PHILIPPINE MAMMALS

BIOLOGY 117 VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY

Ichthyosaurus

Mammals

All reptiles and birds

Turtles and tortoise

Mammalian Characteristics: Transformation of accessory jaw bones

mandible consists only of dentary bone dentary-squamosal jaw articulation three ear ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes Stapes small relative to skull hearing highly developed tympanic bone

DENTARY-SQUAMOSAL ARTICULATION

Mammalian Characteristics:
Four chambered heart (also in

crocodilians, Aves) single functional left aortic arch; reduction of the right (birds left aortic arch is functional) Hair and Fur (including pelage): : insulation

Mammalian Characteristics:
Covered with hairs
Fur or pelage a thick covering of hair, composed of gurad hairs and underfur Guard hairs large, coarse hairs projecting beyond the underfur, forming the outer surface of the fur.

Underfur finer and softer underlayer of fur, shorter than the guard hairs

Specialized hairs
Vibrissae or whiskers found

around the snout of many mammals.

Quills stiff, coarse hair

specialized for defense

Mammalian Characteristics:
Enucleate erythrocytes (red blood cells) : without

nucleus, enhances oxygen carrying capacity of the cells Muscular diaphragm: A muscular diaphragm helps mammals to breathe, especially during strenuous activity Bony secondary palate (also in crocodilians) with epiglottis: Mammals have a secondary bony palate, which separates the respiratory passage from the mouth, allowing them to eat and breathe at the same time Skin with muscles, hair and glands

Mammalian Characteristics:
Mammary Glands
Endothermic: "Warm-bloodedness
Endothermy, the ability to generate heat internally

rather than via behaviors such as basking or muscular activity. Homeothermy, maintaining a fairly constant body temperature.

Mammalian Characteristics:
Determinate growth (long bones with epiphyses)
determinate long-bone growth

epiphysis cartilage diaphysis (shaft)

Mammalian Characteristics: Teeth

Much of the adaptive success

of mammals is related to teeth Mammals are the only vertebrates that masticate Mammalian teeth are adapted for various diets

Kinds of teeth
Typically mammals are diphyodont--have

a single deciduous milk dentition followed by permanent teeth

only mammals have differentiated

(heterodont) teeth

incisors-anterior-most teeth [uppers occur on premaxilla] canines--longer, conical teeth used for grasping cheek teeth--post canine premolars--cheek teeth that have deciduous predecessors (milk dentition) molariform teeth, squarish teeth used for grinding food molars--cheek teeth that do not have deciduous predecessors

Kinds of teeth
Crown Height Brachyodont teeth with low crown: Omnivores Hypsodont High crown: Herbivores Cusp patterns/occlusal surface 1.Bunodont with round cusps for crushing and grinding: (monkeys and pigs) 2.Lophodont . Cusps with continuous ridges:, (elephants) 3.Selenodont . Ridges in crescent shape, (deer)

Crown height

Hypsodont

Brachyodont

Cusps patterns
Lophodont

Replacement
some are polyphyodont--have multiple

replacement sets (Trichechidae, manatees, have 30+ molars) toothed whales (e.g., dolphins, porpoises, sperm whales) are monophyodont--have only a single set

Dental Formula
Teeth are listed in the order they occur in the

jaw; upper jaw listed over lower Primitive dental formula

placental mammals - 3/3 1/1 4/4 3/3 = 44 teeth marsupial mammals - 5/4 1/1 3/3 4/4 = 50 teeth
Dental formula Canis
Incisors

3-3 3-3

Canines

1-1 1-1

Premolars

4-4 2-2 = 20 molars = 42 4-4 3-3 = 22

Or simply 3/3 1/1 4/4 2/3 = 42

DENTITION
Dental Formula Feeding Specialization Mammal group

1/1,0/0,1/1,3/3 2/1,0/0,3/2,3/3 0/3,0/1,3/3,3/3

Gnawing Browsing Grazing

rodents hares, rabbits deer, sheep, etc.

2/2,1/1,2/2,3/3
3/3,1/1,4/4,2/3

Omnivory
Carnivory

humans
dogs, cats, wolves, etc.

DENTITION
Specialized mammal teeth: Sectorial teeth teeth with opposing sharp edges like scissors specialized for cutting, as in carnassials (specialized sectorial teeth formed by upper premolar and lower molar among carnivores to cut muscles and sinews)

DENTITION
Specialized mammal teeth: Tusks elongated teeth; arise from different teeth in different species of mammals: left upper incisor (3 m long) in narwhal, or both upper canines that protrude downward in walruses, or both upper incisors in elephants.

DENTITION
Specialized mammal teeth: Sectorial teeth in primates (upper canine and lower premolar) Peg-like teeth in dolphins
Teeth are absent in anteaters and baleen whales

DENTITION
Specialized tooth growth in mammals: In most mammals, permanent teeth do not grow nor replaced after they erupt, except in rodents (continuous growth at the roots of incisors to replace worn edge); in elephants molars erupt sequentially, newly emerged molar at the back pushes old molars forward to the front.

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS
INSECTIVORES: Intestinal tract tends to be short, as very little vegetable matter is taken that would require prolonged fermentation.

In the Philippines: Crocidura, Suncus, Podogymnura, Tupaia, Urogale.

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS
Vermivory is a dominant trophic adaptation of endemic Philippine rodents, represented by an entire clade feeding on earthworms and other soft bodiedinvertebrates. In the Philippines: Archboldomys, Chrotomys, Crunomys, Rhynchomys

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS
HERVIBORES: Feed on grasses and other vegetation; two main groups: browsers and grazers (ungulates or hooved mammals) and gnawers (such as rodents and rabbits); canines reduced or absent, molars broad and high-crowned for grinding vegetation

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS
HERVIBORES: Stomach is large and long. The gut of some herbivores (horses, elephants, rodents), has caecum (an expanded diverticulum or side pocket) that serves as fermentation chamber and absorptive area. Coprophagy eating of fecal pellets In the Philippines: Batomys, Carpomys, Crateromys, Phloeomys, Cynocephalus

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS
HERBIVORES:
Ruminants (cattle, deer, sheep, goat, giraffes, etc.) have huge, 4chambered stomach for extensive fermentation. Grass passes down to rumen, where it is broken down by rich microflora, and formed into small balls of cud. Cud is returned to the mouth and further chewed to break down fibers. Swallowed the second time, the cud is further digested in the rumen by cellololytic bacteria

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS
HERBIVORES: From the rumen, the pulp is then passed down to the reticulum then to the omasum, and finally to the abomasum (true acid stomach) where proteolytic enzymes assist in the normal digestion. In the Philippines: Axis, Cervus, Bubalus

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS
CARNIVORES:
Well equipped with biting and piercing teeth, and powerful clawed feet; feed mainly on herbivores. Digestive tract generally shorter; caecum small or absent.

In the Philippines: Arctictis, Amblonyx, Herpestes, Paradoxurus, Prionailurus, Viverra, Mydaus

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS
OMNIVORES: Live on both plants and animals; largely opportunistic, taking advantage of seasonally abundant food (include rodents, pigs, racoons, bears, primates). In the Philippines: Sus, Macaca, Rattus, Apomys

Locomotor Adaptation
Ambulatory. Adapted for walking; rodents and insects
Cursorial. adapted for running
Digitigrade: Carnivores, Cheetah Unguligrade: Artiodactyls, horses

Saltatorial. Adapted for jumping

Rabbits Leap spring

Kangaroos Leap Ricochet

Graviporta.l Adaptation of cursorial form to support weight; Elephants

Locomotor Adaptation
Fossorial locomotion-reduce body projections, reduction of vision, inc number of tactile receptors, enlarge forefeet and claws and reduction of tail and neck Semifossorial: ground squirrels, kangaroo rats Fossorial: animals leaving underground: mole

Locomotor Adaptation
Scansorial: Adapted for climbing; Squirrels; sloth
Brachiating: monkeys

Arboreal: Adapted for tree living:

Prehensile tails; opposable digits Natatorial: Adapted for swimming; Cetaceans Volant: Bats

Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology. 3rd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 643 pp. Burde, J. H. and G. A. Feldhamer. 2005

PHILIPPINE MAMMAL: DIVERSITY AND ENDEMISM

ORDER INSECTIVORA SCANDENTIA DERMOPTERA CHIROPTERA PRIMATES RODENTIA PHOLIDOTA C ARNIVORA ARTIODACTYLA TOTAL

NO. OF SPECIES 10 2 1 75 3 81 1 7 9 188++

Order Insectivora
small shrew-like forms, heavily tailed except in the tails which are more or less naked; braincase reduced in size; plantigrade; toe with short claws; dentition simple; terrestrials or burrowing. Family Soricidae Family Erinacidae
Insectivora No. of Species Endemic

Soricidae Erinaceidae

8 2

6 2

Family Soricidae

Crocidura palawanensis . Palawan Shrew. The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Palawan Island

Crocidura beatus . Common Mindanao Shrew The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Mindanao Island, South Cotabato Province

Family Erinacidae

Podogymnura aureospinula . Dinagat gymnure. Photo courtesy of BR Tabaranza, Jr., Haribon Foundation. From Dinagat Island

Podogymnura truei . Mindanao gymnure. The Field Museum. Photograph by LR Heaney. From Mindanao Island, Bukidnon Province

Order Scandentia
non-opposable digits present; with

claws; nails absent with distinct shoulder stripes; nose naked Family Tupaidae
Scandentia Tupaidae No. of Species 2 endemic 2

Tupaia palawanesis.Palawan Tree shrew Photo courtesy of MJ Veluz, National Museum of the Philippines. From Palawan Island

Urogale everetti . Mindanao Tree Shrew. The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Mindanao Island, South Cotabato Provinc

Order Dermoptera
body covered with fur; gliding forms,

patagium present, extending from side of neck to manus to toes to side of tail; first two lower incisors comb-like Family Cynocephalidae - flying lemurs or cologos
Dermoptera Cyanocephalidae No. of Species 1 endemic 1

Family Cynocephalidae

The Field Museum. Photograph by PD Heideman. From Leyte Island.

Order Chiroptera body covered with fur; teeth present; forelimbs modified into true wings extending from 2nd to 5th digits; with greatly elongated digits

Bat Morphological Anatomy

Metacarpal First Phalanx

Terminal Phalanx

Posterior noseleaf Connecting Process Sella Anterior noseleaf

Supplementary leaflet
The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Luzon Island, Cavite Province

Antitragus

Posterior noseleaf

Intermediate noseleaf

Internarial Septum Anterior noseleaf

The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Luzon Island, Camarines Sur Provinc

Different nose leaf structure

Tails of representatives of Philippine bat Families. A Pteropodidae, B- Megadermatidae, C Vespertilionidae, D Rhinolophidae, E Molossidae and F - Emballonuridae

1 Interfemoral membrane absent or reduced, forming narrow region along insides of legs; tail short (up to 1/5 of body length) or absent and never incompletely enclosed by interfemoral membrane; second finger usually with claw (except for 3 species); both tragus and anti-tragus absent; ear margin forms a continuous ring .................................Pteropodidae 1' Interfemoral membrane a continuous expanse of skin stretching between legs if tail is present; tail usually more than 1/5 of body length; second finger without claw either tragus orantitragus or both present; ear margin does not form a continuous ring ....................................................................................... 2 2 Noseleaf present ............................................................................. 3 2' Noseleaf absent .............................................................................. 4

Photo courtesy of MRM Duya, Conservation International Philippines. From Mindanao Island, Sultan Kudarat Province

Photo courtesy of J Holden, Flora and Fauna International. From Cebu Island.

3 Large ears connected at top of forehead; tragus long and forked; external tail absent but interfemoral membranes well developed ............................................................................................................ Megadermatidae
3' Ears not connected across top of forehead; tragus absent but antitragus well developed; tail if present enclosed by interfemoral membrane except at extreme tip ........................................ Rhinolophidae 4 Tail extends beyond posterior margin of interfemoral membrane; ears maybe variable ........................................................................................ 5 4 ' Tail emerges dorsally from interfemoral membrane but shorter than membrane when membrane and legs outstretched; ears not thick and fleshy ............................................................................................... Emballonuridae 5 Tail tip may project 1-2 mm beyond membrane; ears not usually fleshy .............................................................................................................. Vespertilionidae

5' Tail tip projects over half its length; ears thick and fleshy .. Molossidae

 The Field Museum. Photograph by PD Heideman. From Negros Island

The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Luzon Island, Rizal Province

The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Luzon Island, Camarines Sur Province.

Photo courtesy of JL Sedlock, Lawrence University. From Bohol Island.

The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Luzon Island, Camarines Sur Provinc

 The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Mindanao Island, Surigao del Sur Province.

 The Field Museum. Photograph by PD Heideman. From Negros Island

The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Luzon Island, Camarines Sur Provinc

Photo courtesy of A. Cario, Biak-na-Bato National Park

Photo courtesy of G Jakosalem, Cebu Biodiversity Conservation Foundation. From Cebu Island

Order Primates
functional digits more than two; toe or thumb or both, opposablle; nails or claws present on digits; no distinct shoulder stripes
Family Lorisidae - lorises and coucangs; second digit of foot with

claws; rhinanium present; area around nostrils naked; tail vestigial

Family Tarsiidae - tarsiers; second or third digits with claw-like

nails; tips of digits with large circular pads; rhinanium absent; area around nostrils haired; long sparsely haired tail
Family Cercopithecidae - old world monkeys; all digits with

flattened nails; tail long or vestigia

Primates Loriidae Tarsiidae Cercopithecidae

No. Of Species 1 1 1

Endemic 0 1 0

Photo courtesy of Arkive Images of Life on Earth (http://www.arkive.org). Photograph by D Heuclin

Tarsius syrichta. Philippine tarsier. Photo courtesy of Arkive Images of Life on Earth (http://www.arkive.org). Photograph by P Fidenci, Endangered Species Internationa

Order Rodentia
small or medium sized forms with a single pair of greatly elongate chisel-like incisors in upper or lower jaws; manus with four or five functional digits; claws always present
Family Sciuridae - squirrels; patagium maybe present or

absent; tail hairy and bushy; adapted for arboreal or volant mode of living Family Muridae - mice and rats; patagium absent; tail may be hairy, bushy, with scales or naked or bi-colored; adapted for arboreal, semi-arboreal, or terrestrial mode of living Family Hystricidae - old world porcupines; pelage with well developed spines; mostly for terrestrial or cursorial mode of living

Rodentia Scuiridae Hystricidae

No. of Species 9 1

Endemic 9 1

Sundasciurus philippinensis . Mindanao Tree Squirrel. Photo courtesy of MRM Duya, Conservation International Philippines. From Mindanao Island, Sultan Kudarat Province

Sundasciurus rabori . Palawan Montane Tree Squirell The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Palawan Island

Sundasciurus steeri . Southern Palawan Tree Squirell The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Palawan Island

Family Muridae
Rodentia Muridae
Archboldomys sp. Photo by DS Balete

No. of Species 64

Endemic 56

Crunomys melanius DS Balete

Batomys hamiguitan Photo courtesy of RS Quidlat

Carpomys melanurus . Photo by DS Balete.

Apomys datae. Photo by DS Balete.

Bullimus luzonicus. Photo by LR Heaney

Chiropodomys calamianensis. Photo by DS Balete. Chrotomys whiteheadi. Photo by LR Heaney

Order Pholidota
body covered with imbricate scales; teeth

lacking; palate with conspicuous medial, longitudinal depression Family Manidae - pangolins

Pholidota Manidae

No. of Species Endemic 1 0

Manis culionensis. Palawan Pangolin.

Order Carnivora
canine teeth strongly differentiated from incisors; medium

sized; burrowing, terrestrial or arboreal forms Family Felidae - cats; claws retractile Family Mustelidae - weasels, Otters, badgers; feet either with long powerful curved claws or partly webbed and clawless; scent gland maybe present near anus Family Herpestidae - mongoose; claws not reractile; pelage coarse with light coloration and without stripes or markings; tail never prehensile; anal glands absent Family Viveridae - civets; claws not retractile; pelage maybe long with shaggy black coat or dark with stripes, spots and markings on the back of the head; tail maybe prehensile or striped; anal glands usually present

Carnivora Felidae Mustelidae Herpestidae Mephitidae Viveriidae

No. of Species 1 1 1 1 3

Endemic 0 1 0 0 0

Herpestes brachyurus. Short-tailed mongoose

Artictis binturong. Palwan bearcat

Aonyx cinerea. Oriental small-clawed otter

Mydaus marchei . Palawan Stink badger

Prionailurus bengalensis . Leopard Cat. The Field Museum. Photograph by PD Heideman. From Negros Island

Family Viveridae

Artictis binturong. Palawan bearcat

The Field Museum. Photograph by LR Heaney. From Mindanao Island, Bukidnon Province

Photo courtesy of CC Lee, Nature Photography of Southeast Asia (http://www.wildborneo.com.my). From Malaysia

Order Artiodactyla
relatively large forms; functional digits of forelimb and hindlimb reduced to two; digits with hoofs instead of claws or nails; even-toed ungulates
Family Suidae - pigs; upper canines curve either

outward, upward or both; four pedal digits Family Tragulidae - mouse deer or chevrotains; upper canines present in males; well developed hoofs present; only hoofs touch the ground Family Cervidae - deers; paired antler or antler pedicels present only in males Family Bovidae - cattles and goats; paired horns or horn cores present; horns never forked

Artiodactyla Suidae Tragulidae Cervidae Bovidae

No. Of Species 3 1 3 1

Endemic 2 0 3 1

Bubalus mindorensis. Philippine tamaraw.. Photo courtesy of Arkive Images of Life on Earth (http://www.arkive.org). Photograph by D Heucli

Tragulus nigricans. Balabac Mouse deer

Family Cervidae

Cervus mariannus. Philippine Brwon Deer The Field Museum. Photograph by LR Heaney. From Luzon Island, Mountain Province

Cervus alfredi Philippine Spotted Deer The Field Museum. Photograph by LR Heaney

Family Suidae

Sus cebifrons. Visayan Warty Pig

Sus ahoenobarbus. Palawan Bearded Pig

Sus philippensis. Philippine Warty Pig