1. What is the difference between X-rays and gamma rays? a.

X-rays are produced extranuclearly whereas gamma rays are produced in nuclear decays. b. X-rays have higher energies than gamma rays. c. gamma rays are produced by bremsstrahlung. d. X-rays and gamma rays interact with matter differently. 2. What is the difference between X-rays and gamma rays? a. X-rays are produced extranuclearly whereas gamma rays are produced in nuclear decays. b. X-rays have higher energies than gamma rays. c. gamma rays are produced by bremsstrahlung. d. X-rays and gamma rays interact with matter differently. 3. Which of the following statements is true? a. Indirect action can be modified by protectors or sensitizers. b. Direct action can be modified by protectors or sensitizers. 4. A free radical is: a. Any charged particle. b. An atom or molecule with an unpaired electron in the outer shell. c. An atom with an even number of electrons. d. A chemically stable atom. 5. All types of radiation can induce biologic effects by direct or indirect action. a. True. b. False. 6. What is the main reason for the difference in biologic effects caused by neutrons and photons?

a. The energy of the radiation. b. The fact that the charged particles produced by neutrons are, for the most part, positively charged. c. The density of ionization. d. The fact that neutrons can interact with nuclei. 7. What is the most important lesion produced in chromosomal DNA by exposure to ionizing radiation? a. A break on one DNA strand ('single-strand break'). b. Well-separated breaks on both DNA strands. c. Breaks on both DNA strands which are opposite each other or separated by only a few bases ('double-strand break'). d. Multiple breaks on the same DNA strand. 8. Chromosomal aberrations are caused by: a. single-strands breaks. b. double-strand breaks, i.e. breaks that cause the chromatin to snap into two pieces. c. single-strand or double-strand breaks. 9. The chromosome material is duplicated at: a. prophase. b. metaphase. c. interphase. d. anaphase. 10. Which of the following statements is false? a. Chromosomal aberrations can lead to cell killing, mutation or carcinogenesis. b. The ring aberration and the dicentric aberration are chromatid aberrations that are lethal to the cell.

c. The anaphase bridge is a chromosomal aberration that is lethal to the cell. d. Symmetric translocations and small deletions are chromosomal aberrations that are not lethal but they can cause malignancies. 11. Which of the following statements is false? a. Cells are more sensitive to x-rays in the presence of oxygen than in its absence (i.e. under hypoxia). b. By "oxygen enhancement ratio" (OER) is meant the ratio of hypoxic to aerated doses needed to achieve the same biological effect. c. For sparsely ionizing radiation, the OER is about 3 at high doses and about 2 at low doses (i.e. at doses of the order of the daily dose per fraction in radiotherapy). d. The OER does not vary with the phase of the cell cycle. 12. Sensitization by oxygen takes place if oxygen is present: a. during irradiation. b. as late as 5 ms after irradiation. c. as late as 1 h after irradiation. 13. Which of the following statements is true? a. Linear energy transfer (LET) is the energy transferred to the biologic material per unit mass of the material. b. LET is the quotient dE/dl, where dE is the energy that a particle lost in causing an ionization and dl is the distance that the ionizing particle travels between two ionizations. c. LET is the quotient dE/dl, where dE is the average energy locally imparted to the medium by a charged particle when the particle has traversed a distance dl. 14. Which of the following statements is true? a. LET is used to describe the quality of different types of radiation. b. The higher the LET value, the lower the biologic effectiveness of the radiation. c. The LET value of 60Co gamma rays is 5 keV/micrometer. d. The LET value of 10 MeV protons is 0.2 keV/micrometer.

15. An absorbed dose of 0.1 Gy of radiation with a radiation weighting factor of 20 corresponds to an equivalent dose of: a. 0.2 Sv. b. 2 Sv. c. 20 Sv. 16. Total-body doses in excess of 100 Gy (gamma rays), which cause death within 24 to 48 hours after exposure, are connected to: a. the cerebrovascular syndrome. b. the gastrointestinal syndrome. c. the hematopoietic syndrome. 17. The gastrointestinal syndrome is induced by a total-body absorbed dose of: a. more than 100 Gy of gamma rays. b. more than 10 Gy of gamma rays. c. 3-8 Gy of gamma rays. 18. Which of the following statements is false? a. Radiation damage can cause a cell to either die or continue being viable but mutated. b. The two events above are very different when it comes to the dose dependence of their probability to occur and also when it comes to their impact on the organism to which the cell belongs. c. Cell killing by radiation is said to be a "deterministic effect". d. Cell mutating by radiation is said to be a "nonstochastic effect". 19. The number of radiation-induced malignancies: a. is higher at low dose rates. b. is lower at low dose rates. c. is independent of the dose rate.

20. Which of the following statements is false? a. The genetic information is coded in terms of the order of the bases (A, C, G, T) in the DNA molecule. The DNA is the essential ingredient of the chromosomes. The chromosomes thus carry the information that specifies all the characteristics of a human. b. A gene is a finite segment of DNA. The gene is defined by the sequence of the bases it contains. c. The position of a gene in the DNA molecule is called the "locus" of the gene. d. Males have 22 pairs of autosomes plus a pair of X chromosomes. Females have 22 pairs of autosomes plus a Y and an X chromosome. One chromosome of each pair is derived from each parent. 21. A segment of a gene that is transcribed and translated into protein is called: a. an intron. b. an exon. 22. By the term "genome" we denote: a. the DNA of the chromosomes. b. the translated parts of the genes. c. the DNA of the mitochondria. d. the DNA of the chromosomes and mitochondria. 23. Which of the following statements is false: a. By "mutations of the genome" we mean changes in bases of the DNA of the chromosomes. b. Mutations can occur both in somatic cells and in germs cells. c. Mutations in the germ cells are more apparent than mutations in the somatic cells, unless the latter ones occur under conditions of clonal proliferation (cancer). d. Mutations in the germ cells can cause death during embryonic development or adverse effects in the progeny ("genetic diseases" or "hereditary diseases"). 24. Which of the following statements is false:

a. If the two chromosomes in a chromosome pair have the genes for given characteristics lined up in the same order, the two chromosomes are called "homologous". b. If the two chromosomes in a chromosome pair have the genes for given characteristics lined up in different orders, the two chromosomes are called "heterologous". c. In a given chromosome pair, if the two genes controlling the same characteristic are alike, the person is said to be homozygous for that pair of genes. d. In a given chromosome pair, if the two genes controlling the same characteristic are different, the person is said to be heterozygous for that pair of genes. e. The chromosomes in the XY pair are homologous. 25. A recessive gene does not express itself if: a. the person is homozygous for the recessive gene. b. the person is heterozygous for the recessive gene. c. the recessive gene is on a pair of heterologous chromosomes. d. the corresponding gene on the other chromosome is not completely dominant. 26. Genetic diseases are divided into: mendelian, chromosomal and multifactorial. a. True. b. False. 27. Which of the following statements referring to mendelian diseases is false? a. Mendelian diseases are caused by a mutation on a single gene either on the autosomes or on the sex chromosomes. b. Mendelian diseases are subdivided into: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and Xlinked. c. Autosomal dominant diseases are caused by dominant mutant genes and autosomal recessive diseases are caused by recessive mutant genes. d. Autosomal recessive diseases are always expressed in the first generation of the progeny. 28. The effect of radiation on genetic diseases is: a. to introduce new types of diseases.

b. to increase the occurence probability of naturally existing diseases. c. both of the above. 29. The annual effective dose from all sources (natural background and ordinary medical examinations) is: a. 1 mSv. b. 1.5 mSv. c. 3.5 mSv. d. 6 mSv. 30. The effective dose for a multiple-slice chest CT-scan is: a. 1 mSv. b. 2 mSv. c. 4 mSv. d. 8 mSv. 31. The recommended monthly limit to the embryo or fetus is: a. 0.05 mSv. b. 0.1 mSv. c. 0.5 mSv. 32. The most important problem involving radiation exposure of the public is: a. radon. b. medical examinations. c. accidents in nuclear power plants. 33. The recommended level for manmade sources other than medical in the case of continuous exposure for the public is (annual effective dose): a. 1 mSv.

b. 2 mSv. c. 5 mSv. d. 20 mSv. 34. The most radiosensitive cells are: a. the bone-marrow cells. b. the mammary cells. c. the thyroid cells. d. the ataxia telangiectasia cells. 35. All cells in a population have indentical cell cycle times. a. True. b. False. 36. Cancer cells of a given tissue type have: a. shorter cell cycles than the normal cells of this tissue type. b. longer cell cycles than the normal cells of this tissue type. c. about equal cell cycles than the normal cells of this tissue type.

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