PAPERS
Analysis of Pan-European attitudes to
the eradication and control of bovine
viral diarrhoea
C. Heffernan, F. Misturelli, L. Nielsen, G. J. Gunn, J. Yu
At present, national-level policies concerning the
eradication and control of bovine viral diarrhoea
(BVD) differ widely across Europe. Some Scandinavian
countries have enacted strong regulatory frameworks
to eradicate the disease, whereas other countries have
few formal policies. To examine these differences,
the attitudes of stakeholders and policy makers in 17
European countries were investigated. A web-based
questionnaire was sent to policy makers, government
and private sector veterinarians, and representatives
of farmers’ organisations. In total, 131 individuals
responded to the questionnaire and their responses
were analysed by applying a method used in
sociolinguistics: frame analysis. The results showed
that the different attitudes of countries that applied
compulsory or voluntary frameworks were associated
with different views about the attribution or blame
for BVD and the roles ascribed to farmers and other
stakeholders in its eradication and control.
BOVINE viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is widespread in Europe, causing
at best minor disease, and at worst major economic losses to the cattle
industry (Bitsch and others 2000, Mars and van Maanen 2005, Moennig
and others 2005b). Its prevalence within and between countries varies
widely, but according to Houe (1999) ‘losses at the population level
have been estimated in the range of US$ 10 ± 40 million per million
calvings’, and at the farm level, Gunn and others (2004) estimated
annual losses among UK beef farmers at £37 per animal. These figures
indicate that the annual losses due to BVD are significant and likely to
be a major inhibitor to the profitability of livestock farming.
Veterinary Record (2009) 164, 163-167
C. Heffernan, DVM, PhD, MRCVS, G. J. Gunn, BVMS, MRCVS,
F. Misturelli, MA, PhD, SAC Epidemiology Research Unit,
L. Nielsen, MA, PhD, Research and Development Division,
J. Yu, MSc, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road,
University of Reading, Livestock Edinburgh EH9 3JG
Development Group, School of
Agriculture, Policy and Development, E-mail for correspondence:
Earley Gate, PO Box 237, Reading c.l.heffernan@reading.ac.uk
RG6 6AT
In spite of this evidence, BVD has been accorded different levels
of importance by the animal health policies of different countries in
Europe, and as a result their strategies for its control and eradication
differ widely. It has been suggested that part of the problem is that
because BVD has no ‘known zoonotic implications’, there is less pres-
sure to control it (Gunn and others 2005). However, within the last
20 years, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden have made steady
progress towards the complete eradication of the disease, and Austria
has introduced partially compulsory control strategies. These eradica-
tion programmes represented a radical departure from conventional
thinking (Moennig and others 2005b).
Historically, the control of the disease has been based on either
test and slaughter policies or vaccination (Deregt 2005). Hence, for
the first time, the control programmes in Scandinavia were ‘based on
the identification of herds with active BVDV infections, tracing and
removal of persistently infected animals and movement restrictions, as
well as other zoosanitary measures’ (Moennig and others 2005a). In this
way, testing and culling was introduced and vaccination was banned
(Bitsch and Rønshalt 1995, Lindberg and Alenius 1999). According
to Lindberg (2002), in Sweden, this approach had decreased the preva-
lence of BVD from over 50 per cent in 1993 to less than 3 per cent in
2002. Nevertheless, the majority of countries in Europe use voluntary
regulation and rely on controlling the disease by vaccination (Mars and
van Maanen 2005, Moennig and others 2005a, Lindberg and others
2006a).
The question of who should pay for the control and eradication of the
disease is equally contentious. Countries such as Sweden have moved
away from schemes paid for by farmers towards subsidised national eradi-
cation programmes (Hult and Lindberg 2005), but in most countries the
costs are borne by farmers (Mars and van Maanen 2005).
It is clear that these wide variations in priorities and programmes
for the control or eradication of BVD will be accompanied by equally
wide variations in the perceptions and attitudes of stakeholders, but
little attention has been paid to them (Lindberg and others 2006a). As
Hult and Lindberg (2005) observed, ‘The ability of a scheme to reach
full coverage will be dependent on the backup from authorities and the
farmers’ own organisations (voluntary versus compulsory, subsidies, etc),
the ability to spread understanding of what will be gained by the scheme,
the farmers’ knowledge about the disease…’
The authors therefore suggest that key factors in the success of any
programme include the willingness and ability of stakeholders to coop-
erate, and it is clear that fostering the cooperation and willingness of
stakeholders will depend on a better understanding of their attitudes
towards the disease (Lindberg and others 2006a).
This paper examines the differences in the attitudes of stakeholders
towards the control and eradication of BVD in 17 European coun-
tries. Its aim is to determine whether these differences contribute to
the decision to apply compulsory or voluntary control strategies. To
reveal the stakeholders’ explicit and implicit attitudes, a method used
in sociolinguistics/discourse analysis was applied: frame analysis. Frame
February 7, 2009 | the VETERINARY RECORD
PAPERS
analysis is often used in the fields of media studies, political discourse
and policy making (Tannen 1993, Triandafyllidou and Fotiou 1998,
Verloo 2004, Yamaguchi and Harris 2004) to identify the underlying
attitudes and values contained within texts or utterances. A ‘frame’ is
defined as a basic cognitive structure that informs the manner in which
a person views their own reality (Tannen 1993). ‘Frames’ are the lin-
guistic instruments by which one infers ‘what is going on’ (Oliver and
Johnston 2000). By identifying the way in which a specific topic is
presented, underlying ideas may be revealed. Frame analysis was there-
fore considered to be a useful method for determining the attitudes
of stakeholders towards BVD and their views on cooperation towards
controlling or eradicating the disease within their own country and
between countries.
Materials and methods
Data collection
A web-based questionnaire was distributed to government and private-
sector veterinarians, representatives of farmers’ organisations, and policy
makers in 17 European countries. The initial sample was derived from
members of the EU Thematic Network on BVD Control, by asking a key
informant in each country to provide a list of relevant stakeholders. The
questionnaire was distributed to 534 individuals between September and
December 2005, and 131 individuals responded. They consisted of 41
researchers, 35 government vets or policy makers, 27 farmers or farm-
ers’ organisations, and 28 private-sector veterinarians. They were asked
a series of open-ended and closed ranking questions. The open-ended
questions were focused on descriptions of control strategies and the ben-
efits and constraints of eradication and control. The respondents were
also asked to describe the barriers to implementing control strategies at
the national, regional and local levels, and to express their opinion about
the feasibility of Pan-European eradication and how long it might take.
The ranking questions focused on the participants’ views on the main
factors encouraging eradication and the role of stakeholders. However,
within the ranking questions, the participants were able to offer their
own criteria if they thought the response options were unsuitable. In this
way, the questionnaire provided a qualitative and user-driven approach.
The questionnaire is available at www.livestockdevelopment.org/bvd/
questionnaire.
The web-based questionnaire was created using Active Services Page
programming. Other basic web service technologies, such as HTML and
JavaScript, were used to design the interface and to set up the inter-
nal variables, and SQL language was used to manage the data units.
The resulting dataset consisted of qualitative and quantitative infor-
mation in a non-dichotomous format. Because the respondents were
from 17 countries, the heterogeneous nature of their responses required
strict data-cleansing procedures to ensure the accuracy of the data to be
analysed. All the responses were rated for the consistency, quality and
depth of the material provided, and after these procedures 114 of the
131 responses were suitable to be analysed.
In discourse analysis, the focus is on the use of language, and vari-
ations in patterns may emerge from a limited number of study sub-
jects or texts. Potter and Wetherell (1987) noted that ‘…because a
large number of linguistic patterns are likely to emerge from a few
people, small samples or a few interviews are generally quite adequate
for investigating an interesting or practically important range of phe-
nomena’.
As a result, sample size and related concepts of representativeness
are not considered to be critical in discourse analysis. Similarly, non-
responses are less of a problem because the analysis focuses strictly on
the discourse produced. The response rates to the questions in the ques-
tionnaire were variable. In some cases, the variability can be explained
by the inclusion of only those parts of the responses relevant to the
specific analysis. For example, when the constraints to Pan-European
control were analysed, only the respondents who included a constraint
or caveat as part of their original answer were included in the analysis.
Data analysis
To identify the frames contained within the responses, the text was
assessed according to the presence of recurrent key words or strings of
the VETERINARY RECORD | February 7, 2009
Compulsory Voluntary Federal or regional
control: control: guidelines:
National level: National level: Germany (5)
Austria (4) Netherlands (10) France (2)
Denmark (12)
Finland (10) Regional level: Total 7
Norway (2) Belgium (3)
Sweden (19) Spain (7)
Regional level: Association level:
Italy (5) UK (14)
Greece (8)
Total 52
Farm level:
Ireland (5)
Portugal (3)
Slovakia (2)
Switzerland (3)
Total 55
FIG 1: Numbers of respondents to the questionnaire from the
countries with compulsory or voluntary control schemes or Federal
or regional guidelines
words that either explicitly or implicitly indicated a specific world view
(Tannen 1993). A grounded theory approach was used, which enabled
the codes and subsequent frames to emerge from the data, rather than
applying pre-existing codes (Strauss and Corbin 1997). The coding and
analysis was undertaken using the software package Nudist (Version 6),
an analytical tool that supports the identification of relationships and
linkages in qualitative data.
The analysis was undertaken in three steps. First, the main ‘frame’
of the message was identified and the themes contained within it were
determined. Secondly, key words were identified within and between
the responses and themes. Thirdly, relationships between the themes
were identified and strings of words were deduced, as the following
examples illustrate. A Swedish veterinarian referred to ‘Farmers with
infected herds that do not cooperate well, either because they do not
want to or because they do not have good control of their animals’. In
this example, the frame is farmer responsibility; the theme is lack of
farmer cooperation; the key words are infected herds, do not cooperate
and lack of control; and there is an inter-relationship between infected
herds, cooperation and control. A Greek researcher commented: ‘It is
not difficult to have a wide eradication programme among EC countries.
The EC countries should initially standardise diagnostic techniques.’
The frame in this example is EC eradication positive; the theme is
standardisation; the key words are not difficult, standardise and diag-
nostic techniques; and there is an inter-relationship between eradica-
tion and standardise.
Results
The respondents were nearly evenly divided between those from coun-
tries with voluntary control and those from countries with compulsory
control. Only a few respondents were from countries with regional or
federal guidelines. Fig 1 shows the number of respondents from each
country and its control strategy, as described by the respondents.
When asked about the feasibility of implementing a Pan-European
control strategy, the majority of the respondents were positive
(Table 1). The respondents from countries with some form of compul-
sory control were more positive about the prospects for Pan-European
control than those from countries with only voluntary measures.
However, only a minority of the respondents were prepared to pre-
dict the period required for eradication, the average period suggested
being 14 years. Thus, although the majority of the respondents were
positive about the feasibility of eradicating BVD, the long period
thought likely to be required illustrated the underlying reservations
about its feasibility. Furthermore, many of the respondents qualified
their assessments significantly by suggesting constraints to the con-
trol of the disease (Table 2). The constraint most commonly cited
was the inability to systematise and/or harmonise the approaches.
The respondents from countries with compulsory control strategies
 PAPERS

facilities; 3) the farmers must be informed

TABLE 1: Respondents’ attitudes towards the Pan-European control of bovine viral diarrhoea and
the period they estimated would be required for its eradication about the disease… I could imagine that
in some countries there are other and more
National level Attitudes to control urgent priorities.’ A veterinarian from
control strategy Not possible Uncertain Possible/probable
Sweden said: ‘Possible EC-wide eradication?
Compulsory (n=44) 16·7% 10·4% 72·9% Sure, if we can achieve the same eradica-
Voluntary (n=53) 34·0% 13·2% 52·8% tion effectivity as in the Nordic countries,
Period of eradication (years) together with economic support from the
1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 >20 authorities and an open-minded industry.
Compulsory (n=11) 9·0% 36·0% 36·0% 9·0% 9·0%
However, I suppose that there are a lot of
Voluntary (n=9) 11·0% 22·0% 33·0% 11·0% 22·0% stones to turn and negative attitudes/disbe-
lief to change…’.
At a European-wide level, many of
TABLE 2: Constraints on a Pan-European bovine viral diarrhoea control strategy expressed by the respondents thus viewed cooperation
respondents from countries with a compulsory control strategy and respondents from countries between countries as the largest barrier to
with a voluntary control strategy
success, and there were negative conceptions
Key constraints Compulsory control (n=20) Voluntary control (n=39) of the different levels of efficiency, motiva-
tion and institutional abilities of some of the
Traceability 25·0% 17·9%
Farmer/industry motivation 10·0% 10·2%
countries involved. The results show that
Inability to systematise/harmonise approaches 35·0% 41·0% any Pan-European control strategy must
Low-priority disease 5·0% 5·1% reach beyond legislation and deal with the
High training requirements 5·0% 5·1% concerns of stakeholders.
High costs 10·0% 7·7% However, losses at the farm level were
Strong legislation required 5·0% 10·2%
considered to be the primary incentive for
Vested interests 5·0% 0·0%
Herd density 0·0% 2·6% BVD to be eradicated by respondents from
countries with compulsory schemes and
countries with voluntary schemes (Table 3).
TABLE 3: Opinions expressed by the respondents about the principal incentives for the When asked to identify who they thought
eradication of bovine viral diarrhoea and the stakeholders most concerned was most concerned about BVD, the major-
ity of the respondents selected farmers, with
National level Incentives
control strategy Loss in farm incomes Animal welfare Loss of export markets Increased commodity prices governments largely viewed as having a
minority interest (Table 3). Although gov-
Compulsory (n=31) 71·0% 19·4% 6·5% 3·2% ernment cooperation was viewed as vital
Voluntary (n=48) 68·8% 12·5% 12·5% 6·3%
to any Pan-European control strategy, few
Stakeholder most concerned respondents considered that government
Farmers Farmers’ groups Veterinarians Governments interest had much influence on the process
Compulsory (n=38) 34·2% 28·9% 26·3% 10·5% (Table 4).
Voluntary (n=47) 46·8% 17·0% 29·8% 6·4% When the respondents were asked to rank
specific ‘general issues’ in the control and
eradication of BVD, the majority of those in
countries with compulsory schemes empha-
tended to emphasise the systematic nature of implementing effective sised the financial aspects of disease control, whereas the respondents
policies, whereas those from countries with voluntary schemes were from countries with voluntary schemes tended to emphasise the low
generally more worried about the different management strategies and motivation and negative attitudes towards the disease.
herd densities that might prevent the control strategies of different When the epidemiological constraints were further analysed, further
countries from being harmonised effectively. Underlying the doubts differences emerged between the two groups. In countries with com-
of many northern European respondents was the idea that the control pulsory schemes, large herd sizes were viewed as a greater constraint to
of BVD was dependent upon specific management and administrative control, whereas in countries with voluntary schemes a high density
structures that were not present in many southern European nations. of herds was considered a bigger problem. Research shows that BVD
For example, a researcher from Switzerland commented: ‘I think in can be controlled more rapidly in areas such as Denmark and south
most EC countries it will be achievable, but in some southern and east Sweden, which have a high density of herds, than in areas such
eastern European countries I could image that an eradication could as Finland and northern Sweden, which have a low density (Lindberg
be a bit more difficult to achieve… 1) the prevalence of the disease in and others 2006b). Given the attribution of blame for current condi-
the country should be known; 2) there must exist adequate laboratory tions on farmers by respondents from countries with voluntary control

TABLE 4: Opinions expressed by the respondents about the principal general and epidemiological constraints preventing the
eradication of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD)

National level General constraints

control strategy BVD of no or low priority Lack of financial support Lack of national herd register

Compulsory (n=23) 30·4% 52·2% 17·4%

Voluntary (n=47) 55·3% 38·3% 6·4%

Epidemiological constraints
Lack of epidemiological Uncontrolled animal Presence of wildlife
knowledge movements High density of herds Large herds vectors

Compulsory (n=24) 33·3% 20·8% 12·5% 20·8% 12·5%

Voluntary (n=49) 28·6% 34·7% 20·4% 12·2% 4·1%

February 7, 2009 | the VETERINARY RECORD

PAPERS

35 Compulsory 70 Compulsory
Voluntary Voluntary
30 60

25 50
Percentage

Percentage
20 40

15 30

10 20

5 10

0 0
es r

at n

tra cle

ns too

ro es
en
en e

in po

le d

ur ory

rti tic

ur eld
ar arm

po ri

ob ve
to sta
s

us
de
em

o da
cc y u

pe ol

pe os
io

iv

se

s
so t fi
so at
pr ei
ex ntr

ce

ce
aw of f

to un

ex gn
ag

r e bor
va nc

a erc

re ien
lo

bo

a
an
de

C
tro
ck

la

di

c
as t p

ffi
m
en

rm
La

on

nt

of
no

su
or

e
ep

Fa
C

ck

In
ci
D
Po
D

ffi

La
BV

FIG 2: Percentages of 23 respondents from countries with
compulsory schemes and 43 respondents from countries with
voluntary schemes expressing opinions about the principal
constraints related to farmers preventing the eradication of bovine
viral diarrhoea
su
In
FIG 3: Percentages of 17 respondents from countries with
compulsory schemes and 23 respondents from countries with
voluntary schemes expressing opinions about the principal
constraints related to veterinarians preventing the eradication of
bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD)

Compulsory
schemes, the above ranking of uncontrolled animal movement appears 35 Voluntary
consistent with overall views.
Again, there were large variations when the constraints at the farmer
30
level were analysed (Fig 2). The respondents from countries with vol-
untary schemes considered that the lack of awareness by farmers was
25
a major problem, in addition to the costs of control, and there was a
general perception that farmers are both unwilling and unable to pay for
Percentage

control strategies. Conversely, in the countries with compulsory control 20

schemes, the attitudes of farmers were not considered to be a major
problem. The majority of respondents from these countries tended to 15
focus on the effects of the disease on trade, and the potential for re-
infection from neighbouring farms with lower levels of biosecurity. 10
When the constraints were evaluated at the level of the veterinarian,
the respondents from countries with compulsory schemes were much
5
more critical of the role of vets than those from countries with voluntary
programmes (Fig 3).
0
When the industry-level constraints were evaluated (Fig 4), there
le d

al n

st e

ill
ob ve

he t i

du ttl

was much greater agreement between the two groups of countries. There
w
m

th

ry
al res

in ca
pr ei

al
a erc

ci
d

was general agreement that the industry had little motivation to change
im te

an
te
an w in
as t p

en

fin

current conditions. In the countries with voluntary control schemes, a

no

m
Lo

of
ag
D

fragmented cattle industry, suggesting a subsequent inability to make

BV

Fr

c
La

effective joint decisions, was considered a greater problem than in coun-
tries with compulsory schemes, although even in these it was considered
that the industry could do better.
Discussion
The analysis revealed the wide divergence of attitudes towards BVD
control at the national, regional and local level in the 17 countries. At
the national level, the analysis showed that the attribution of blame
for endemic BVD infections in countries with voluntary schemes lay
largely with the farmers, whereas in countries with compulsory control
schemes, respondents tended to consider that epidemiological rather
than social factors were of greater importance; however, they tended to
be the most suspicious of the commitment of the veterinary community
to the control of BVD. In both groups of countries, the cattle industry
was often viewed with suspicion.
With respect to EC-wide strategies, political and administrative issues
were of most concern for the respondents who, while ostensibly offer-
ing a positive view, were often very negative about the ability of many
countries to comply with any forthcoming legislation successfully.
The analysis therefore shows that any attempts at an EU-wide strat-
egy for the control of BVD must take into account social and political
FIG 4: Percentages of 26 respondents from countries with
compulsory schemes and 41 respondents from countries with
voluntary schemes expressing opinions about the principal
constraints related to the cattle industry preventing the eradication
of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD)
factors. Many of the lessons learned from the Scandinavian experi-
ence are likely to be useful on many levels (Brownlie 2005), but the
‘frame’ for sharing them must be altered significantly to provide better
support for their acceptance by both northern and southern European
countries. Respondents from non-Scandinavian countries among the
northern European countries often argued that the Scandinavian
experience would not, or could not, be replicated, although it is clear
that on strictly scientific grounds this is not the case. Much of this
doubt appears to stem from a belief that farmers cannot, or will not,
comply with new regulations. Despite this, few of the respondents
from countries with voluntary schemes suggested training farmers to
improve the control of the disease, calling into question the under-
lying attitudes and commitment of many of them towards its sustain-
able control.

the VETERINARY RECORD | February 7, 2009


The results suggest that an EU-wide strategy for the eradication
of BVD must take into account all the factors affecting disease con-
trol, including the political and social views of stakeholders. It may be
concluded that the ‘frame’ for understanding and sharing knowledge
between northern and southern European countries is a primary inhibi-
tor of the means of eradication and must be modified before progress can
be made. Thus, frame analysis helped to analyse the underlying attitudes
supporting and inhibiting the cooperation of stakeholders. It is clear
that the findings are likely to have implications for the control of other
endemic diseases at the Pan-European level.
BVD is a relatively straightforward viral disease caused by a single
infectious agent that does not survive well outside its host. The disease
has a complicated pathogenesis but the technology to eradicate the virus
at farm, regional and national levels has been widely demonstrated to
be both effective and cost effective. However, despite strong scientific
arguments in favour of eradicating the disease, the socioeconomic argu-
ments are not so well developed. The socioeconomic arguments will
be even more complicated for other endemic diseases whose agents are
either more ubiquitous in the environment, such as paratuberculosis,
or have a multifactorial aetiology, such as pneumonia or enteritis. It is
likely that international agreements will be required for a wide range of
livestock diseases, and it is hoped that this study has identified some of
the subjects for further research that might help to control and eradicate
them.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank the EU Thematic Network on BVD Control for
commissioning this work.
References
BITSCH, V., HANSEN, K. E. L. & RØNSHOLT, L. (2000) Experiences from the Danish
programme for eradication of bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) 1994-1998 with special refer-
ence to legislation and causes of infection. Veterinary Microbiology 77, 137-143
BITSCH, V. & RØNSHOLT, L. (1995) Control of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection
without vaccines. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice 11, 627-640
BROWNLIE, J. (2005) National control of BVDV – do we want to jump or be pushed?
Cattle Practice 13, 155-160
DEREGT, D. (2005) Introduction and history. In Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus: Diagnosis,
PAPERS
Management and Control. Eds J. Ridpath, S. M. Goyal. Blackwell Publishing. pp 3-34
GUNN, G. J., SAATKAMP, H. W., HUMPHRY, R. W. & STOTT, A. W. (2005) Assessing
economic and social pressure for the control of bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Preventive
Veterinary Medicine 72, 149-162
GUNN, G. J., STOTT, A. W. & HUMPHRY, R. W. (2004) Modelling and costing BVD
outbreaks in beef herds. Veterinary Journal 167, 143-149
HOUE, H. (1999) Epidemiological features and economical importance of bovine virus diar-
rhoea virus (BVDV) infections. Veterinary Microbiology 64, 89-107
HULT, L. & LINDBERG, A. (2005) Experiences from BVDV control in Sweden. Preventive
Veterinary Medicine 72, 143-148
LINDBERG, A. (2002) Epidemiology and eradication of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infec-
tions: studies on transmission and prenatal diagnosis of persistent infection. PhD thesis.
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
LINDBERG, A. L. & ALENIUS, S. (1999) Principles for eradication of bovine viral diar-
rhoea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle populations. Veterinary Microbiology 64, 197-222
LINDBERG, A., BERRIATUA, E., FOURICHON, C., MINTIENS, K. & HOUE, H.
(2006a) Epidemiology and risks. In BVD Control. Position paper. Ed BVD Thematic
Network on the control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus. pp 32-72. www.bvdv-control.
org/bilder/Position%20paper%20BVDV%20Control%20EU%20TN.pdf
LINDBERG, A., BROWNLIE, J., GUNN, G. J., HOUE, H., MOENNIG, V., SAATKAMP,
H. W., SANDVIK, T. & VALLE, P. S. (2006b) The control of bovine viral diarrhoea virus
in Europe: today and in the future. Revue Scientifique et Technique 25, 961-979
MARS, M. H. & VAN MAANEN, C. (2005) Diagnostic assays applied in BVDV control
in the Netherlands. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 72, 43-48
MOENNIG, V., EICKEN, K., FLEBBE, U., FREY, H. R., GUMMER, B., HAAS, L.,
GREISER-WILKE, I. & LIESS, B. (2005a) Implementation of two-step vaccination in
the control of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD). Preventive Veterinary Medicine 72, 109-114
MOENNIG, V., HOUE, H. & LINDBERG, A. (2005b) BVD control in Europe: current
status and perspectives. Animal Health Research Reviews 6, 63-74
OLIVER, P. & JOHNSTON, H. (2000) What a good idea! Frames and ideologies in social
movement research. Mobilization 5, 37-54
POTTER, J. & WETHERELL, M. (1987) Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes
and Behaviour. Sage Publications. p 161
STRAUSS, A. & CORBIN, J. (1997) Grounded Theory in Practice. Sage Publications.
p vii
TANNEN, D. (1993) Framing in Discourse. Oxford University Press. pp 3-13
TRIANDAFYLLIDOU, A. & FOTIOU, A. (1998) Sustainability and modernity in the
European Union: a frame theory approach to policy-making. Sociological Research Online,
3. www.socresonline.org.uk/3/1/2.html. Accessed September 15, 2008
VERLOO, M. (2004) Mainstreaming gender equality in Europe: a critical frame analysis.
Greek Review of Social Research 117, 11-34
YAMAGUCHI, T. & HARRIS, C. (2004) The economic hegemonization of BT cotton
discourse in India. Discourse and Society 15, 467-491
February 7, 2009 | the VETERINARY RECORD