4.1 Intrinsic datum method o 4.2 Extrinsic datum method 5 Roundness error definitions 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links

Simple definitions[edit]
The ISO definition of roundness is based on the ratio between the inscribed and the circumscribed circles, i.e. the maximum and minimum sizes for circles that are just sufficient to fit inside and to enclose the shape.[1][2]

Diameter[edit]
Having a constant diameter, measured at varying angles around the shape, is often considered to be a simple measurement of roundness. This is misleading.[3] Although constant diameter is a necessary condition for roundness, it is not a sufficient condition for roundness: shapes exist that have constant diameter but are far from round.

Mathematical shapes such as the Reuleaux triangle and, an everyday example, the British 50p coin demonstrate this.

Radial displacements[edit]
Roundness does not describe radial displacements of a shape from some notional centre point,[note 1] merely the overall shape. This is important in manufacturing, such as for crankshafts and similar objects, where not only the roundness of a number of bearing journals must be measured, but also their alignment on an axis. A bent crankshaft may have perfectly round bearings, yet if one is displaced sideways, the shaft is useless. Such measurements are often performed by the same techniques as for roundness, but also considering the centre position and its relative position along an additional axial direction.

Calculation in two-dimensions[edit]
A single trace covering the full rotation is made and at each equally spaced angle, , a measurement, , of the radius or distance between the center of rotation and the surface point. A least-squares fit to the data gives the following estimators of the parameters of the circle:[4]