RICE HUSK UTILIZATION IN THE MEKONG, , RIVER DELTA, VIETNAM

PHAM THI MAI THAO Angiang University

Th 2nd International The I t ti lC Conference f on S Sustainability t i bilit Science S i in i Asia A i March 2 - 4, 2011, Hanoi, Vietnam

Problems from rice husk generation

Huge amount of rice husks is generated and most of them are illegally dumped into canals and rivers Currently, open burning of rice husks has increased causing severe fire accidents and respiratory diseases

Therefore, if they are utilized as energy source, not only GHG mitigation but also improvement of local environment can be achieved

Evaluate LC-GHG emissions of the 18 developed scenarios

The obtained results can answer the following questions: How much GHG emissions can be mitigated by using rice husk? Which technology shows higher mitigation potential? Which stage of the process contributes to the total GHG emissions?

Study area - Angiang province

VIETNAM
Area: 3.4 thousand km2 Adm. division: 1 city, 1 town, and 9 districts Population: 2.2 million people Density: 625 persons per km2
Source: Angiang, 2007

Rural population: 71.75 % Total agricultural area: 75% of total land area (three seasons) ) Rice area: 520 thousand ha ( Rice production: 3.10 million t/y Rice husk generation: 620 thousand t/y 5

 18 scenarios were developed based on (1) current demand and supply of rice husks and (2) rice husk and rice husk briquette use technologies

Coal, LPG, fuel wood

National electricity y

Diesel oil
6

S: scenario; B - briquette; a - medium scale (5 MW); b - large scale (30 MW) of power plants

100 Percentage e, % 80 60 40 20 0 26 9
Baseline Scenario 1

For the rice husk scenarios

26 65 65 65 100 74 26 9
Scenario 2 (a, b)

65 100 100

26 9
Scenario 3 (a, b) Scenario 4 (a, b) Scenario 5 (a, b)

26 9
Scenario 6 Scenario 7

Pyrolysis

Gasification

Combustion

Open burning

Brick making

Cooking

For the briquette scenarios

100 20 Percent tage, % 80 60 40 20 0 26 9
Baseline Scenario 1B1

26 65 65 100

65

80 26 9
Scenario 1B2

74 26 9
Scenario 1B3 Scenario 2B (a, b) Scenario 3 Scenario 4B (a, b) Scenario 5, 6, 7

a - 5 MW; b 30 MW

Open burning

Combustion

Brick making

Cooking

(1) COOKING

Transportation Walk, bicycle or wood boat

O u to fb o u n d a ry

Emission source: Rice husk/briquette combustion Emission replacement: Coal, LPG, fuel-wood combustion
9

(2) COMBUSTION POWER PLANT

Construction and disposal emissions are included i l d d and d discussed in total emission mitigation potential section
Ri h Rice husk k
(c)

T Transportation t ti Combustion RH
(d)

Combustion Power Plant Boiler

Diesel

Residual (b) Oil

Steam Turbine/ Engine

Diesel production
(b)

Residual oil production

(b)

Legend (a) - IPCC default value (b) - Literature review (c) - Interview data (d) - Calculated data

GHGs

Emission source: Transportation, rice husk combustion in power plant, start-up Emission replacement: National electricity

10

(3) GASIFICATION POWER PLANT

Construction and disposal emissions are included and discussed in total emission mitigation potential section

Rice husk

Transportation Combustion RH

Gasification power plant Gasifer G Gases Turbine/ Engine

Ai Air

Diesel production
(b)

Legend (a) ( ) - IPCC default value (b) - Literature review (c) - Interview data (d) - Calculated data

GHGs

Emission source: Transportation, rice husk gas combustion in power plant Emission replacement: National electricity
11

(4) PYROLYSIS PLANT

Construction and disposal emissions are included i l d d and d discussed in total emission mitigation potential section

Rice husk

Transportation C Combustion b ti RH
(d)

Pyrolysis Plant
Reactor

Crude bio-oil
Catalytic reactor

Legend (a) - IPCC default value (b) - Literature review (c) - Interview data (d) - Calculated data

Emission source: Transportation, Nitrogen gas and catalyst production, electricity consumption Emission replacement: Diesel oil
12

To product 1kg briquette need 1.05 kg rice husk

Briquet tte product tion

Rice husk

Briquetting machine

0.13 kWh electricity

(d)

Briquette

Legend (c) - Interview data (d) - Calculated data

POWER R PLANT

National g N grid electr ricity prod duction

Vietnamese elect. Emissions (*) CO2eq : 0.459 kg/kWh

(*) Calculated based on energy consumption 13 and total generated electricity (2007)

Combustion
0.500 0.459 0 400 0.400 0.100

Gasification 30 MW 5 MW 30 MW National electricity

5 MW

GHGs e emission, kgCO2eq/kWh h

0.080

0.077 0.066

0.060

0.050 0 032 0.032

0 040 0.040

0.020

0.006
0.000

0.005
S3b

S2a

S2Ba

S2b

S2Bb

S3a

Combustion

Start-up

Transportation

Briquette production

Main stage contributes to total GHG emissions per 1 kWh electricity

Rice husk combustion power plants: combustion Rice husk gasification power plants: fuel transportation Briquette combustion power plants: briquette production
14

Cooking Increase, , 10 t/y

S1 S1B1 S1B2 S1B3 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0 -2.0 -3.0 -4.0 Cooking C ki Power generation Electricity replacement Total GHG change S4a
5

Combustion
S4Ba S4b S4Bb S

Gasification
S5a S5b

Pyrolysis
S7 S6

S2a

S2Ba

S2b

S2Bb

S3a

S3b

Decrease e, 10 t/y

5 MW

30 MW

5 MW

30 MW

Brick B i k making ki Bio-oil generation Diesel oil replacement

Briquette B i tt production d ti Open burning Cooking fuel replacement

The maximum mitigation potential from S2Bb (0.22 million t/y) accounts for 0.23% of the GHG emissions in Vietnam (98.6 million t/y) [1] Total net generated electricity Maximum: 721 GWh/y from S4Bb; Minimum: 198 GWh/y from S2a It can supply from 17 - 60% of total electricity consumption in Angiang province (1,2000 GWh/y) [2] 15
[1] (UNDP,

2008);

[2]

(Angiang Department of Electricity, 2009)

Bas seline

 All scenarios give GHG emission mitigation potentials, the innovative technologies show higher mitigation potentials than the conventional uses Among the cooking scenarios: GHG mitigation potentials of rice husk and briquette are not significantly large Among power generation scenarios S2Bb using briquettes in large-scale combustion power plants (30 MW) keeping current rice husk demand shows the highest GHG emission mitigation potential S3b using excess rice husk for small-scale gasification also shows larger mitigation potential Among pyrolysis scenarios: S6 using excess rice husk shows larger GHG emission reduction than the scenario using all rice husk generated (S7) The effective options for GHG mitigations are to use excess rice husk for largescale power generation through combustion or gasification keeping current rice husk demand
16

 On going to construct rice husk power plants financed by Swedish government Reuse catfish oil for bio bio-oil oil generation Biogas generation from animal residue and wastewater treatments sludge

17

Thank you very much for f your attention! tt ti !

18