Is,Was,Are,Were DIALOGUE The Forgetful professor Professor Wife Professor Wife Professor : : : : : I can't find my shoes.

They're under that chair. Where's my bag? It was on the book case ten minutes ago. It isn't there now. !nd I can't find my glasses they were on the radio last "ight# $on't be silly% they're on your nose. !nd here's your bag. Thank you% dear. Well% I must run. It's time for my bus. &a'e you got the bus fare on you? (h dear# "ow where did I put my wallet?

Wife Professor Wife Professor

: : : :

)*!+, For singular sub-ects% the present and past forms of be are is and was. for plural sub-ects% are and were. / ' / ' / ' / ' The passengers in the train was thirsty.

The passengers in the train were thirsty. They was also hungry. They were also hungry. 0eggars in India is 'ery poor. 0eggars in India are 'ery poor. $on't be silly. beggars e'erywhere is poor. $on't be silly. beggars e'erywhere are poor.

2ead the following sentences :

a. b.

3i'ek and 3asisht are 4uite e/cited. They are going to $elhi ne/t week.

c. Three months ago two little girls were about to be drowned in the tank near their cottage. d. The brothers -umped in and sa'ed them %and last month they were awarded the President's medal for bra'ery. e. They are going to recei'e the medal from the President him self.

5ake the necessary changes in these sentences imagining that only 3i'ek -umped into the tank and sa'ed the girls from drowning.

6.Fill in the blanks with appropriate: a. b ....you

is%are %was and were% as

at the concert last night?

"o% I .... not% but my mother ......

c. That e/plains it. There ... someone 'ery much like you in the crowd near the door. d. 7es% he ....rather late and couldn't get a seat. sisters..... early and got seats in the third row. e. ... ..they both learning music? 5y

f. 7es% they .... Their radio ne/t year.

ambition ... to sing o'er the

8.2e write the following sentences so that they would apply to three prisoners in the same cell in a goal:

a. The

prisoner is unhappy.

b. &e is not satisfied with the food. c. Was he happy before he was sent to prison?

d. 7es%he was% &e li'ed at home and ate good food. e. &e was caught when he was breaking into a bank. f.Is he going to look for honest work when he comes out of prison? g.I hope he is.&e is ne'er going to get good food in prison% is he?

9.Fill in the blanks with right forms of be:

a. :ast Thursday 5ada' ... tra'eling b. his e/aminations .... o'er

by the Poona ,/press. going home.

and he ....

c. &e ... sitting by the window and his suitcase ... on the luggage rack. d. &e bought some bananas he..... rather not 'ery e/pensi'e. e. There ..... some monkeys 5adha' did not see them . f. hungry and they ....

on the roof of the carriage but

,'ery one knows that monkeys ...... 'ery cle'er.

g. ! big monkey .... watching 5adha'% suddenly it bent down and snatched the bananas out of his hand. *P,,;& P2!;TI*, ,nglish words consists of syllables . ! syllable can be described roughly as a part of a word with a single 'owel sound in it . For e/ample% the word ' under ' consists of two syllables % 'und ' and ' er ' . the single 'owel sound in ' und ' being < =< and the single 'owel sound in ' er ' being < ?<: und . er <=nd?<.

5any words are one syllable words % like run%bus%did%put% etc.

shoes% bag%ten %

In words of two syllables and more% one syllable is spoken with more force>or stress? than the others. In the following words%the stressed syllable is shown by 'ertical mark < 1< in front of the syllable. for1getful 1silly pro1fessor 1wallet 1under 1minutes 1glasses 1radio

1book case

!n important effect of stressing one syllable in a word is that the 'owel sounds in the other syllables are often weakened . For e/ample % the middle syllable is stressed in 'forgetful '% and as a result 'for' is pronounced <f?< and 'ful' gets weakened to <f?l< or < fl< . (bser'e this weakening effect in the phonetic transcriptions of the words gi'en abo'e:

<f?1getf> ??@< <pr ?1 fes ? < < 1 = nd?< < 1minits< < 1gla:siA< < #reidiou< < 1sili< < 1w?lit< < #buk keis< <kels < is not effected. it bis a compound word and difhthongs are not as easily weakened as 'owels. Practise the dialogue again% paying special attention to these words.

2,!$I"+ P!**!+,

;hanging Fads !s people get older% they loose some of their early enthusiasms. 5r ;howdary% who was a postmaster and retired last -uly% is a good e/ample of this trith. &e was an eager collecter of stamps till about fi'e years ago. Then he took dislike to the hobby and now he cannot e'en bear to lookat a stamp. &e is a hea'y smoker in his college days. he used to smoke between forty and fifty cigarettes%aday. "ow he is a chewer of pan and cannot stand the smell of cigarette smoke# &is two sons% girish and satish% were collecting match bo/

lables till the other day. "ow all they are interested in his flying kites. Their father watches them flying kites all e'ening. I wonder when he will take to flying kites himself# ;(5P2,&,"*I("

1 6 8 9 B C

What was 5r ;howdary when he retired? What was his fa'ourite hobby? When did he take a dislike to stamp collecting? Was he a teetotaller in his college days? What is his weakness? &a'e you gi'en up any enthusiasms recently? &a'e you already found any new ones?

;(5P(*ITI("

1 2e write the reading passage% using the clues below and making other changes%if necessary. +row<begin<interests 5rs $utt<nurse<*eptember<'ery<obser'ation keen gardener<three sudden<go into the garden teadrinker<as long as she was working<drink between twenty and thirty fi'e cups chews<tea at all. daughters% 3alsa and Padma< empty perfume bottles playing records of popular music mother looks on that playing records and dancing to them .

6 "owadays I"$I! is changing 'ery 4uickly and your city or town >e'en your 'illage? shares in this process. $escribe the changes you ha'e noticed in the last two or three years in your city%town or 'illage% in about a hundred words.

Singular And Plural Verbs DIALOGUE 0uying a *cooter

*alesman 5r Dumar *alesman

: : :

+ood morning%sir +ood morning.I want a second hand scooter% please.!re these second hand cooters "o%sir%they're new.The second hand ones are o'er there.This way%please.&ere's a pretty blue and whitescooter.It's had only one owner and the engine is'ery good. It has one new tyre and old tyre. *trange% isn't it? ! nail went in to the front tyre %sir.*o the owner put in a new one.!nd the seats are new. &ow much is it? 2s 6%EEEE.0ut Icould gi'egi'e it for a hundred rupees less. 5ake it two hundred less and it's adeal. !ll right%sir.It's yours.*hall Iother tyre too?

5r Dumar *alesman

: :

5r Dumar *alesman 5r Dumar *alesman USAGE

: : : :

*tudents need practice in using singular and plural 'erbs correctly%especially au/iliaries. / ' / ' / ' / ' The children was poorly dressed The children were poorly dressed.

The :ions in the Aoo is looking rather thin. The :ions in the Aoo are looking rather thin. The train don't stop at !rkonam and Datpadi. The train doesn't stop at !rkonam and Datpadi. The men in that field has The men in that field has stopped work early. stopped work early.

1 ;hoose the correct form of the 'erb in the following sentences. a. &e...like the country.>don't% doesn't? b. &e says that there...any >aren't% isn't? restaurants in the country.

c. There...any department stores or cinemas.>aren't% isn't? d. (ne can...'ery good place in the town.one can...wonderful meals in town.and one ;an...beautiful clothes in the town.>see%sees.eat%eats.buy%buys? e. In the country all that a man can... is to sit near a ri'er and... fresh air.>do%does.breathe%breathes? f. In the country there...no music sabhas%museums or e'en good book shops.>are%is? 6 2e write these sentences so that they refer to all popular film stars and not -ust to one: a. ! popular film star is busy throughout the year. b. *he is usually in night or nine films at the same time. c. In between films %she has to take part in any number of charity shows. d. *he has to be photographed e'ery other day for promoting a new brand of soap or tooth paste. e. *he goes once aday to a beauty parlour% and twice a week to the hair dresser's. f. *he finds it impossible to be present at e'ery birthday party or wedding she is in'ited to. g. It is no surprise then that she does not find time to pay her income ta/#

8 2ead these sentences as if only 'idya went to the Aoo and only saw one otter% one baby elephant and one giraffe: a. 3idya% *unil and Tara were at the Aoo for two happy hours yestarday afternoon. b. It was dinner time for the animals and the children were -ust in time to see them fed. c. two otters in a pond were gi'en fish from a basket by their keeper. d. Three baby elephants were drinking milk from huge bottles held in their little trunks. e. Two giraffes were nibbling at the tender lea'es on the top branches of the trees in their enclosure. f. The children soon felt hungry themsel'es and sat

under a tree to eat the sandwiches they had brought along. 9. 2e write the sentences below%correcting the mistakes in the use of 'erbs where necessary: a. ,nglish girls doesn't usually wear cholis. b. Indian girls wear cholis%and chappals on their feet. c. $oes ,nglish girls wear chappals? d. "o% and they doesn't wear saris either. They wear blouses and skirts%and shoes on their feet. e. 5any ,nglish girls wears stockings% especially in cold weather. In church% they wear hats. B. Impro'e the sentences below%if necessary: a. :ast year forty students from our college was taken on a trip to $ursong% which are B%EEE ft abo'e sea le'el. b. 5any details of a scene in West park is stored away in my memory. c. ;ool fresh water % from three fountains%bubble in the middle of the Park. d. !round the fountains are close trimmed grass lawns. e. *unlight play on the grass where trees cannot darken it with their patterned shadows. f. There are a little pond between two cherry trees. *hining fish swim in the clear water and two laAy tortoises sleeps on the bank. g. I 'ery much wants to go to $ursong again.

SPEECH PRACTICE "otice on which syllable the stress falls in the following words of the dialogue: 1morning 1engine 1rupees 1second hand >ad-.? 1o'er 1scooter 1salesman 1beautiful 1hundered

Practise saying these words correctly % and then read the dialogue o'er again %paying attention attention to them.

READING PASSAG 5o'ing &ouse ! man mo'ed into a new house and found that he had two blacksmiths for neighbors. (ne li'ed in a hut on his left and the other in a hut on his right. They were a source of great annoy ance to him as the blows of their hammers hardly e'er stopped during the day. Finally he could bear it no longer and calling in Dengu% the blacksmith on his left% he offered him fifty rupees if he would mo'e to another hut. Dengu agreed to do so and calling in the money. When Pengu% the other blacksmith% was offered a similar sum% he too agreed to mo'e. The man was 4uite pleased with himself. a hundred rupees was not too much for some peace and 4uiet. The ne/t morning he woke up to the sound of hammer blows like thunder. &e rushed out of the house to ask the blacksmiths why they had not kept their word. 0ut he found that they had Dengu had mo'ed into Pengu's hut and pengu into Dengu's. COMPREHENSION Fuestions% to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written: 1. Why were the two blacksmiths a annoyance to their neighbour ? source of great

6. Why was the man pleased with himself when the blacksmiths took the money ? 8. $id the blacksmiths keep their word ? 9. ;an you read your lessons when there is a lot of noise around you ? COMPOSITION 1 Write a parallel passage% using the clues gi'en below: neighbourhood<disco'ered<a blacksmith<on either side of him blacksmith<li'ed and worked irritated him greatly< hea'y blows<ne'er ceased not ear<any<sending for<right<he said he would gi'e him<mo'ed said he would<fifty rupees gi'en< amount 'ery<high a price to buy early<was woken

up<peals of thunder ran<his neighbours<to their part of the agreement then%to his surprise<disco'ered that 6 Write a dialogue of about fifteen sentences between a man who wants to buy a car and a dealer in second hand cars. +et as much help as you like from the dialogue at the beginning of this chapter%0uying a *cooter.

T e Ar!i"les DIALOUGE The Dind !ngler

3inod 5other 3inod

: :ook% mother# see what I''e caught# : what's that? oh% a fish. It isn't dead% is is? : "o% mother. !s soon as I caught it I put it in water. There it is% swimming round and round in the bottle# : I'm glad. where did you catch it? : In a pond. : which pond ? : In the pond near the temple. it's full of fish. : It's a deep pond. $idn't I tell you not to go near it ? : I 'ill be all right %mother. I can swim. : you only learnt to swim last week% 3inod. 0e careful% won't you? : I will% mother. shall I put the fish in our well ?

5other 3inod 5other 3inod 5other 3inod 5other 3inod

USAGE

a>an? is used before countable nouns. uncountable nouns >like sugar%grass%sand? do not take a or an.

/ ' / '

This is glass.There's coffe in it. This is a glass. There's coffe in it &a'e you e'er seen tiger ?

&a'e you e'er seen a tiger ?

*o peaceful rests% without a stone% a name What once had beauty% titles% wealth and fame. &oney is sweet% and son is sugar.

Fill in the blanks% where necessary% with a or an:

a. $o you sell ....... soap ? b. yes% sir. What ..... kind you do want ? c. &a'e you got ....... bo/ of pears soap ? d. sorry% sir. I''e -ust run out of them. &ow about champak ? it has ...... glycerin in it% too. e. !ll right % I'll ha'e..... cake. I would like.... bottle of .... hair oil% too. f. I''e got .... new brand of hair cream% sir. It has..... fine scent. Try ...... tube% sir. I'm sire you' ll like it. g. "o% thanks .I don't like ..... hair cream .I prefer.... oil for the hair.

Put these sentences in the singular:

a. $octors wear long white coats on duty. b. "urses wear white caps and saris on duty. allowed to wear any -ewelers.

c. postmen wear khaki trousers and shirts. d. Firemen wear blue or grey uniforms e. what do policemen wear ? They wear khaki trousers and tunics% and red caps. f. lawyers wear black. 0lack -ackets and gowns show how sorry they are to bring cases to court#

Fill in the blanks where necessary% with the indefinite article.

!lso choose the correct form of the 'erb in bracket. >7ou may ha'e to change some letters into capital ones .?

a. In......India..... furniture>was% were? formerly made of wood. b. ..... teak>was% were? as popular then as now. so >was% were? the darkly beautiful rosewood. c. my grand father got .... hea'y writing desk made of .... teak which >was% were? imported from.....0urma d..... o'al dying table and si/ chairs >was% were? also ordered% but they >was% were? made of rosewood. e. "ow days many kinds of .... furniture >is% are? being made of ..... iron or....steel or....... aluminum but I don't think grand father would ha'e appro'ed of cuch..... stuff.

USAGE #

The definite article the is used to refer to persons or things already mentioned% or clear in the conte/t: &ere is a key and a lock. $oes the key fit the lock ? $id the postman come round this morning?

9.

Fill in blanks% where necessary %with a>an? or the:

a. This is ..... 'illage . It has no .... electricity. b. There is a... temple in the middle of .... 'illage. c. There is large ..... tank behind ...... temple. d. ...... 'illagers ha'e ..... bath in..... tank before they say their ... morning prayers. e. There is no...... hospital in..... 'illage.

f. There is ..... school % but it has been without ..... teacher for ...three months now.

B.Fill in the blanks % where necessary %with a>an? or the:

a. ....Indians like ..... milk and...... sugar in the coffee. b. 5any ,nglishmen do not like .... milk in their coffee. c. *ome ,nglishmen do not like either .... milk or.... sugar in their coffee . d. We make .... tea in..... pot. e. *ome of us make coffe in....pot % others in .... percolator . f. In many south Indians homes% ....coffe is brewed twice a day for...entire family. g. $rinking ..coffee is ..ritual that is taken 'ery seriously indeed in .....south india .

C.Insert or remo'e a%an or the as re4uired in the sentences below:

a. Will an accommodation be difficult to find in0loopers ne/t month? b. That time of a year id rather difficult%sir%it%season. c. I only want beed to sleep on I don't e'en mind sharing room.

d. In that case %sir% I'll find you an accommodation in Fueen's &otel.Tow beds to room% 2s 8o a night per bed. e. Thanks. what kind of entertainment has the place to pffer? f. well %sir% there are four cinema houses.there's small lake you can hire boat and row around. when there's moon%lake is beautiful . If you like a dancing %you can go to the Three $iamonds. they ha'e li'ely band there's

G.,/amine the dialogue for instances of the use the articles and -ustify them.

SPEECH PRACTICE

The sound <?:< and < ? < must be clearly distinguished. <?:< is not only a longer sound than <?<. it is also less 'open' >which means that the lips are more rounded than for <?< ?. <ou< is a diphthong. it is the least 'open' sound of the three. Practise the following words in the dialogue in pairs%and then in threes: <? < what pond water go won't <?:< caught all <ou< no only

"ow read the dialogue again% taking care to pronounce these words correctly.

READING PASSAGE

The picnic

We set out 'ery early in the morning. Father had his

camera siung on his shoulder and carried a walking stick. 5other carried two large flasks full of coffee. I walked along%a hamper full of coffee. I walked along% a hamper full of chapathis% dry potato curry and pickled prawn swinging now from my right arm now from my left it was 4uite hea'y. 5y little sister bore up bra'ely under the weight of a blanket.Three hours of steady walking through the country side brought us to a ri'er. It flowed laAily along and cur'ed away to our left. There was a tiny island in the middle of which was a stunted tree. The 'iew was beautiful. 5other said in a firm 'oice:H :etHs spends the day here% under that mango tree.'For once Father agreed. !nts bit us and we were pestered by two crows during our meal% but altogether it was a 'ery pleasant day.

COMPREHENSION

Fuestions% to be answered orally in complete sentence before the answers are then:

1. Why did the picnic party ha'e to start 'ery early? 6. What pestered the picnickers during their meal? 8. What did the hamper contain? 9. What was the blanket for? B. Which would you like better% a picnic by a ri'er or by the sea? C. Why do people go on picnics?

COMPOSITION$

1.

write parallel passage% making use of the clues gi'en below:

started<soon after breakfast binoculars<carried a -ug of water had brought along<filled with basket<sicled bread< chicken<mango<suspe need marched along<two sheets and some napkins two hours and forty minutes<'igorous<fields and across little streams<wide slowly<took a sudden turn<

right 'ery small< stood<singleI lo'ely J a 'oice that sounded final <we'll ha'e the picnic said yes all sorts of insects<bothered<three<and a stray dog<we had 6.2ead this letter written by young 2ahim to his friend 2obert. 169% *econd *t.% 0himnagar. 16 Kuly% 1L...

$ear 2obert% :ast *aturday my family and I hiked up to bears' pass% a good two mile hike one way. $espite stops for snacks and a rest%we made it in a little o'er two hours.0ears' pass is halfway up 5t 2atiswar and the scenery is 'ery beautiful.we en-oyed oursel'es so much that we are going again. Would you like to -oin us? 7our friend% 2ahim.

2e write this letter as if 2ahim and his family are going on the hike to 0ears' Pass ne/t *aturday. 5ake these points clear: >i?they hope to get to the Pass in -ust under two hours. >ii? they hope they'll en-oy it. >iii?they e/pect to be back by the e'ening.

T e

Presen! C%n!inu%us Tense

&ues!i%n '%r(s DIALOGUE 5arried 0liss

Wife &usband

: :

!re you still lying on that sofa? 7ou had your coffee hours ago. Why% my dear% I took your radio to the shop

for the new 'al'e to be put in.The *aid it would be ready on Friday. Wife &usband Wife : : :

man

!ll right% but what are you doing about the fence? It's a week since the cow broke in. 7es% but what about the wood and the nails ? why are you being so laAy? +o out and get them yourself. !nd when are you returning the books to the library? I finished reading them two days ago. !nd what about the cupboard? !re you painting it today? !nd when are 7ou taking my sari to be dyed? !nd when... !nd when are you going to stop nagging me% my dear?

&usband

USAGE A

!m I wearing the right clothes? Is he going to madras by car? Why are they talking so loudly?

"otice that in these 4uestions% the au/iliary 'erb>is% am% are? comes before the sub-ect.The common mistake is to put the au/iliary 'erb after the sub-ect:

/ Why they are talking so loudly? ' / ' Why are they talking so loudly? Who she is going to marry? Who is she going to marry?

1.;on'ert these statements into in'erted 4uestions : a. The policeman is holding up the traffic in front of the circus. b. 5r 5urthi is buying the tickets. c. The children are laughing at the clowns.

d. The big elephants are dancing in the ring. e. ! man and a woman are performing on the flying trapeAe.

6.5ake 4uestions using the 4uestion words what% why% where and supplying the correct au/iliary% e .g. ....... ...... you going to% little girl? !ns: Where are you going to% little girl?

a. .................... the radio making such dreadful noises? b. ....................you tinkering with it? 7ou might get an electric shock. c. .....................you doing to it? d. .....................you taking the radio now?Put it back on the table. e. ....................you wasting your time on it?

8.Impro'e the 4uestions and answers in the following pairs of sentences. There is a mistake in each sentence. a. What you are making with butter %sugar% eggs and flour? I am making cake. b. With what 5rs !nand is making fish curry? *he is making it with turmeric% chilly powder% coconut and a tamarind. c. why 5rs !nand's daughter is mi/ing lemon% sugar and water? *he is making a lemonade. d. !nyone is making chapathis? 7es% 5rs Diran is making doAen. e. What you are all doing this for? We are going on picnic this afternoon MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

USAGE #

The Present ;ontinuous tense can be used to indicate the future% as in

When is your father taking you to the Aoo? ! friend of ours is going to say with us in "o'ember

9 Pro'ide 4uestions for the following answers >e.g. to get the answer 'I'm lea'ing for Kapan ne/t week '%the 4uestion can be 'When are you lea'ing for Kapan?'?

a. I am getting 'accinated today. b. I am collecting my passport tomorrow morning. c. I am stopping at *ingapore and &ong Dong on the way. d. I am spending two days in each city.

e. I am going to stay with some friends>Kapan?.

B Impro'e the following sentences where necessary: >*atyam sees an ac4uaintance called 5ukesh waiting on the road to the airport and gi'es him a lift in his car.?

a. 5ukesh b. *atyan

: :

Why you are going to the airport% *atyan? I'm going to meet friend coming back from ,ngland.&e's bringing ,nglish bride with him. 2eally# she's going to like li'ing in India? They 're coming out to India -ust see his people.he has got teaching -ob at his own )ni'ersity. When they're going back to ,ngland? ,arly in *eptember. Who you are meeting at the airport?

c. 5ukesh d. *atyan

: :

e. 5ukesh f. *atyan

: :

g. 5ukesh h. *atyan i. 5ukesh

: : :

5y sister. *heHs coming for short holiday from the ).*. What she's doing o'er there? 5edicine. :ook% let me get the entry tickets while you park car.

SPEECH PRACTICE$

Fuestions in ,nglish ha'e two intonations patterns. Fuestions beginning with 4uestions words are normally spoken with the falling tune.

Who is going to speak at the meeting tomorrow? Where do you li'e? Fuestions which re4uire a 7es or "o are normally spoken with rising tune. !re you going to li'e in this haunted house? 2ead the dialogue again% paying attention to the 4uestion tunes.

READING

PASSAGE !t the ;ustom

!t the ;ustoms (ffice in 0ombay a line of people are waiting to pass through. The officer who is searching the luggage of a fat woman suddenly asks her %'&ow long are you staying in India% m adam?' '(nly four weeks.' 'I hope you en-oy your stay% madam.&a'e you any thing to declare? ' '"o% I ha'en't% said the fat woman' !re you bringing any gold to the country?' '"o%I'm not.' '7es% but I must ha'e a watch% (fficer. &ow will I tell the time without one? ' 'What are you wearing round your neck? +old chains aren't 'ery thick oh dear% are you looking at my gold belt too?' '!t your belt% yes% and also at those hea'y ear rings

and the brooch in your hair#' 'What am I doing to do'? wailed the woman. 'Pay about 2s 11EEE in duty% madam. !re you going to pay it in cash or by tra'ellerHs che4ues ? COMPREHENSION Fuestions to be answered orally in complete before the answers are written: sentences

a. Why is the officer searching the fat woman's luggage? b. &ow long is she staying in India? c.&ow many gold ornaments is she wearing? d.Is she going to pay duty in cash or by che4ue ? e. &as the fat woman been 'ery cle'er?

WRITTEN WOR) 1 Without looking back at the passage% change the following sentences from indirect to direct speech: a. The officer asked the lady how long she is staying in India. b. The lady said that she had nothing to declare and that she Was tra'elling light. 6. &e asked her if she was bringing any gold into the country. d. *he wanted to know if he was looking at her gold belt too. e. The lady asked pathetically what she was going to do. f. The officer asked her if she was going to pay the duty in cash or by tra'ellerHs che4ues.

"ow check your answers with reading passage.

6 :ook at the picture. Frame eight 4uestions using the 'erbs sitting% nibbling% riding% looking at% feeding% lying down% and flying.

T e Si(*le Pas! Tense DIALOGUE ! &appy 5eeting *ridhar 5ohan *ridhar 5ohan : : : : 5ohan% is it really you? *ridhar# What are you doing in 0angalore? I li'e here. When did I see you last? :et me see% it was in 1LC9. I saw you in 1LLC9 at the con'ocation in 5adras. IHll ne'er forget how you tripped o'er your gown as we filed in# It was the most embarrassing moment of my life. To get o'er it we went to film afterwards. that was si/ years ago. What ha'e you been doing since then? Well% for sometime I worked in the *ecret ariat at $elhi. In 1LCC I got a -ob in 2elco as a salesman. In 1LCC I got married# *o youHre married# ;ongratulations# Thank you. !re you still with 2elco? 7es% I am. They opened a branch here two years ago% and sent me down in "o'ember. Well% I 'm 'ery glad to see you again. I must go now% but can you come home to lunch on *unday? "alini will be delighted to see you. &ereHs my card. IHll e/pect you about twel'e% shall I? Thank you 'ery much. I'll be there.

*ridhar 5ohan

: :

*ridhar

5ohan *ridhar 5ohan *ridhar 5ohan

: : : : :

*ridhar

USAGE When we wish to refer to acti'ities or states in the past% without indicating any connection with the present% we use the *imple Past tense. !d'erbials of past time are often used with the tense.

I passed the 0.!. degree e/amination in 1LCN. When did you come back from $elhi? ! common mistake is to use the Present Perfect tense instead of the *imple Past% as in O I ha'e passed the 0.!. degree e/amination in 1LCN. If we are not interested in when a particular action was done% and only interested in the action ha'ing been completed% or its effect on the present% we use the Perfect Present tense. &as he written any no'els? "o% he hasnHt. &e has written short stories.

1 2ead the e/ercise through carefully. Then add the correct ad'erbials to the sentences% from among the following: in a yearHs time% one sunny day% soon after% last month% in 1LCG% the month after% in the following 5ay. a. Prakash went to the )nited *tates.......... b. &e finished his training......... c. .... he completed it% he -oined a big firm. d. Prakash met a beautiful girl at a party...... in 5ay. e. They married........... f. They had a daughter....... g. They came to India......... she wanted to meet his parents.

6.)se either the *imple Past or the Present Perfect tense of the 'erb in brackets% to complete these sentences: a. 5r. !li...... in &yderabad in 1LBL.>settle? b. &e....there for twel'e years now.>li'e? c. &e....a piece of land in the suburbs two years ago. >buy? d. &e.....to build a small house with two bedrooms. >plan? e. &e.....in doing it yet.>not succeed?

f. The 5unicipal ;ouncil....his blueprint so far. >not appro'e? g. The engineer....for a bribe last week.>ask? h. 5r. !li..... it yet.>not gi'e?It seems as if his house will not be built this year.

8.;omplete the following account of !pollo 11Ps flight to the moon. ;hoose the appropriate 'erbs from among these and use their correct forms: begin%pass%check%start%circle%separate%acclaim%push%land% step%fire%pull%increase%lift open%shoot%send.

a. The historic 'oyage of the !pollo 11 to the moon ....on 1C Kuly 1LCL. b. With a thundering roar the huge rocket ....off from the launching pad. c. ,'ery second it ... speed. d. It... the earth for two and a half hours% while the astronauts .....the 'ehicle thoroughly. e. ! further increase in speed ....!pollo 11 towards the moon% a 4uarter of a million miles away. f. Three whole days..... in their 'oyage through space. (n the fourth day the moonHs gra'ity.... the rocket into the moon orbit. g. The lunar module% ,agle% ....from the command module. ,agle then ....the descent engine to start its drop to the moonHs surface. h. In twenty two e/citing seconds it ....smoothly. i. !t N.6C a.m. on 61 Kuly 1LCL the door of the cabin.... and !rmstrong ....on to the moonHs surface. -. The whole world .... the feat as the the mightiest of the century.

9 Fill in the blanks appropriately with the *imple Past forms of the irregular 'erbs gi'en within the brackets: a. :ast night I .....that I was looking for the !bominable *now man high up in the &imalayas.>dream?

b. In a small clearing among the trees. I suddenly ....'ery large footsteps in the snow and ....with fear.>see% freeAe? c. !t the same time a terrifying cry..... the air.>rend? d. I... behind a big rock and.. down in the snow.>creep% lie? e. ! few seconds later% a huge creature ....into the clearing and ....looking around with bloodshot eyes.>leap% begin? f. It would ha'e found me 4uickly but its mate .... into the clearing and.... to him% pointing at something behind her and -abbering.>burst %cling? g. I... with relief and.... up#>weep% wake?

SPEECH PRACTICE The past tense marker ed in the past tense of regular 'erbs is pronounced in three different ways% <t<% <d< and <id<%as in: asked <1a:skt< cleaned <#klind< charged<1tfa:dBd< laughed <1la:ft< counted<1kauntid< painted<1peintid<

2ead the completed e/ercises 1%6 and 8% paying special attention to past tense forms.

READING PASSAGE The &and that 2ocks the ;radle I entered the third class compartment and took a corner seat.! few minutes later a large% noisy family rushed in and spread them all o'er the compartment%The parents arranged and re arranged their belongings on themsel'es luggage racks. ! suitcase fell on the grandmotherHs feet and she shouted at them.The children 4uarreled and the baby cried. *uddenly the whistle blew and with much clanging and groaning the train mo'ed out of the station. It soon gathered speed and rushed on through the night. 5y companions opened large tiffin carriers and settled down to their meal. 0ut the babyHs cries became howls and the grand mother hung a sari from the chain on the roof of the carriage. *he put the baby in this cradle and it stopped crying almost at once.

!t the same time the train came to a stop. There was a great commotion. I looked out of the window and 'ery one was asking who had pulled the chain. *uddenly I saw that grandmother had hung the cradle on the alarm chain#

COMPREHENSION Fuestions% to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written: 1.Who were the occupants of the third class compartment? 6.Why did the grandmother shout? 8.&ow did she make a cradle? 9.What two things stopped almost at the same time? B.Why did the train stop? C.&a'e you e'er had to use the alarm chain?

COMPOSITION 1 $escribe a train -ourney using the following hints and consulting the passage abo'e: !n old man in a corner seat ! party of schoolchildren with two teachers at the ne/t station Their suitcase and bo/es. one falls on old man's foot The boys fight% shout and sing The old man complains to the guard The guard finds him another compartment The old man eats from a packet: sleeps 6 ;an you recall any important e'ents in your life from the age of fi'e? $escribe them in chronological order gi'ing the >month and? year in which they happened.

T ere Is+T ere Are

DIALOGUE T e Su*er(ar,e! $

Q)mer >1N?% a college student in madras% goes back to his 'illage in the holidays. &e has bought a present for his little sister !yesha >N?.R

!yesha

What a pretty raincoat# I like the flowers on it and blue is my fa'ourite colour. Where did

you get it from )mer?

)mer

!t the supermarket.

!yesha

*upermarket? What's that?

)mer

It's a huge shop which sells e'erything from toothpaste to turmeric.

!yesha

2eally? !re there toys in the duper . . .

)mer

"ot duper. *uper. *upermarket. 7es% there are lot of toys. They're on the second floor.

!yesha

&ow many floors are there?

)mer

Fi'e. It's a 'ery big place. There's

e'en a

restaurant on the top floor.

!yesha

+o on # What else is there ?

)mer

There's a popcorn machine and

machine and an ice cream

a weight machine . . .

!yesha

Is there a -ewelers shop too?

)mer

I don't think there is. 0ut you can see it all% !yesha% when you come to 'isit me ne/t month with father.

USAGE A

Please note the order of words in the following 4uestions:

Is there a ri'er this town?

!re there beautiful lakes in Dashmir?

&ow

many children are there in this class?

Typical mistakes in using there is% there are and how many

are shown below :

O There is a lake near this town?

S Is there a lake near this town?

O &ow many houses there are in the 'illage?

S &ow many houses are there in the 'illage?

O There is a lot of flowers on this tree.

S There are a lot of flowers on this tree.

The substitution table below gi'es the 4uestion forms >present and past. affirmati'e and interrogati'e. singular and plural? of there is% there are:

Is% Isn't

Was% Wasn't

there a hotel in this town?

!re% !ren't

Were% Weren't there a lot of dacoits in this area?

1.

2ead as many sensible sentences as you can% using the

substitution table abo'e. Write some of them down in your e/ercise book.

6. )se appropriate forms of there is or there are in the following sentences:

a.

...a dinner at the club last night?

b.

7es% ...

c.

... a lot of guests?

d.

"o% ... only a few. 5any members could not come because of the bus strike.

e.

... any speeches at the end?

f.

7es% ... one% by the ;hief +uest. &e went on and on and people began to sneak away#

8. Fill the blanks with suitable nouns and the right forms of be:

a.

We mo'ed into a new ... last week.

There ... three

large rooms and four small ones on the ground floor and a large room on the first floor.

b.

There ... only two large rooms and two small ones in

the ... we left. It ...rather cramped for us.

c. (ur new . . .is fully furnished .In the sitting room there . . .armchairs and there . . . also a . . .

d. In the . . .there . . . two chairs% a table and an electric sto'e.

e. There . . .also . . . for a small 'egetable . . .at the back of the house.

)sing a participial phrase% con'ert the following introductory there.

sentences to the form beginning with

,/. Plenty of people are getting a promotion.

There are plenty of people getting a promotion.

a. ! rich minority is holding most of the building land in our towns and cities.

b. Too many people are trying to buy houses.

c. Too much black money floats around. ! lot of it is used to speculate in land.

d. ;onse4uently steep increases occur in the 'alue of land e'ery si/ months.

e. ! lot of houses are being built all the time but they are too e/pensi'e for most people.

USAGE

&ow many is used with countable nouns and uncountable.

how much with

O &ow much letters I wrote to her?

S &ow many letters I wrote to her?#

O &ow many paper do you want?

S &ow much paper do you want?

B )se how many or how much correctly in the following sentences:

a. . . . beds are there in this hospital?

b.

. .

water does it need a day?

c. . . .special wards are there?

d. . . .doctors are there on its staff?

e. . . .money does the +o'ernment spend on each patient a day?

5ake 4uestions >using how many or how much? to which

the following sentences are the answers:

a. There were a lot of guests at the wedding.

b. There was a lot of noise in the pandal.

c. There were three different kinds of sweets ser'ed at the feast.

d. There was lot of rice on *ridhar's leaf.

e. There were a doAen beggars waiting at the gate.

Impro'e the following sentences:

a.&ow much ).*. ;itiAens 'isit India as tourists e'ery year?

b.&ow much money a tourist needs a day to stay in one of our B star hotels?

c.

&ow much rupees a ).*. Tourist can get in India for a thousand dollars?

d.

&ow many 'accinations and inoculations he must take

before he gets his 'isa?

e.

&ow much Indians go abroad as tourists e'ery year?

N 2e write the dialogue% making the necessary corrections:

a. 5an:

&ow much an omelette costs?

b. Waiter:

Two rupees fifty paise%sir.

c.

5an:

That's a bit too much. &ow much eggs does the cook use for an omelette?

d. Waiter:

I don't know %sir. I shall ask the cook?

e.

5an:

"e'er mind. &ow much a plate of sandwiches costs?

f.

Waiter:

Four rupees.

g.

5an:

Too e/pensi'e. &ow much the fish curry and rice costs?

h.

Waiter:

*e'en rupees.

i.

5an:

*e'en rupees? Well%it's surprising but I

seem to ha'e lost my appetite. I can ha'e a glass of water% please?

SPEECH PRACTICE

"ote the pronunciation of the following:

there is a <TUAU <

there isn't a<TeriAntU<

there are <TUrU <

there aren't <TerU:nt<

is there a <iATUrU <

isn't there <iAntTU<

are there <a:TU<

aren't there <a:ntTU<

2ead the dialogue again with special attention to these forms.

READING PASSAGE

India-s Ri.ers

$o you e'er think of the ri'ers of India? They are our greatest natural assets. !ren't there hundreds of them

watering our land

and making it green and fertile? !ren't

they natural highway's linking the towns with 'illages? !nd isn't there great beauty too. There in them? There is such 'ariety

are na'igable ri'ers% especially in 0engal and

Derala. There are raging torrents which leap from the mountains down to the deep gorges. There are huge ri'ers countryside.

which sometimes burst their banks and flood the

!nd in tribute to their strength and beauty% we ha'e always held them sacred. To lo'e India is to lo'e her ri'ers% big and small.

COMPREHENSION$

Fuestions% to be answered are orally in complete sentences% before the answers are written:

1.&ow many big ri'ers are there in India?

6.What kinds of ri'ers are there in India?

8.Why do Indians hold their ri'ers sacred?

9.!re there many re'ers without bridges in the country?

B.Why are ri'ers called natural highways?

COMPOSITION$

1.

Write a similar passage of about the same length on the

moun tains of India.

6.

$escribe your 'illage or town in about fifteen or twenty

sen tences.Try to be accurate.for e/ample%don't say 'aguely' There are lots of schools'% but 'There are two high schools

for boys% se'en primary schools and one girls' school in my town.'

T e Presen! C%n!inu%us Tense$ Verbs %/ Per"e*!i%n0 DIALOGUE The 0etter Part of 3alour

QIts two o'clock in the morning. The dialogue takes place in 5r.2a-u's house.R

5rs. 2a-u

>in a whisper? 2a-u% 2a-u% wake up# ;an u hear a noise?

5r. 2a-u

"oise? What noise?

5rs. 2a-u

*h# "ot so loud. *omething is mo'ing about in the kitchen. +o and ha'e a look.

5r. 2a-u

&e might ha'e a knife on him.

5rs. 2a-u

!re u going to let him walk away with the new pressure cooker?

5r. 2a-u

:et us go back to sleep. I know it's only a mouse.

5rs. 2a-u

"o. It is a theif. I feel it in my bones. it's a theif.

5r. 2a-u

: Would u rather lose ur husband or ur pressure cooker? "ow turn off the light. :et us go to sleep.

USAGE

The present continuous tense is generally used to refer to actions that r taking place at the moment of speaking. 7ou are reading this book >now?. *ome 'erbs% especially the 'erbs of perception >like% feel% hear% see% think% etc.? are not usually used in the present ;ontinuous form% though they refer to

actions that are taking place at the moment of speaking.

I see someone at the gate.

The little girl hears the train in the distance ."ow she is running to the window to look at it.

&e understand e'erything that is happening around him%him he can't speak the poor %dumb boy#

! common mistake is:

*asikala is not e'en understanding simple e4uations#

*asikala does not

e'en understand

simple e4uations#

1 2ead out those sentences in the dialogue which use 'erbs of perception and those which use the ing form.

6 ;omplete the sentences below using the corret form of the present ;ontinous tense of the 'erb in brackets:

a. The children ........ in the garden.>play?

b. They ...... a sudden noise.>hear?

c. They ....... a tiny speak in a sky.>see?

d. They are shouting% 'we ..... it is a flying saucer'. >think?

e. Their mother is shouting back% 'you ...... at the "ew Kumbo Ket'. >look?

8 2e write ,/ercise.6 in the singular% using 0abu in the first sentence instead of The ;hildren.

9 2ead the following sentences

aloud:

a. The Ding and the 4ueen of 0ernia are arri'ing in a few minutes.

b. ! distinguished gathering including the Prime 5inister is waiting to greet them.

c. I think I can see the aircraft carrying Their 5a-estics coming in to land yes% ther it is glinting in the sun.

d. $o you hear the crowds roaring? They are cheering the

Ding and the Fueen.

e. "ow throw royal 'isitors are coming down the steps.

f. Their ma-estics look fresh and rela/ed% and happy to be with us.

g. "ow the Prime 5inister is going forward to recei'e them. This is the kind of broadcast u might hear Palam airport%

$elhi% When distinguished 'isitors come to India.

;orrect the following sentences where necessary:

a. I 'e only seen her once but i'm liking her a lot.

b. Why are you liking her? &as she got a lot of money ?

c. $on't be stupid :you're knowing I don't care for money?

d. Then I Imagine she is pretty to look.

e. 7ou're forgetting that beauty is only skin deep.

f.

I'm understanding: you lo'e her because she has a sweet nature

g. *illy% I don't -ust lo'e her% I'm adorning her#

h. What's her name? I do not know that but I'll soon find out.

i.

I'm not knowing that but I'll soon find out.

Impro'e the following sentences% if necessary:

a. 5other :

how are you going to spend *unday morning% *atish?

b. *antosh:

I'm feeling like washing the motorbike% mother.

c. 5other :

!nd you% *hobha what are you feeling like doing tomorrow morning?

d. *hobha:

I feel like doing ironing. Pronti% what are you going to do?

e. Pronti

I am not knowing that but I'm not going to do anything.

f. 5other

We understand you 'ery well% Pronti. 7ou're going to curl in the bed with a silly detecti'e no'el. :aAy girl.

SPEECH PRACTICE

"otice how the letter s is pronounced<s or <A< in the dialogue bo/.

<s<

<A<

whisper<1wispU<

noise< nUiA<

mouse< maus<

bones< bounA<

sleep< sli:p<

lose< lu:A<

let's< lets<

husband< h=AbUnd<

Practice these words% then the sentences in which they occur in the dialogue. Finally% read the dialogue o'er again% paying attention to these sounds% and also to the punctuation.

READING PASSAGE

T e dea!

%/ a *e!

&is mother ga'e little *unil a mynah in a cage. (n the first day% it sang sweetly% but as the days went by% the bird sang less and less. *unil said to him self% lonely. I think we should let it go.. It feels

0ut *unil's mother

didn't let him set it free. (ne morning the bird lay dead in the cage. *unil went to his mother and said% bird in a cage e'er again% mother. I don't a

COMREHENSION

Fuestions to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written:

1. What did *unil's mother gi'e him for a present?

6. &ow did the bird sing on the first day?

8.What were *unil's words to himself?

9.Why did 5ynah fell lonely?

B.What did *unil feel on death of his bird?

C.&a'e you e'er lost a pet?

COMPOSITION

1. Write a parallel message% using the clues gi'en below:

)ncle' < Padma < s4uirrel <

bo/

played happily <

played less and less herself < must be feeling < ought to uncle < allow<' to let it go was found uncle told him

6. *tudy the following:

5y neighbor 5r. :ewis was ha'ing a party last night. &e is rich and throws parties 4uite often. 5r. lewis and I ha'e been neighbors for last two years% but this was the first time he had asked me o'er. !t N o'clock% I could see

a few people through the window but I

could not hear what

they were saying. They seemed to be en-oying themsel'es and I was ready to go across and -oin them. Was waiting for my wife who was putting the finishing touches to her toilet.

I don't want to hurry her up. *he dislikes being hurried. *he would also got ner'ous that would ha'e spoilt her make up.

I always want to look her best.

2e write this paragraph imagining that the party is to night and 'you and your wife' are going to the party as soon as she is ready.

T e Si(*le Pas! !ense$ WH1&ues!i%ns DIALOGUE The Way (ut

>! -ournalist is inter'iewing the Prime 5inister of Danga land for his paper.?

Kournalist

5r. Prime 5inister% what made you enter politics?

Prime 5inister:

Well% I when

got

in'ol'ed

in

politics

I was a young

man at the

uni'ersity.

Kournalist

Which uni'ersity was that?

Prime 5inister:

The +agoka )ni'ersity% where I read :aw and Political *cience.

Kournalist

What were you planning to do?

Prime 5inister:

"ot to become a Prime minister% certainly#

Kournalist

Why did you get into politics?

Prime 5inister:

Well% I didn't want to teach :aw% and I

didn't want to practice% either. There seemed nothing I could e/cept enter politics.

USAGE

In wh 4uestions with a sub-ect% the helping 'erb is placed between the 4uestion word and the sub-ect.

Who were you talking to?

Why didn't you water the plants?

Where did you hide the letter?

! common

mistake

is

not

to use a

helping 'erb or to

put it after the sub-ect:

OWhere you went?

S Where did you go?

OWhat you were doing at two o'clock?

S What were you doing at two o'clock?

OWhen she got married?

S When did she get married?

"ote that when who or what function as sub-ects in 4uestions% they are placed before the 'erb:

Who is knocking on the door?

What was her second letter about?

1.

!sk wh 4uestions

about the italiciAed

words in the

sentenses below:

a. 7esterday afternoon I 'isited seshsan.

b. &e ga'e me a good tea.

c. !fter tea we played a game of chess.

d. Then we went to the PlaAa for the e'ening show.

,. We went to the park and talked till nearly midnight.

f.. We went to bed 'ery late.

6.

5ake 4uestions in the *imple Past tense% using the

appropriate 'erbs and placing the gi'en sub-ect correctly. e.g.

When ... the letter?

When did you post the letter?

a. When ..... her teaching degree? >:alitha?

b. Which school ..... to first? >she?

c. When ... her scholarship to the ).D.? >she?

d. &ow many years ... abroad? >she?

e. When ... to India? >:alitha?

8.Pro'ide the wh 4uestions that will get the following answers

a. I went to the library.

b. I borrowed a no'el by 2.D."arayan.

c. From the library I went to the market.

d. I bought a packet of potato chips and some eggs.

e. I got back home an hour before lunch.

9.

a. I'm .... I came to this party.I -ust ... a ... charming woman.

b.

... is she?

c.

5rs. 0arnett.

d.

oh% *andra 0arnett. What e/actly do you...charming about

her?

e.

I...her concern...people who aren't as well off as we are ... is her husband?

f.

&e is a ...producre. :ook# &e's standing...there% ...the piano.

g. Which is her husband% the one wearing the red ...?

h. "o% the one in the ... suit...I introduce you?

SPEECH PRACTICE

wh

4uestions are usually said with the falling tune:

Where are you going?

The 'oice falls markedly on the last stressed syllable of the 4uestion in this case% the syllable go. 2ead the dialogue again% using the falling tune with all the wh 4uestions.

READING PASSAGE

Welcome &ome

*ushila >N? and "agesh >1E? went with their parents to palam airport to meet their big brother *atyan. who was returning from 2ussia after his training in metallurgy. The children clung to his arms and showered him with 4uestions. 'Who dro'e the big plane?' asked *ushila. When did you get on the plane? !sked nagesh. are you &ungry? down to the important 0usiness. 2ussia? ask sushela. ask susheela. Then They got What did you bring me from

'+i'e me a kiss first'% said satyan.

'Ihrought you a doll that can sing and dance and is as you.' "ow "agesh tugged at his brother's shirt and said% 'What you always wanted a beautiful electric railway.'

COMPREHENSION

Without looking back at the passage%change the following sentences from indirect to direct speech:

1.*ushila asked *atyan what he had brought her from 2ussia.

6.*atyan told her to gi'e hem a kiss first.

8."agesh wanted to know what *atyan had brought him.

9.*ushila wanted to know who had dri'en the big plane.

B."agesh asked *atyan when he had got on the plane.

COMPOSITION

Write a parallel passage% using the clues below:

+autham >B? < *hobha >N? < *anta ;ruA

< uncle 0alu <

,ngland < researchprogramme < mathematics hung on < bombardedE your < +autam board < *hobha aren't < +autam on< sedrious things did yuou get for < ,ngland < *hobha 0alu mini sewing machine < make your doll's clothes +autam <

pulled < arm < shouted a soldier that can march up and down and beat a drum

Write a dialogue of between 1B or 6E lines between a

-ournalist and a film star. :et the former ask how the star entered the films% whether she likes the life% what her plans are for the future% what was her best film% etc.

Pre*%si!i%ns DIALOUGE *un and *and

$a'id

&ello% I'or% so you're back from your holiday#

I'or

7es%we got back on the train last night.

$a'id

7ou're looking brown and 'ery fit. Were you on the beach all day?

I'or

,/cept at meals. We walked on the sands morning and e'ening and sat under a beach umbrella when the sun was too hot.

$a'id

$id you swim a lot?

I'or

7es% we did. !t first my daughter was frightened of the wa'es% but soon she learnt to swim. !nd then we couldn't keep her out of the sea#

USAGE

! few common mistakes in the use of prepositions are shown below:

O(ur neighbors are going to a holiday<for a holiday.

S(ur neighbors are going on a holiday.

OThere is a boat in the ri'er.

S There is a boat on the ri'er.

OWe can tra'el to +oa in bus% in train or in plane.

SWe can tra'el to +oa in bus% by train or by plane.

SWe can tra'el to +oa in bus% train or plane.

O The cricketers complained to the hotel manager for the food.

S The cricketers complained to the hotel manager about the food.

1.. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:

a.

5r and 5rs Prasad came ... of their house in a hurry.

b. They got ... their car 4uickly.

; .5r Prasad dro'e it... the open gate and ... to the road.

d. (nce ... the road% he stepped ... the accelerator

e. ! few minutes later % the car stopped ... the railway station.

f. 5r Prasad bought a platform ticket ... his wife ... one... the counters.

g. They hurried ... the gate% where 5rs. Prasad showed her ticket.

h. The ticket collector said %'"o need to hurry. The train is an hour late. Please go... the waiting room.'

6.*upply suitable prepositions ansd complete the sentences:

a. The house agent was dri'ing the newly married couple to look... a small house ... the suburbs.

b.

.... the way %he began to praise the locality% the house%

the neighbors% and the absence ... dust and noise.

c. &e told them that the suburb was so healthy that no one had e'er died ... it.

d. The couple looked ... each other and agreed that a suburb.. which no body dies is a fine place to li'e...

e. Kust then a funeral procession went...% with a few people walking... the coffin.

f. The surprised husband looked doubtfully

... the agent.

g. '$on't be alarmed '% said the agent. 'That was the undertaker.&e star'ed ... death#'

8. *tudy the prepositions in the sentences below:

a. The laborers are not at work.

b. They are at dinner.

c. They will go to bed early since they ha'e to get up at fi'e in the morning.

d. They ha'e to be at the building site by se'en.

e. They go si/ miles by bus and then walk half a mile across a flat piece of land.

f.. They will find the super'isor already waiting for them at the site#

2e write these sentences so that they refer to -ust one labourer

9. :ook at the 4uestion

and answer

e/ample:

F.Where do men grow beards?

!ns.They grow them on their chins.

!nswer the following 4uestions

in the same way

%using

suitable prepositions. Write the answers later in your notebooks.

a. Where do men wear caps?

b. Where do women wear necklaces?

c. Where do men wear belts?

d. Where do men wear shoes?

e. Where do women put the Tilak ?

f. Where do women wear bangles?

B.:ook at this 4uestion answer e/ample:

F.

Where do we buy medicine?

!ns. We buy it at the chemist's.

!nswer the following 4uestions% using suitable prepositions:

a. Where do we buy en'elopes and paper?

b. Where do we put the date on a letter?

c. Where do you sign a letter?

d. Where do you write the address of a person tio whom you are sending the letter?

e. Where do you buy the stamps?

f. Where do you post the

letters?

*P,,;&

P2!;TI;,

5any prepositions ha'e a weak form which the student should practise.

Preposition

*trong Form

Weak Form

at

<aet<

< Ut<

to

<tu<

<t U<

of

<of<

< U'<

for

<fo>r?<

<f U>r?<

from

<from<

<fr Um<

Prepositions which end in a 'owel sound ha'e the strong form when they precede a word which begins with a 'owel. to a house <tu U haus<

;ompare to the house <tU TU haus<

"otice that 'for' has a linking 'r':

for the period <fU TU piUriUd<

for a period <fU piUriUd<

2ead the dialogue again% paying particular attention to the way the prepositional

pharases should be spoken.

READING PASSAGE

(ut of the 5outh of 0abes?

:ast Friday Itook my wife and my si/ year old daughter *udha to see the Ta- 5ahal at !gra. We went by the Tae/ press and *udha tra'elled was 'ery e/cited because she had ne'er

by train before. *he sat near the window and and houses flying by with shyning eyes.!t

locked at trees

one station a fat women %about fifty years old%came into our comportment and sat facing us.

When the train steamed out of the station% the women opened her handbag %took out a lip stick and began to

makup her lips 'why are you doing that?'

!sked *udha.

'Tp make my face beautiful'% said the men%frowing. '0ut your face is still ugly'%said *udha .7ou can imagened how embrassed my wife and I

I were# We apologiAed to the women and told *udha sternly that she should not be rude to people. *udha concentrated on the countryside flying past the window and did not look at the women again.

COMPREHENSION

!nswer 4uestion orally in full sentences before you write the answer:

1.$id *udha% my wife and Igo by bus to see the ta-?

6.Was this the first time that *udha had tra'elld by train?

8.Where did the fat women sit?

9.what did she take out of her handbag?

B.$id *udha apologiAe to the women?

C.What did *udha do after she got a scolding?

G.can you describe an occaion when a child 's frank words caused embarrassment?

COMPOSITION

Write out a parall passage with the help of the clues

below:

!fortnight ago<a frind of mine<son "agesh<famous ca'es< ,llora 0ombay ,/press<could not contain his -oy<made a -ourney by train we made him sit<the little boy looked at

the changing sceneV a way side station <lady <entered <took a seatV after<left<amirror and a powder faceV "agesh with serious face compact< powder her

gi'ing him a smileV guess<his

fatherV his son<talk rudly<at !urangabadV

6. Write two paragraphs describiong your last 'isit to a fort% church% temple or ruin.

T e Ar!i"les 2Re.isi%n 34 DIALOUGE Practising (ne's ,nglish

"alini

: &a'e you got a rubber?

5other

: I think there is one in left hand drawer of a table.

"alini

: &a'e you got the key of the drawer?

5other

: It's in the lock

"alini

&a'e you got some honey?

5othe

: 7es.there's some brown bottle in the kitcchen cup board

"alini

: &a'e you got a comb?

5other

: It's on the floor%right at your feet%stupid#

"alini

: &a'e you got a snake?

5other

: ! snake?What are going to do with a rubber snake% a comb W some honey? !re you got out of your mind?

"alini

:"o% mother.I don't really want any of them. I'm -ust practicing ,nglish.

USAGE A

We ha'e obser'ed that a>or an before'owel sounds? is used before countable nouns. )ncountable nouns >like rice% water% sand% -am? I do not take a or an.

O We make a butter out of a milk.

SWe make a butter out of milk

O$o we need a sugar to make pudding?

S$o we

need sugar to make pudding.

O$o we need a honey to make a omlette?

S$o we need honey to make omlette.

1.Fill in the blanks with

or

an

where necessary:

a.

!t

the

grocer's and

5rs 0indra bought . . .sugar.

. .

.rice%

. . . dal

b.

*he also

bought

. . .

packet of

blades

and. . .

tube of . . .

toothpaste.

c.

!t the . . .

baker's butter.

she

didn't

buy

. . . bread or

d.

*he

ordered . . . cake for her son's fourth birthday.

e.

(n the way ration

home

she

bought

. . . keroscene

at the

shop.

f.

When she got back

home %

herb husband asked of

her if

she had brought him . . . packet

cigarettes.

g. *he said

she

hadn't

wanted

to since

he had

. . .

bad cought#

9.*tudy these sentences:

a. 0engalis like ri'er fish

fish

good

deal%

and

they

prefer

to sea fish.

b. Dashmiris

are

fond

of

meat.

c. Deralites meal.

eat

payasam>a sweet dish?at the end of a

d. Tamils eat rice and curds at the end of a meal% and payasam before the rice and curds.

e. !ndhar's

like hot curries

and hotter

pickles.

f. We are before a

told meal

that

+u-ratis

like sweets

after

meal%

and after

a meal and during

a meal#

2e

read these

sentences% changing

the

first

words

in of

each sentence the sentences

to ! 0engali% ! Dashmiri% etc. Write three in your notebook.

USAGE

The

definite

article

is

used

with

person or

thing

already mentioned.

!: There's

a fly

in

my

coffee.

0:

Is

the fly

dead

or

ali'e?

The is

also

used

before

noun

which

can represent

only one particular person or thing.

:ittle

2ahman is ill. let us take

him to the

doctor.

Kay

is playing

in the

garden.

*tudy

the

use

of

articles in

the

sentences

below:

a.

5rs

*ridhar

wakes

up

at

half past fi'e e'ery day.

b. ! little latter%the newsboy pushes the morning paper under the door.

; !t si/ the milkman calls%leading a cow and a calf.

d. ! few minutes later her husband calls for a cup of coffee.

e. !t se'en he shouts for a second cup#

f. 0y then one or two menmay be pushing carts of 'egetables or fruit into the street. !nother day has begun#

2e read sentences a to e so that they will tell us what happened yesterday. Write all of them into your notebook.

SPEECH PRACTICE

The letter r is silent or er

in unstressed syllables like or%are

at the end of words% and the 'owel is weakened to< <.

Practice saying the following wordsa correctly:

rubber

mother

water

sugar

grocer

butter

order

after

doctor

gardener

paper

later

The r

is pronounced if the ne/t word >of the same

sense group? starts with a 'owel sound. Practise the following phrases:

water in the glass

mother of four

later in the day

a gardener

of sorts

doctor in trouble

after all

sugar and spice

paper of 4uality

mother of pearl

READING PASSAGE

*eeing a friend off

The train was on time.5rsTickoo picked up her and got into a

suitcase

first class compartment. There was a

woman with a baby in the compartment. 5rs Tickoo put her suitcase under the seat and sat near the window.Kust then a boy and a girl rushed up.The girl cried% 'We nearly missed saying goodbye to to you#'. The boy said% '(ur car

broke down fifty yards from the station and we ran all the way# 'Where is your mother? 'asked 5rs Tickoo. '*he can't run like us'% said the boy. !t that moment the guard blew his whistle and wa'ed his green flag. 'Thankyou 'ery much for seeing me off'% said 5rs. Tickoo % 'but you shouldn't ha'e run all the way. *ay goodbye to your mother for me# ' '+oodbye# 'cried the children% as the train streamed out of the station.

COMPREHENSION

!nswer the following 4uestions in complete sentences before you writye down the answers.

1.Is 5rs Tickoo a poor woman?

6.$id 5rs Tickoo put her suitcase near the window ?

8.Was the children's mother able to see her friend off?

9.Who did 5rs Tickoo see in her compartment?

B.Where did the car break down?

C.$o you en-oy seeing your friends off at the railway station or the airport ? (r do such occasions sadden you?

;(5P(*ITI("

$escribe% in about a doAen sentences % how the day begins for you% in the manner of ,/ercise 8

T e Dire"! and Indire"! Ob5e"!s DIALOGUE A S6ee! Tri", !sha : Where 's the sugar% father?

Father : *ugar? What are you talking about? !sha : The sugar I sent you the money for.

Father : The money? When did you send me the money? !sha : &alf an hour ago% through the boy you sent here. I ga'e him a bag% too.

Father : 0ut I didn't send any boy to you. !sha : What# I ga'e the money and the bag to a boyIhe said you had sent him.

Father : We''e been tricked# What did the fellow look like? !sha : &e looked honest enough. I wouldn't ha'e gi'en the money to anyone who looked sly or dirty. !nd besides% he ga'e me a slip of paper with our address on it#

Father : &e ga'e us the slip all right.

USAGE

The indirect ob-ect is usually placed before the direct ob-ect if it is a single word% and after the direct ob-ect if it consists of a number of words.

The man brought his wife some medicine. The man brought some medicine to his wife who lay ill in bed.

Pronouns are therefore placed before the direct ob-ect.

;ows gi'e us milk. $id he send you a card for the new year? We showed them the photograph album.

1. 2ead the dialogue again% picking out the direct and indirect ob-ects and marking their position in the sentences. 6. ;omplete the following sentences% placing the direct and indirect ob-ects in appropriate positions% and adding prepositions if necessary:

a. !ll her friends ga'e b. 2adha brought c. !unt *hoba ga'e d. Damala's rich brother pesented e. &er old and faithful ayah presented

presents that she really appreciated Damala the girl who was her best friend a sil'er tea set a che4ue for her niece one hundred rupees

her an e/pensi'e stereogram the girl she childhood a brass pot had brought up from

8.The sentences below ha'e% in brackets% either the direct or indirect ob-ect. ;omplete them by adding an appropriate direct and indirect ob-ect:

!t

the gate% 5r 0hagat bought >tickets?.

!t the gate% 5r.0hagat bought tickets for his wife and four children. a. !t the Aoo% 5ohan was feeding >peanuts?... b. &is younger sister :akshmi was offering >the baby elephant which was standing near its mother?... c. &is parents were gi'ing >their youngest son !nand begging for an elephant ride?... who was

d. one of the keepers was throwing >small fish from a bucket ?... e. !nother keeper was gi'ing>two tigers in a cage?...

9. 5rs.+uhan runs her household with e/treme efficiency. e'erything is done at e/actly the same time e'eryday. 2ead the sentences below which describe what will happen at breakfast time in the +uhan household tomorrow morning. a. 5rs.+uhan will gi'e her husband a large helping of cornflakes at two minutes past eight. b. Then she will ser'e cornflakes to her two children and gi'e them warm milk to put on the cornflakes. c. 5r.+uhan is a bit peculiar : he likes tea with cornflakes# *o his wife will pour tea into his bowl and pass him the sugar. d. Then she will fry them two eggs and gi'e her husband the bottle of -am. It will then be e/actly se'en minutes past eight. e. 5rs.+uhan's daughter%*aras%is e'en more peculiar than her father. *he likes -am with a bit of salt% so her mother will pass her the salt cellar# f.Then 5rs.+uhan will pour them all tea and gi'e the newspaper to her husband. The time :N:6E a.m. 2e write these sentences% picturing the +uhan family at breakfast yesterday morning.

B. 2e write the sentences in ,/ercise 9% beginning with the

first line :

X,'ery day 5rs +uhan gi'es her husband .. .H SPEECH PRACTISE practising the falling tunes in

2ead the dialogue again% the wh 4uestions.

2,!$I"+ P!**!+,

! 0udding Film *tar :eila's uncle had promised her a mo'ie camera if she got a first class in her 5.! degree e/amination. &e kept his promise to her %and brought his cle'er niece a new Dodak mo'ie camera. (n sunday afternoon :eila took her family to the seashore and filmed them in many happy scenes. &er little sister *heila pretended that she was a fisherman's daughter and posed width a basket of fish on her head. The ne/t day :eila sent the film to the Dodak office at 0ombay. When it came back de'eloped% she showed it proudly to all her friends. ,'eryone said that *heila had a bright future as a film star#

COMPREHENSION Fuestions %to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written: 1.Why had :eila 's uncle promised her a mo'ie camera? 6.What make of camera did he buy her? 8.Who did she send the film to? 9.&as any one gi'en you such an e/pensi'e present? B.Is it likely that your father will gi'e you a camera on your ne/t birthday?

COMPOSITION 1.Write two paragraphs parallel to the first two paragraphs of the reading passage% making use of the clues below: 2obert's aunt<the *.*.:.;. e/amination her intelligent "ephew (ne day last week<his two cousins<the park< elder<2anga<to be<fruit'endor<fruit two days later<by registered post he got it<his neighbours 2obert<producer 6 2ead the dialogue again. 2e write the incident as a narrati'e >in two paragraphs?.

T e General Presen! Tense Dial%gue "e'er a :ender 0e

*undari :What do you think of our new neighbor%

0hanu?

0hanu

: I don't think much of her. *he comes o'er

at least

half a doAen times a day and borrows something or other.

*undari : I thought I was her only 'ictim. *he 'isits me at all the hours and asks for something -ust when I need it#

0hanu

:What does she borrow from you?

*undari : *ometimes she asks for the coconut scraper or the egg beater. 0ut her fa'orite 2e4uest is for the electric iron.

0hanu

:*he already knows I ha'en't got many kitchen gadgets. *o she takes coffee Powder or sugar or cooking oil instead.

*undari : That's e'en worse. $oesn't she e'er buy anything?

0hanu

:Why should she% when she's got neighbors like you and me? Well% I must be +oing. 0y the way% *undari% can you let me ha'e your iron for half an hour?

Usage

Fluency needs to be established in using the negati'e and interrogati'e forms of +eneral or *imple Present tense. ! common mistake is

/: What elephants eat?

S: What do elephants eat?

/: Why he ne'er sees a film?

S: Why doesn't he e'er see a film?

/: 7ou like coffee?

S: $o you like coffee?

1. Fill in the blanks with What% When% Where and &ow:

a. W

do elephants li'e?

b. .... does an elephant eat?

c. ... do elephants flap there years?

d. .... long does an elephant li'e?

e. ..... does the elephant work for man?

1. don't:

Fill in the blanks with do% does % doesn't and

a.+iri-a ... plays the 'iolin% does she?

b. "o% she ... 0ut she plays the 'eena 'ery well.

c. .... her sisters play the 'eena

too?

d. "o % they ... 0ut they can sing.

e. .... +iri-a gi'e concerts?

f. "o% she ... &er teacher thinks she will be able to in two more year's time.

6.

!rrange the word groups below to form meaningful

sentences :

a. doesn't look pretty<the common crow<but is a 'ery cle'er bird.

b. 'ery high<but ha'e magnificent tail feathers<peacocks don't fly.

c. tiny birds<fine nests<though they are<sparrows build.

d. the 'ulture<and men hate it<eats<human flesh<a bird of illomen.

9. *tudy these affirmati'e sentences:

a. when I read a book in ,nglish % I always keep a dictionary near me.

b. if

I do not know the meaning of a word% I open the

dictionary and find the word.

c. The dictionary always tells me the meaning of the new word.

d. if it is a good dictionary% it also gi'es me one or two sentences as e/amples of the word in e'ery day use.

e. (ften a word has more than one shade of meaning% and I choose the one most suited to the conte/t.

f. I also look carefully at the pronunciation guide to find out how the word is spoken.

;on'ert these sentences to the interrogati'e form% changing the pronoun 'I' to 'you'.

e.g. >a? When you read a book in ,nglish% do you...?

B.Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

a. (ur new principal has a dog. It is difficult to tell ... the principal owns the dog or the dog owns the principal#

b. &e brings this big% brown !lsatian dog to college... day% rain or shine.

c. &e takes the dog to his classes. it... under the table till the lecture is o'er.

d. When he... to lunch at restaurant across the road% he takes the dog ... him

e. &e has trained the dog to... the college mail. The dog trots of to the... at nine and comes... in twenty minutes with the letters in the bag... from its neck.

S*ee"

Pra"!i"e

!t the beginning and the end of the sentence% does usually pronounced<dYA<.in other positions% it is

is

weakened to <d7A<. similarly doesn't is <dYAnt< when it begins or enters a sentence and <d7Ant< in other positions practice the following:

a. What does 2aghu do for a li'ing?

b. $oes he sell insurance?

c. &e doesn't work 'ery hard% does he?

d. $oesn't he ha'e to support his old parents?

2ead the dialogue the forms of do.

again% paying particular attention to

Reading Passage$

People and &ouses

In what strange dwellings do people li'e# (n the lakes of Dashmir there are people who li'e% work and die boats. These boats are large and hea'y and are called house boats. In !frica some tribes li'e in houses in the tops of trees% or e'en in houses perched on stilts. Far up in cold north% the ,skimos build igloos out of ice blocks. They crawl in and out

of them through a small opening which is -ust big enough to let a man through. In the burning deserts the nomadic tribes li'e in tents which they can 4uickly take down and put up. !nd in the world's big cities men li'e in tall skyscrapers high

abo'e the noise of busy streets.

C%(*re ensi%n$

Fuestions% to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written:

1?

What different kind of dwellings do people li'e in?

6?

$o you know what stilts are?

8?

&ow do the ,skimos get in and out of their houses?

9?

Who li'e in tents?

B?

Where do you find skyscrapers?

;omposition:

1.Write a similar passage about the strange forms of transport that people use% taking into account the clues below:

canals of 3enice

slender% swift gondolas

flat lands of ,gypt

tough buffaloes

+reenland the snow

sleighs drawn by reindeer and sliding on

deserts of the 5iddle ,ast without water for days

camels which can go

mountainous Tibet

'ery strong animals called 7aks

cities of India

rickshaws pulled by men

6.Write a paragraph on the Indian elephant. its appearance% habits% habitats% the kinds of food it is fond of% etc. Then write out an incident you ha'e heard of or read which shows that the elephant has a long memory.

T e Si(*le Pas! Tense$ Irregular Verbs Dial%gue !t the Police station

Woman

: Inspector% I''e lost my handbag.

Inspector: ;an you describe it?

Woman

: Well% it's black% with a steel clasp. I only

bought it last week.

Inspector: Was there anything in it besides money?

Woman

: 7es. ! small mirror% a bottle of perfume and a bunch of keys. !lso an address book.

Inspector: Where did you loose it?

Woman

In the post office. I put it on the counter% took out some money%bought a stamp and turned round to put some gum on the stamp. When I turned back to the counter%it had gone#

Inspector: Is this your handbag?

Woman

: 7es% it is. &ow did you catch the thief so 4uickly?

Inspector: ! man was trying to sell it in the market and one of my men in plain clothes caught him red handed#

Usage

While most 'erbs in ,nglish form their past tense forms with ed% there are irregular 'erbs which needs to be

mastered.

:ay : (ur hen laid nine eggs this month.

eat% sell: we ate two and sold the rest.

1.7ou may hear sentences like the following in a broadcast on a football game between two *tate

teams in a national tournament.

a. 0engal's outside right is passing the ball to *alim% the centre forward.

b. *alim is taking a shot at the goal% thirty yards away.

c. The Pun-ab goalie is -umping up and hitting the ball away.

d. 2abi% 0engal's outside left% traps it# &e is dribbling his way towards the middle% he passes it to

*alim.

e. *alim fails to stop it right back % *hyam.

the ball is going to the Pun-ab

f. With *alim% rushing at him% *hyam taps the ball to his goal keeper.

g. The goalkeeper misses it

and it's a goal#

2ewrite these sentences in the *imple Past tense% as they might appear in a report of the match in the newspapers the ne/t morning.

6.These sentences describe what is happening to 5ohan 0hagat in a dream:

a. I am standing on a plain surrounded on all sides by mountains.

b. The sun is shining in the sky% but with a bright blue light.

c. *uddenly the *un goes out% the sky turns black and a

storm breaks o'er my head.

d. There is a clap of thunder and lighting strikes a tree about fifty yards from where I am standing.

e. ! huge bird flies down from the sky and picks me up in its claws.

f. I wake up with a scream.

2ewrite these sentences in the past as you would describe 5ohan 0hagat's dream to a friend.

*tudy these sentences :

a. ;hildren listen to people speaking around them for a long time before they begin to speak.

b. They begin by speaking words% usually the names of things.

c. Then they begin to put words together.

d. :ater they go to school and learns to read and write.

e. ;hildren listen% speak% read and write% in that order.

f. When children learn a new language% should they learn it e/actly in the same way?

g. (r should they learn to listen% to speak% to read and to write at the same time?

2ewrite the first fi'e sentences abo'e so as to make them apply to a child>boy or girl? learning his or her mother tongue.

9. !gain rewrite sentences a to e abo'e in the singular so as to describe how "a'in *eshadri>9? learnt his mother tongue. 0egin: "a'in *eshadri listened to the speech .. &ow e/actly will you rewrite e%f and g?

SPEECH PRACTICE $

The short <u< and <i< sounds contrasted with the long <u:< and <i:< sounds below :

<i<

<i:<

<u<

<u:<

inspector

steel

good

do

anything

keep

put

you

lip stick

week

rupee

new

office

thief

took

lose

mirror

policeman

looked

afternoon

Practice saying these words correctly. Then read the dialogue either singly or in groups% paying special attention to these words.

READING PASSAGE $

! &ousewife

in $istress

7esterday Tenu-a went to the shops to buy food for the family. *he thought %'5y husband likes chapathis%' and asked for wheat at the grocer's. 0ut the man only had rice. Then she said to herself% a little meat for eight rupees but she saw that it was more bone than meat and toast. The butcher sold her a little meat for eight

ruppes but she saw that it was more bone than meat. Well% what can I big omelette. do? I'll make him some soup tonight% and a *he found that there were only duck s eggs I ll she

in the shops and her husband hated duck s eggs.

buy some tomatoes . we can ha'e sandwiches instead% said to herself. :uckily there were tomatoes at the

greengrocer's and she bought a kilo of them. (n her way home she thought% !t least we won t star'e tonight #

she bought two loa'es of bread from the baker s near her house.

COMPREHENSION

!nswer the 4uestions orally in complete sentences before you write the answers in your notebook.

1.What did Tanu-a buy for dinner?

6.What did the butcher sell her?

8.$id she buy duck s eggs?

9.$id Tanu-a buy a kilo of potatoes?

B.What did you ha'e for dinner last night? What did you eat this morning for breakfast?

COMPOSITION

1.Write a passage parallel to the 2eading Passage abo'e with the help of the clues below.

The other day<5alathi<to market <riceV grocer<wheat thought%

said to herself<dosais mutton curry half a

kilo of mutton< si/ < found < mutton for dinner tonight< a tomato omelette <did not like thought get a cucumber<

is to be done disco'ered < market cucumber sandwiches< as she walked back home

lots of cucumber< two

< said to herself< will ha'e something to eat baker's shop< a few yards from

large<

6.Write an account of the last occasion you went shopping% gi'ing full details of the purchases you made

S%(e and An7 DIALOGUE #u7ing Mang%es

;ustomer

:I want some 5angoes. *ome are good ones.

*hopkeeper: I ha'en t got any bad ones% madam% I only sell the best. I managed to get some 'ery good ones only this morning.

;ustomer

: &ow much are they?

*hopkeeper: These are !lphonsas from 0ombay% madam. The best 5angoes in the world. !sk anyone. Four rupees each.

;ustomer

: That s 'ery e/pensi'e. &a'en't you got any cheaper ones?

*hopkeeper: Would you like some of these 2aspuris%

madam? They re only a rupee each.

;ustomer

: +i'e me some of those. !nd ha'e you got any oranges?

*hopkeeper: "o% madam. Would you like some !pples% though? ,ight rupees a doAen.

;ustomer

: !ll right% I'll ha'e two doAen. ;an you get someone to put them in the car?

*hopkeeper: I'll do it myself madam. There isn't anyone else in the shop at the moment.

USAGE A

some and any are used before plural or uncountable nouns. some is usually used in affirmati'e sentences% any in negati'e or interrogati'o ones.

!re there any roses in the garden?

"o% there aren t.

&e hasn t got any faith in politicians.

I want some en'elopes% please.

0ut when the 4uestion is really an in'itation or a re4uest% some is used:

Would you like some of these 2aspuris% madam?

Will you buy some stamps for me?

;ompare these two sentences with !re there any 2aspuris left? and $id you buy any stamps? something% anything% someone and anyone are used in the same way as some or any:

Is there anything missing?

There's something wrong here.

;an you get someone to put them in the car?

Is there anyone at home?

Fill in the blanks with some% any% something or

anything:

a. !hmed is looking rather gloomy. &e must ha'e got into ...trouble.

b. 7es% I hear he is ha'ing ...trouble with his employer. &asn't he told you about it?

c. &e told me ...two weeks ago. 0ut I didn't pay... attention to it. !hmed is always grumbling at ... or other.

d.&e is ha'ing ...trouble at home too. Two days ago his wife scalded her foot with boiling oil.

6.

)se some% any% something or anything% as

appropriate% in the sentences below:

a. &a'en't you got ... annotated plays of *hakespeare?

b. We ha'e ...plays but not all% sir.

c. &a'e you got (thello or ...of the tragedies?

d. I'm afraid we ha'en't got ...of those. Would you like to look at...recent fiction?

e. "o% thank you. I ne'er read fiction. I don't

get ...out of no'els at all.

8. )se nothing% e'erything% something and anything suitably to complete the sentences below:

a. *eshadri

:&'m what a long face# Is ... wrong% 5aya?

b. 5aya

: "o% no% ... is wrong.

c. *eshadri

: 7es% dear .... is wrong.

d. 5aya It's my

:Well% ... is wrong. &a'e you forgotten? birthday today.

e. *eshadri

: Is it? I'm so sorry% dear. I e'ening I bought the kilo

remembered... else yesterday of butter you asked me from the dry cleaner's%

to. I also brought your saris remember?

f. 5aya

: What's the use of remembering ... else?

7ou forgot my birthday >sniffing?.

g. *eshadri

: "o% 5aya% no tears. Kust look behind

that bookshelf.7ou'll find ... there.

h. 5aya

(h% What a gorgeous sari# *o you didn't

forget my

birthday after all# !nd who said men don't

know ....about saris? There's .... wrong with .... when you buy it% dear.

USAGE #

any is used after if and e/pression of doubt.

T if you ha'e some doubts% please let me know.

if you ha'e any doubts% please let me know.

I wonder whether there is some time left.

I wonder whether there is any time left.

9.)se any or

some

correctly in the following sentences:

a. I left ...... papers and a bunch of keys at your house last night.

b. I don't think you left .... papers. 0ut my wife found

a bunch of keys on the sofa. &ere it is.

c. will

you thank her for me? I'm really worried about

the papers. at least three of them are important. If you find ... of them later% please let me know % won't you?

d. ;ertainly. I must go now. I ha'e got to post .... letters.

e. Will you buy ... stamps for me% and .... money order forms ?

B.This is an appeal for help from a :ieutenant ;olonel defending some of his outposts against a determined attack by the enemy. ;hoose from among: some% any% nothing and e'erything to fill the blanks.

a. The enemy forces outnumber us by two to one. ;an you send us ....reinforcements in the ne/t twenty four hours?

b. we ha'e .... in the way of armour%

and what we need

badly are ....tanks. Kust half a doAen of them will put heart into our defenders.

c. "o plane has come o'er to gi'e us air support for the last two days. I'm beginning to doubt whether you ha'e.... fighters.

d. !re there.... fighters at the base that you can call up?

e If you ha'e W . 0ren gun carriers% do send us immediately.

....

f. .... is being done to stop the enemy from ad'ancing further% but without reinforcements we cannot hold out for more than a few days.

SPEECH PRACTICE

The word some is weakened to <s7m< when it is not a pronoun.

I want some mangoes. <ai Pw7nt s7mPm[ D gouA<

something is stressed on the first syllable <PsYm\iD <% like anything <Peni\iD <. ;are should be taken not to say <-eni\iD < or s-em\iD <. other words in which one hears an intrusi'e <-< are else % e'erybody% egg%m >the name of the letter?% etc. practice these sentences:

*omething is wrong somewhere.

Is anything the matter?

What else did you do?

&as he an 5.!. degree?

2ead the dialogue again% paying particular attention to some% any% someone and anyone.

READING PASSAGE

T e N%!16%r,ing W%(an

5y neighbour s wife is a cle'er woman. *he can easily afford ser'ants but she doesn't keep any. *he 'ery often stands at the gate of her house. When she sees some neighbour or other going to the shops% she calls out% Thankam% will you get me some potatoes? or % *unanda%

I ha'en't got any onions. 0uy some for me. and some chillies too. *he smiles sweetly at them and thanks

them profusely when they bring her what she wants. For larger purchases% she depends on hawkers who come to her door. The only time she lea'es the house is to see a film or to go on a shopping spree. (nce or twice her husband has been seen carrying buckets of water in from the street tap. *he ne'er asks anyone in% so we can only wonder whether she does any cooking at all. It seems as if she gets her husband to do it% poor man#

COMPREHENSION

Fuestion% to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written :

i. Why doesn't the neighbour's wife keep any ser'ants?

ii.What is her fa'ourite ruse ?

iii.what does she depend on the hawkers for ?

i'.Why do you think she makes her husband carry buckets of water?

'. What do her neighbours say about her ?

COMPOSITION

1. Write a parallel passage making use of the clues below:

the woman in the house opposite mine<cunning or three<employ door

to ha'e two

notices <out to do some Daushalya<sugar sugar

shopping<5anorama <brin-als <garlic

'ery sweetly<is full of gratitude <buy goes out <to

needs <come pushing carts up the street go to <'isit friends in'ites<speculate does the cooking

we ha'e seen her husband certainly seems <her husband

6. Write a dialogue of between 1B and 6E sentences between a customer and confectioner. The former would like to buy different kinds of cake% sweets% biscuits% etc. ;onsult the dialogue need help. at the beginning of the chapter% if you

T e Ar!i"les 2Re.isi%n II4 1. *tudy the use of the articles in the paragraph below:

The sun is the nearest :uminous body to the earth. The moon seems to shed light. This is not its own light%but light reflected from the sun. ! luminous body is one which emits light. The

moon is not a luminous body% nor are the other planets luminous. ! man standing on the moon will see the earth as a bright body. 0ut this is% of course% the light from the sun.

USAGE A

We use the definite article to refer to uni4ue ob-ects uni4ue in the whole of our e/perience: the sky%

the stars% the sea% etc. . and uni4ue within a gi'en situation : the morning% the blackboard% etc.

The sky appears red in the east at sunrise.

I'll see you in the morning.

1 use a% an or the correctly in the blanks:

a.

(n ..... warm night ..... little girl called 2ekha

was playing in her garden.

b.

*he looked up at .... sky and saw .... red light%

..... blue light and ..... green light.

c.

They were mo'ing across ..... sky.

d.

*he heard ..... loud humming noise and guessed that

it was ..... aeroplane.

e.

...... aeroplane passed out of sight. ..... stars

shone brightly.

f.

...... little girl saw ..... star shooting across

..... sky.

g.

*he thought that ..... star shooting across .....

sky was far more beautiful than any aeroplane.

2ead:

a. These are photographs of the two rooms I worked in last year.

b. The ceilings are high in both rooms% so it is always cool% e'en in the summer.

c. There are rush mats on the floor in one of the rooms and a carpet in the other.

d. The windows on one side gi'e the occupant a 'iew of the ri'er.

e. The windows on the other side look out on a beautiful old mos4ue.

f. I am sure you will be able to do a lot of work and be 4uite comfortable in them.

The rent I was paying for them was 4uit reasonable% too.

2e write these sentences% imagining that the speaker only worked in one room.

USAGE #

The definite article is used to refer to a person or thing already introduced.

! cat and a

dog were great friends. (ne day the cat

said to the dog%

:et s run away.

*tudy the use of the article in the paragraph below:

! man is walking down parcel and reading

street% carrying is

a large the

a news paper.&e his face.

holding

newspaper in front of

woman

is

walking parrot in

to

wards

the

man. *he is

carrying a

a cage.

The man keeps walking the man nears

and

reading his newspaper. !s

the woman% the parrot suddenly cries%

:ook out#

The man -umps into the air% his newspaper and parcel fall on the at sidewalk. The parrot and the woman glare

the man and

then walk away% while the man picks up away too. 0ut

his parcel and his newspaper and walks the man is no longer reading

his newspaper. &e is where

carrying it under he is going.

his arm and he is looking

+i'e

the

reason

which -ustifies article.

each

use

of the

indefinite or definite

9 Write out the incident which the clues below suggest% taking care to use the articles correctly:

girlV standing

balconyV her houseV looking downV street sees

handsome young man carryingV guitarV looks up girl balcony keeps

walkingV looking up fre4uentlyV

smiling

does not seeV banana peelV falling on his faceV young man looking upV not smiling now.

girl laughing

B *tudy the use of paragraphs below:

the definite article in the

Dshetragna

*imha%

the

5ahara-ah of ;handipur% was

a peculiar man who had strange likes and dislikes. &e disliked 'iolence% but he admired the 'iolence of "apoleon or an a

!le/ander. The 'iolence of these man before his him. allowed at the

was in the distant past% while 'iolence eyes &e e'en to hated a mouse or a bird

horrified and yet

shedding of

blood

himself to

the blood Dali

doAens of goats the

be shed

festi'al in

capital e'ery year. &e was caught stealing

'ery fond of

children% but children

fruit

anywhere

in

the kingdom

were gi'en si/ lashes the first ra-ah to early as 1N8G.

of the whip. *imha% was% howe'er% build an orphanage in ;handipur% as

USAGE C

The definite article is omitted in generaliAations:

:ittle boys like dogs.>i.e. !ll dogs?

:ife is difficult. >i.e. :ife as a whole?

The definite article is used when something is particulariAed.

5y son likes dogs % but he hates the big% black dog ne/t door.

The life of a child is carefree.

C. Fill the blanks with articles % but only where necessary:

a.

5r.5urthi

reads ........books on .....history

.......period he en-oys most is .... 5auryan !ge.

b.

5rs.5urthi reads ...... detecti'e no'els .*he

likes .......no'els of.........!gatha ;hriste%but does not care for.... books of.......,arle *tanley +ardner.

c.

7oung 0ala 5urthi likes ..... ad'enture stories%

especially .....ad'entures of TarAan.

d.

Their ser'ant 5astan reads only ........film

magaAines ......... poor fellow can only afford.........cheapest ones.

Fill the blanks with a% an or necessary:

the% but only where

a.

........faith is un4uestioning confidence in

someone or something.

b.

(ur old ser'ant "anee is .... e/ample of .....

person ha'ing .....great faith in many little rituals.

c.

When ........ child of ..... family falls

ill% ....... faith "anee shows in .......piece of ..... black string tied round ....... wrist is

touching .

d.

*ometimes she switches ..... trust she has

in ........black string to....pot of water mi/ed with ......tamarind% chillies and......lot of salt.

e.

Three

times she

goes round .... sick child

with ....pot% dri'ing away.......e'il spirit which is causing......fe'er.

f.

Then she takes .....pot to..... ne/t street

and pours .....mi/ture on to...road.

g.

............e'il spirit can be

transferred

from one s own house to ..... house of another by this simple operation .

h.

"aturally ..... faith "anee has in........

doctors is 'ery slight indeed.

SPEECH PRACTICE

The articles a and an are most often pronounced <e<%<en<. the is of course pronounced <Si< before a

'owel sound% as in <Siaent<. 2ead the three passages again% paying particular attention to the way you

pronounce the articles

READING PASSAGE

! F((:I*& 0I2$

! guest at a dinner in a friend 's house sat tight and showed no signs of lea'ing. !t length the friend called his attention to a bird on a tree and said% our last course has not been ser'ed% wait !s

till I cut

down the tree% catch the bird% ha'e it cooked% and tell the butler to bring up some wine. What do you say to that? Well% replied the guest% I e/pect that by the

time the tree is cut down% the bird will ha'e flown away. "o% no% said the host% that is a foolish bird% and

doesn t know when to go.

COMPREHENSION

Fuestions% to be answered orally in complete sentences

before the answers are written:

i.

What did the friend call the guest's attention to?

ii. Why was the bird on the tree termed foolish

iii.&ow would you describe a guest who has o'erstayed his welcome?

i'. What was the host going to tell the butler to do?

'.

&ow do you get rid of guest s who stay too long?

COMPOSITION

1. Write a parallel passage% using the clues gi'en below:

man<the house of a friend<did not show any signs finally< host<pointed<is o'er<the tree down<ser'ant<another bottle think of his<stupid said<man<you cut down the tree <surely ha'e

6. If you had the opportunity% which foreign country

would you most

like to 'isit% and why?>6 or 8 paragraphs?

T e Verb -#eDIALOGUE A Pr%ud *aren!

5r +opal :

;ongratulation% narayan. 7our son was

placed second in the selection list for the madical college% wasn't he?

5r narayan :

Thank you% gopal. We were rather

an/ious about it% but fortunately he did make it in the end.

5r gopal: bright lad.

I was certain he would.&e was always a

5r narayan :

&e certainly worked 'ery hard.

&is

mother is delighted that her son will soon be a docter.

5r gopal

Is the boy at home?

5r narayan :

"o% he went to 'isit his grandparents

in tiruchi% but I''e send him a telegram and he 'll be hear tomorrow.

5r gopal

I'd like to congratulate him in person.

5r narayan : look%why don't you come to tea tomorrow? We'llbe happy to ha'e you.

5r gopal

That's 'ery nice of you%

narayan. I'll

be there about fi'e.

USAGE

5aney learners are not sufficiently fluent in using the right forms of to be% especially in these e/amples: con'ersation. "ote

Z There is a cobbler in owr 'illage. &e was a good and kind man% but his wife will be a 'ery hard women.

S There is a cobbler in owr 'illage. &e is a good ind man% but his wife is a 'ery hard women.

and

c.acceptable forms of be:

a. Tomorrow........... paul's birthday.

b. &e................G years old tomorrow.

c. &is parents .......... proud and happy. paul....... their only son.

d.&e ..........'ery ill a few months ago and they ..... 'ery relie'ed

f. he .......... N year old ne/t year.

6. Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of be:

a.

0efore 1L61% the year of 2e'olution% the 2ussianpeople ...... under the tyrrany of the ;Aars.

b. The land

......

the property of rioch feudal lords the of political oppression and

and the peasants .......

.....

miserably poor.

c. The 2e'oloution

....

the outcome of decades of

suffering resentment.

d. Today%fifty years after the 2e'olution%the *o'iet )nion

......

one of the most powerful nations in the world.

f. There

.....

nodoubt that the 2e'olution

....

an

inspiration to the generations to come.

8.Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of be:

Duei% a ;hinese wit%

........

'ery afraid of his wife.

When a friend made fun of him on this account% Duie said% There ... three good reasons for my being so afraid of ..... .... as noble as all afraid of

my wife. First% when we married% she a bodhisatt'a% and% as you know% we

bodhisatta'as. Then when she ga'e birth to a child% she ...... like a tiger with it's cub. Who ... not afraid full

of a tiger? !nd she becomes old% her face of wrinkles and she fear demons. *o ....

.....

look like a demon% and all men .......

....

it not natural that I

afraid of my wife?

6.Fill in the blanks with

the right forms to be and the

right forms of the 'erbs gi'en in brackets:

a.5arriage ...... he

.....

to ha'e9

....

poor 0hinder completely

......

a carefree young man till last week.

>seem% change?

b. &e and his friends

......

such -olly companions.

c. They

.......

present at e'ery film show or football ..... lounging in front of all the

match in city and

popular coffee houses. >see?

d. !ll that ... a thing of the past. now 0hinder ... ne'er ... with any of his cronies in any of his old haunts. >see?

c. &e only ... out on sunday e'enings% and only in the company of his wife. they ... either ... in "ehru Park or in the *i'a temple. >go.find?

f. The surprising thing ... that 0hinder has now .... smoking. >stop?

g. (nly time ...

tell what other

reforms willl be ..

in 0hinder's lofe# >make?

SPEECH PRACTICE

The strong and weak forms of am%are%was%were%shall and will are gi'en below:

*trong form

Weak form<s

am

<aem<

<em<%<m<

are

<a:<

<e<

was

<woA<

<weA<

were

<we:<

<we<

will

<will<

<] <

shall <C^ael<

<C^l<%<l<

These 'erbs are usually found in the weak form. therefore you should practise the weak forms till you can use them with ease.2emember%howe'er%that these 'erbs normally ha'e the strong forms when they are placed at the beginning or the end of sentences.2ead

the dialogue again%saying the wek forms of the 'erbs correctly.Then practise thr following sentences:

+opal is in hospital%isn't he?

"o%he isn't.he was last weak%but he's home now.

Was he 'ery ill?

7es%he was.0ut he's better now.&is family was 'ery happy when he was discharged.

READING PASSAGE

Pr%gress

Twenty years ago%Damalpur 'illage was backward and neglected.There was no supply of drinking water and the 'illagers washed their cattle in the only pond.there was no hospital or school%and no electricity either.

Today%kamalpur is electrified%and a mobile dispens ary 'isits it e'ery weak.!primary school is housed

in a stone building.drink ing water is on tap.There will soon be a branch of state bank in the 'illage% and this will be a great to the farmers.:oans for farming operations will be readily a'ailable and the grip of the money lender on the farmers will be loosened.

COMPREHENSION

Fuestions on the passage %to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written:

1.What was Damalpur like twenty years ago?

6.What is wrong with tcettle using the same pond as people?

8.What are the changes that ha'e come about in Damalpur?

9.What will be a great boon to the farmers?

B.Is drinking water on tap in your house?

C.&ow will be the grip of the moneylender on the farmer be loosened?

G.What changes ha'e you noticed in your own town or 'illage in the

last ten years?

;(5P(*ITI("

Write an account similar to the one about the 'illage of Damalpur%of a railway station called Khoola%using

the hints below:

Ten years ago

"ow

*mall%ill kept%dirty%no

e/panded considerably%neat

waiting room%passengers

large waiting rooms for upper

waited on unco'ered

and third class passengers

platform%no tea or fruit

a tea stall%a newspaper and

stalls%no porters

magaAine kiosk

a doAen porters

Write two paragrphs of about ten sentences each about

the changes in your life from the time you were in school to what you are now:a college student.

T e Presen! Pre/e"! Tense DIALOUGE G%ing A6a7 Wife &usband : : &a'e you locked the garage%dear? 7es% I ha'e . !nd I''e checked all dors and windows. &a'e you told the milkman to stop the milk. 7es%Iha'e. Itokd him we won't be back till ne/t Friday. Where's the cat? &a'e you gi'en it to the man ne/t door? "o% I ha'en't% but I'm sure it'll be all right. &a'e you stopped the newspaper? filled the

Wife

&usband Wife &usband Wife &usband Wife &usband Wife

: :

: 7es%Iremember that.&a'e you thermos flasks with coffe? : : : : :

(f course % I ha'e.&a'e we forgotten anything ? "o% I'm sure we ha'en't.;omeon%let's go. 7es%let's go.> The tries to start the car% but it won't go.''e f I''e forgotten to put the petrol in#

Kust like you# "ow I suppose we'll ha'e to push it to the petrol station.

USAGE A we use the present perfect tense when we are intrested in something ha'ing happened which has some resolt or bearing on the present.

&e has finished his homework.> and he can go to play? !ll the guests ha'e arri'ed. > and now we can go ahead with dinner? The present perfect is also used for actions that are -ust o'er. I ha'e -ust sat down. The train has -ust arri'ed.

STRENGTHEN 8OUR ENGLISH

The simple past tense should be used to refer to a definite time in the past when something happened . ! common mistake to use the present perfect tense instead.MM Z I ha'e met him last Thursday and ha'e a long talk with him I met him last Thursday and had a long talk with him.

Fill in the blanks with correct tense in brackets:

a. *ubbu . . . a piece of land in 5ay last year. >bought% has bought? b. Then he . . . a loan of 2s 6E%EEE from the building society. >took % has taken? c. &e . . . the construction of the house o'er to a contractor he can trust.>ga'e % has already gi'en? d. The contractor . . . nearly half the work . > completed% has completed? e. :ast week *ubbu . . . him to try to finish the work before the monsoon broke.> asked % has asked?

6 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the 'erb in brackets: a. :ittle 2uth . . . ill 5onday.>fall?

b. her mother . . . her to doctor that e'ening.>take? c. &e . . . her an in-ection and medicine>gi'e?% but she . better yet .>get? d. In fact % she . . . worse since yesterday e'ening. >grow? e. This morning her mother . . . a speclaist . >call in? f. &e suspects typhoid and . . . her blood for the Widal test .>send?

8 Fill the following sentences in the third person singular: a. &a'e you e'er seen a helicopter?

b. 7es% i ha'e . 0ut I ha'e ne'er been up in one. c. &a'e you e'er climbed to the top of the d. "o%I ha'en' t .I ha'e ne'er seen one. e. &a'e you been f.. "o%I ha'en't. g. &a'e you ne'er been to 0ombay then? to 5albar&ill? lighthouse?

ht."o%I ha'en't.(nce i started from 0ombay but a black cat crossed my path fifteen yards from the house. i. *o% you turned back home# &a'e you always been superstitious?

9.*heila%a working woman%writes in her diary e'erynight before she goes to bed.&ere is what she wrote on three successi'e days last week.*upply the affirmati'e or negati'e form of the *imple Past tense%as necessary.

a.,arly this morning%I......up to the terrace to look at my roses.It....rather cold and I....to wrape a shawl on my shoulders.>go%be%forget? b."ow I..... a bad cold and.....sneeAing>catch%start?

c.When I ....to the doctor%he.....me to take an aspirin with warm water e'ery si/ thours.>go%ask? d.I....a letter from home for a week%and I am beginning to worry.>ha'e? e.I wonder whether my mother .....ill or whether my little sister....herself with a knife.>fall%hurt? f.I ha'e been reading a film magaAine to get rid of my fears butthey...yet>go?

Usage # since is used to refer a point of time in the past%and for to refer a period of time. &e has not written a single poem since 1LGE. &e has not written a single poem from three years.

! common mistake is to use since with a period of time: OThey ha'e not spoken to each other since two weeks' 'They ha'en't spoke to each other for two weeks.

B Fill the blanks with the appropriate phrase in brackets:

from those

a."issim was a bright boy and he got a distinction in 0.*c. ,/amination....>since 5ay 1LNE%in 5ay 1LNE? b.&e has been looking for a -ob...>since 5ay 1LNE%in 5ay 1LNE? c.&e registered his name at the ,mployment ,/change in his town...>since Kuly 1LNE%in Kuly 1LNE? d. In desperation he -oined a course of typewriting and short hand ...>since last month% last month? C.Fill in the blanks with since or for as appropriate:

a. Tom and his wife Terra ha'e been my friends ... thirty years. b. When I went to $elhi last year% I stayed with them.. three weeks .

c. Their only son Dumar is doing medicine. &e has been at medical college ... (ctober 1LGN. d. Dumar plays the 'iolin e/termely well% &e has been talking 'iolin lessions ... "o'ember 1LGC. e. Tom and Terra looked after me 'ery well and ga'e me the most pleasant holiday I ha'e had ... many years.

1.)se the Present perfect tense form of the 'erbs gi'en in brackets to complete the sentences. "ote that some sentences will need the negati'eform of the Present Perrfect tense. a. I ..... a dacoit for a fourteen years. >be?

b. 7ou see% I was born in a tribe of dacoits and I ... not ... any other life. >know? c. 5y trib's worst enemies ... always ... policemen and I ... them since I was fi'e years old. >be% hate? d. ,'er since I was eighteen% I ... .... the oldere bandits in many raids on the houses and wedding parties of the rich. >-oin? e. Fuit a few times I .... .... close to capture% and once a police bullet whistled past my ear. >come? f. &owe'er% the strain of our kind of e/istence ... .... to tell on me. >begin? g. I ... seriously .... to lea'e my tribe and change my way of life altogether. >decide?

S*ee"

*ra"!i"e

the weak form of has is <h A< and that of ha'e <h '<. ! nati'e speaker weakens these e'en further%especially when pronouns immediately preceed them%as%for e/ample% in

&e has -ust left.<hi:s Aest left< i ha'e told him.<ai' tould him< &owe'er%it should be enough if the learner can produce

<heA<and<he'<when needed.These words are not normally weakened at the beginning or end of the sentences.:ook at these e/amples: *he has gone out.<f i:heA gon aut< has she gone out? <haeA fi:gon aut< 7es%she has.?-es?fi:haes< &a'e they got a daughter?<hae' dei got e dc:te< "o%they ha'en't<nou%dei hae'nt< They ha'e got a son.<dei he' got e son<

2ead the dialogue again%paying special attention to has and ha'e.

Reading *assage 'a"!%r7 Re*%r! The go'ernor inaugurated the Parampur small car factory last year.the first year's production was CEE cars.The management planned to double its production this year%but it has failed to achie'e this target% owing to labour troubles.&owe'er %it has now effected a compromise with the trade unions.$uring the last month production has been stepped up considerably.It is now hoped that a thousand cars will roll off the production lines by the end of the financial year.

C%(*re ensi%n

Fuestions to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written: 1.&ow many small cars did the Parampur factory produce last year? 6.Why has the management failed to double its production this year?

8.What has it done to remedy this? 9.&as this had an effect? B.What is the re'ised target of production this year?

;omposition 1 Write a parallel passage using the clues gi'en below: ;hief minister<5alpur bicycle factory 9%EEE bicycles 0oard of $irectors<treble<reach<that<figure<non a'ail ability<of certain components recei'ed a new shipment from ;Aechoslo'akia three weeks<increased markedly 1E%EEE bicycles<be produced<of the year 6.Write a note about inflation in India%pointing out what has been done to check it.

Pre*%si!i%ns 2Re.isi%n4 DIALOGUE In C%ur!

Prosecutor Witness Prosecutor Witness Prosecutor Witness Prosecutor Witness

: : : : : : : :

Where were you at midnight on Thursday last? I was at home. Were you in bed? "o. I could't sleep and i went out into the garden. What happened then? I saw a man at the back door of the house ne/t to mine. What was he doing? &e was -ust waiting about.!fter a minute or so % the man I was looking at was -oined by another man Two men. I see. What did you do? I went inside the house and got a torch.

Prosecutor Witness

: :

Prosecutor Witness Prosecutor Witness

: : : :

What was that for? I wanted to shine it on them. They were opening the door with a crowbar. $id you see them clearly? 7es% I did. (ne was a tall man with a black beard.The shorter one had a long cut on his cheek. Will you please look round and tell the court if they are here or not. 7es% they are. o'er there %ne/t to those policemen.

Prosecutor Witness

: :

USAGE

Prepositions are often mo'ed to the end of the clause when used G.in defining relati'e clauses The music to which she listens is clssical.>formal? The music which she listens to is classical. N.With infiniti'es a park in which to walk>unusual? a park to walk in L.with interrogati'es !t whom was he shooting?>archaic? Who was he shouting at? 1 2ecast the following sentences% mo'ing the italiciAed prepositions to the end of the clause or sentence: a. "ear 5adha''s house there was a maidan in which to play. b. The boys with whom he played were from his school. c. &is mother% who didn't like him going to the maidan% used to ask him% 'To which place are you going'?

d. &e used to replay that the only place to which he went was the town library# 6 Fill in the blanks with about% from %on%with:

a. This is book I was telling you... b.I see that it is clearly written and is an e/cellenmt book to take notes ... c. $o younha'e a typewriter to type your notes ...? d. 7es% I ha'e. 0y the way% who did you borrow the book ...? e. 7ou would be surprised. The man I borrowed it ........is my professor.

8 Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions: a. Two ,nglish schoolboys tra'elled o'erland India last year. b. They crossed boat. the ,nglish ;hannel ....

...... a small

c. From calais they went .... car

...... Paris.

d. ......... the way a lorry crashed .... their car but the boys were lucky and escaped .... only minor in-uries% e. They went .... bicycles .... Paris ..... 2ome% and .... boat .... ;airo f. (ne of them fell sick and had to go .... hospital.

g. They were ad'ised to go ..... plane to India% as they were 'ery tired. h. They arri'ed .... $elhi two months and twenty one days .... lea'ing ,ngland. 9 Fill in the blanks with suitabl.e prepositions where necessary: a. *hame ..... the parents who want to supersi'e ..... the spending ..... pocket money# b. .......first childern may s4ander .... a month's allowance .....a week% or buy foolish things or tricked ..... dishonest shopkeepers. c. 0ut how will they e'er learn how to spend ... a

hundred rupees unless they learn .... how to s4ander a hundred paise .... the first place? d. The right to spend ....... pocket money as he pleases is a child's first step .... the dignity ........ being an adult. e. &e will make mistakes% but will learn .... making mistakes. *o%dear parents%once you put the money .....your children's little pockets% forget all ......it#

SPEECH PRACTICE The 'owels <o<and <o:< and the diphthong <ou< gi'e a lot of trouble to most learners. The sound <ou< is long and said with well rounded lips. The words in the first column below contain this sound. ! less rounded but long sound is the one that is common to the words in the third column. The least rounded of the three sounds is<o< which is found in the words of the second column. This is also a short sound. "otice that the 'owel in long <log< is short and that the 'owel in short is long # Practise the three sounds singly% and then in contrast: <ou< home open o'er no crowbar <o< what got wanted long on <o:< walked saw door torch shorter

2ead the dialogue again%paying particular attention to these words.

READING PASSAGE T e S!%r7!eller in ! e Par,

The office 5r ;handa works in is 'ery near a public park. The bus he takes e'ery morning drops him off at thr park% and 5r ;handa strolls round it once before he goes to work. Promptly at one o'clock% 5r ;handa comes out and makes stright for the park. The bebch he usally sits on is near the fountain and his lunch is eaten to the background music of falling water and chirping birds. !t fi'e minutes to two% 5r ;handa goes back and his office% after l lunch hour that many might en'y him for. !t fi'e o'clock he is again on his usaul bench in the park. "ow is the times of day he likes best. 5r ;handa has made friends with some childern who come to the park% shepherded by their ayahs. &e tells them stories. they listen to him with wide eyed attention. ;rowding round him% they fight for a place ne/t to the story teller in the park.

COMPREHENSION

Fuestions% to be answeres orally in compiete sentences before the answers are written:

C.Where does the bus 5r ;handa takes drop him off? G.&ow many times a day does he 'isit the park he is so fond of? N.Where is the bench he usally sits on? L.Who has he made friends with? 1E.Is there anyone you know who is a little like 5r ;handa? ;an you describe him?

COMPOSITION

1 Write a parallel passage% using the clues below: firm<5r $as<the :odi +ardens days<puts him down< main gate of the +ardens<walks for ten minutes<the office e/actly<lea'es the office<goes seat< occupies<artificial pond<of his own<portable radioIten< returns<break<many less lucky half past fi'e<found< seat comes the hour s4uirrels who ha'e made their

home in the trees throws them nuts<wait for the nuts with ill concealed impatienceItinging him round <the nuts that the s4uirrel feeder in the park has brought along

6 2e write the dialogue at the beginning of this chapter as a statement made by the witness in court% without any 4uestions from the public Prosecutor. $o not lea'e out any detail% howe'er unimportant it may be.

Au9illaries in S %r! Ans6ers DIALOUGE T e Ne6 Ser.an!

>5rs 2udra isn inter'iewing a girl who has applied for a -ob as a domestic ser'ant.?

5rs 2udra:

What's your name?

*er'ant

;hikkamma.

5rs 2udra:

;an you cook?

*er'ant

7es%madam%I can.Ican cook both 'egitarian and non 'egitarian food.

5rs 2udra:

;an

you

make biriyani?

*er'ant

7es%I can. !nd I can make a lo'ely kurma to

go with it.

5rs 2udra:

$o you

chew pan?

*er'ant

7es %I do.

5rs 2udra:

Well%don't go spitting all o'er the place. &a'e you any relations?

*er'ant

7es% madam% I ha'e. Two sisters and a brother.

5rs 2udra:

$on't

bring

them

here.!re you married?

*er'ant

"o% I'm

not.

5rs 2udra:

+ood. &usbands

are a nuisance.

*er'ant

7es% they are. They drink% and they spend your money.

5rs 2udra:

Well% you can start tomorrow% if you like.

*er'ant

"o% madam %I can't .I'm going to be married tomorrow #

USAGE

Fuestions which re4uire the answer be answered common by 7es or "o and the is to

'7es' or '"o' can au/iliary only. !

mistake

repeat the 'erb in the 4uestion.

$oes

5ani

smoke?

7es% he

smokes.

$oes 5ani

smoke?

7es % he does.

&as she forgotten the appointment?7es%she has

forgotten .

STRENGTHEN

8OUR ENGLISH

&as she forgotten the appointment?7es% she has.

Is he going to do something about it?7es%he is going to.

Is he going to do something about it?7es%he is.

&ad they reached Tokyo by then? 7es%they had

reached.

&ad they reached Tokyo by then?7es%1L6.1CN.1.1EE:

<_they had.

If the sub-ect in the 4uestion is a noun%it is.replaced by a pronoun in the answer.

Will the police arrest him ? 7es% they will arrest.

Will

the police arrest him? 7es%they will.

+i'e short answers %in the affirmati'e or negati'e %as

directed:

a. Is 5r 'arma a rich man?>7es?

b. $id his father lea'e him a lot of

money?>7es?

c. $id he marry in to a rich family?>"o?

d. &as his wife brought him luck?>7es?

e. &as he become richer since he got married?>7es?

f.$o the 'armas gi'e money to worthy% causes?>"o?

*upply affirmati'e

or negati'e short answers to the

4uestions below:

a. *hould teachers help their students in e/aminations? >"o?

b. (ught they to help them before the e/aminations? >7es?

c. *hould teachers set a good e/ample to their >7es?

students?

d. What about parents %politicians and officials ? *hould they also beha'e properly?>7es?

e. $o

students become cynical when they see adults laAy%

corrupt and inefficient?>7es?

f. Will that do our country any good?>"o?

)*!+, 0

We

often hear agreements or disagreements

with

affirmati'e remarks '7es%it is' % or ' "o%it isn't'.This is a mistake .!greement should be made with 7es and the corresponding au/iliary.so and of course can replace yes. $isagreement with an affirmati'e statement is made by

no>or oh% no#? and the negati'e of the corresponding au/iliary.

&e has gi'en up smoking .7es%it is.

&e

has gi'en up smoking. 7es%he has.

!)ZI::!2I,* I" *&(2T !"*W,2*

They are 'ery late. 7es% it is.

They are 'ery late. 7es% they are.

5alini's sister is 'ery pretty. "o% it is not.

5alini's sister is 'ery pretty. "o% she isn't.

>(h% no% she isn't.?

The !rabs will fight. "o% it isn't.

The !rabs will fight. "o% they won't.

8 as

!gree or disagree with the affirmati'e remarks below% indicated:

a.

(otacamund is 'ery cold in !pril and 5ay. >disagree?

b.

The best way to get to the hill station is to go by

train. >agree?

c.

The scenery is 'ery beautiful as the train slowly

climbs up to N%EEE feet. >agree?

d.

It will be easy to find a place to stay at. >disagree?

e.

7ou may run into a film star or two in any of the

big shops in town. >agree?

f.

7ou will win a lot of money at the races.

>disagree?

g.

7ou will want to go again ne/t year. >agree?

!gree or disagree with the statements below% as brackets:

indicated within

a.

There is a lot to be said for gi'ing and taking

dowry in a modern society. >disagree?

b.

In earlier times% the bride's dowry was supposed to a good start in her new home. >agree?

gi'e her

c.

The dowry was supposed to gi'e her some security misfortune in the family. d. "ow the gi'ing

against

of a dowry has become a crude and distaste ful custom. >agree?

e.

It in-uries the girl's self respect% puts her

family to great financial strain% and debases he man's attitude towards his wife.>agress?

f.

!ll educated young men continue to demand large

amounts as a dowry. >disagree?

g.

The dowry will soon be a thing of the past in our

country.>disagree?

USAGE C

!greements with negati'e remarks are made with 'no' and negati'e au/illaries. ! common mistake is to say 'yes' when one agrees with

STRENGTHEN 8OUR ENGLISH

The negati'e remark:

Z ,lephants are not fierce animals. 7es% they are not fierce.

3 ,lephants are not fierce animals. "o% they aren't.

Z *he can't sing at all. 7es% she can't.

3 *he can't sing at all. "o% she can't.

Z Dumar needn't pay the fine% it seems. 7es% he needn't.

3 Dumar needn't pay the fine% it seems. "o% he needn't.

$isagreement with negati'e remarks is made with yes or oh% yes and the au/illary in the affirmati'e. The use of but is a common mistake.

Z *he won't speak to you again. 0ut she will speak.

3 *he won't speak to you again. (h% yes% she will.

Z ;hari doesn't cut classes. "o% he does cut.

3 ;hari doesn't cut classes. (h% yes% he does.

Z 5eenu might not like the present. "o% she might.

3 5eenu might not like the present. 7es% she might.

!gree or disagree with the negati'e remarks as

indicated:

a. India didn't win the war in 0angladesh. >disagree?

b. (ur forces didn't take more than 19 days to defeat the enemy. >agree?

c. They weren't helped by the people of 0angldesh. >disagree?

d. We should not ha'e offered a cease fire when $acca fell. >dis agree?

e. The fighting men of our forces did not take re'enge on those >agree? who collaborated with the Pakistan army.

f. The war was not fought with skill% determination and unity.>disagree?

!gree or disagree with the negati'e statements below% as indicated in brackets:

a. The reign of !kbar was not one of the glorious periods in Indian history. >disagree?

b. !kbar did not try to bring &indus and 5uslims together.>disagree?

c. &e did not allow his 5uslim compatriots to lord it o'er his &indu sub-ects. >agree?

d. &e did not bring together at his court great scholars% artists and musicians of both communities. >disagree?

AU:ILLARIES IN SHORT ANSWERS

e. &e did not want &indus and 5uslims to be always fighting each other to the detriment of the country. >agree?

SPEECH PRACTICE

*hort answers ha'e two falling tunes in the same sentence:

7es% = he has. ="o% =they couldn't.=

The comma is often ignored and the answers said

with only one falling tune% instead of two. This mistake must be eradicated by practice. 2ead the dialogue again% saying the short answers correctly. +o o'er the answers to the e/ercises again% using two tunes in e'ery case.

READING PASSAGE

Ins*e"!ing ! e #ride The party that had come to ha'e a look at the girl consisted of the boy's parents% his eldest sister and a lawyer friend of theirs. The prospecti'e bride had lost her father% but her mother's side. !fter tea and a song sung rather off key by the girl

% they got down to business. 'Is the boy's -ob a permanent one?' said the merchant. '7es% it is%' said the lawyer. '&as the girle'er been ill?' '"o% she hasn't' said her mother% 'our &ema has ne'er known a day's illness.' '(fcourse% she hasn't%' said the merchant.7our boy is in the Purchasing $epartment%I'm told.' '7es% he is. In the Purchasin $epartment of Darat% Douger W ;o.%' said the boy's father. '$oes he ha'e any chances of promotion? pursued themerchant. It was the lawyer who answered. '&e certainly does. he will be in +rade I ne/t year. 0ut he doesn't bother

about that. he gets twice his salary in commission.'

COMPREHENSION

Fuestions% to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written:

1. Why did the boy's parents take their lawyer friend with them?

6. &ad the girl e'er been ill?

8. $id the boy ha'e any chances of promotion?

9. $id the boy ha'e any e/tra income?

STRENGTHEN 8OUR ENGLISH

B. $id the girl well?

C. Were the guests ser'ed coffee?

COMPOSITION

1. Write a parralel passage% using the clues gi'en below:

group<take<prospecti'e bride<friend of the family girl<doctor< summoned <came two songs rendered fairly well replied the father did

asked the doctor

<e'er ha'e any serious illness doctor has

Padmini<single day's

has a position in the &ealth $epartment he is a sanitary inspector<family friend father $istrict &ealth

what are his<doctor (fficer ways

four or fi'e years

worry<makes<in 'arious

6.The con'ersation between the parties to the proposed mar marriage >in the 2eading Passage abo'e? must ha'e gone on till a conclusion satisfactory to both sides had been reached. Imagine the ne/t fi'e minutes of it as being dominated by the lawyer and the onion merchant and set it down% taking care to use short answers where'er necessary.

T e Si(*le Pas! and Pas! C%n!inu%us Tenses DIALOGUE Men are Ni"e #ru!es

5umtaA:

Why%Tara#7ou're limping#

Tara

I had an accident.I was waiting for L.1E bus to go to the office.When it came corner%I mo'ed forward... round the

5umtaA:

...but a doAen men elbowed their way in%no doubt.

Tara

7es%men are such brutes.Kust as I was getting into the bus%it mo'ed off.I slipped on the footboard and would ha'e fallen out but a young man pulled me in.

5umtaA:

That was lucky#

Tara

5y big toe was dislocated.The young man helped me off the bus and took me to hospital.

5umtaA:

&ow kind of him#

Tara

!nd while the doctor was attending to my toe%

the young man whose name was !shok talked to me and kept my mind off the pain."urses were hurrying up and down%doctors were prodding and probing patients%children were shouting and screaming all o'er the place%but this young man ne'er left my side.

5umtaA:

5en are so nice.

USAGE

The most important use of the Past ;ontinuous tense is in combination with the *imple Past% when it refers to an action which started before the action in the *imple Past.The policeman was walking along the road when he saw a body in the gutter.

STRENGHTEN 8OUR ENGLISH

We can use while to say the same thing:

While the policeman was walking along the road% he saw

a body on the gutter.

If two *imple Past tenses are used% they will e/press consecuti'e actions:

When he returned the family had dinner.>The family waited for him?

When he returned%the family was ha'ing dinner.>The family began dinner before he came back?

:ook at these pairs of sentences:

*he listened to the radio when a liAard fell on her arm.

*he was listening to the radio when a liAard fell on her arm.

When the musician sang% the loudspeakers failed.

When the musician was singing % the loudspeakers failed.

In

the first sentences abo'e% the wrong use of the

*imple Past tense%instead of the Past continuous%distorts the meaning.The first sentence could imply that she listened to the radio because the liAard fell on her armand the third that the loudspeakers failed because the musician sang#

If we wish to talk about some past act that is completed while another action is going on%we use the Past ;ontinuous for the longer unfinished action% and the simple past for the shorter completed action.

The man was leaning on his gate and his children were playing on on the road.*uddenly a cyclist tore round the corner and hit one of the children.

Fill in the blanks with either the *imple past or

the Present continuous form of the 'erb gi'en in brackets% whiche'er is more appropriate:

a.

I ... for my usual walk this morning.>go?

b.

It ... 'ery badly.>rain?

c.

I ... into a shop and ... two letters while I was

waiting for the rain to stop.>go%write?

d.

I ... to walk in the rain and post them.>decide?

e.

Kust as I ... my raincoat%the rain stopped.>put on?

THE SIMPLE PAST AND PAST CONTINUOUS TENSES

The hints below are in the *imple Present tense. into sentences with 'erbs in the simple

;hange them

Past or Past ;ontimeous%as appropriate:

a. (ne day Kim ;orbett walks in forest

b. 0eautiful day wind sings in branches sun shines on lea'es and grass

c. ;orbett comes to glade hears roar freeAes behind tree

d. 5onkeys chatter in trees birds flit from twig to twig

e. Ten seconds later

golden tiger with black stripes

walks into glade stops listens slinks back into -ungle diaappears

8 ;hoose the simple Past or Past ;ontious forms of the 'erbs in brackets:

a. The Kayarams >sleep? soundly when a noise >wake? them.

b. Their dogs $ances and Tripper >begin? to bark furiously.

c. They >go? downstairs to find out what had happened when 5rs Kayarams >twist? her ankle on the last step.

d. Kayaram >lea'e? his wife at the foot of the stairs and >dash? into the kitchen.

e. &e >find? the kitchen door open the latch had been forced.

f. While Kayaram >e/amine? the flower beds for footprints% his wife >telephone? the police.

g. Kayaram had always fancied himself as a detecti'e% and >peer? at the lawn through a magnifying glass when a

police -eep >draw? up#

h. The police inspector >ask? the inspector >suggest? that he lea'e the task of catching the burglar to police.

SPEECH PRACTICE

:ike <ai<%<ci< etc. the diphthong <au< is an open one in ,nglish. Practise these words:

shouting<auting<

down<doun<

doubt<daut<

round<raund

out<aut<

found<faund<

Then practise the sentences in the dialouge in which these words occur. finally read the dialouge again% paying particular attention to these words.

READING PASSAGE

C%6 A!!a" ed

! minster was inspecting a prison when he noticed a young criminal in one of the cells. &e asked what the prisonor had been doing when he was caught. The prisoner said% 'I was -ust walking along the street when I saw

a bit of rope on the ground. Thinking it was of no use to anyone% I picked it up'.The minster was mo'ed%and he

asked the prison suprintendent% 'please ask him what was tied to the rope'. 'Well %young man said ' a was tied to the rope'.

COMPREHENSION

Fuestions to be answered completely:

1. When did the minster notice the young prisoner?

6. What was the young man doing when they caught him?

8. Why did the man pick up the bit of rope?

9. What are the duties of a prison ''isitor'.

COMPOSITION

2e write the anecdote below% changing the 'erbs in the +eneral Present to 'erbs in the *imple Past or

the Present to 'erbs in the *imple Past or thr Present ;ontinuous%as appropriate:

a +eneral drinks wine

in camp on cold winter day

candles lighted coal burning in sto'e after bottle of wine beads of sweat on the forehead ';urous weather

this year ' says +eneral 'should be cold but its warm' the sintry standing outside tent hears what +eneral said enters and kneels before +eneral'weather normal for time of year I standing outside '

2e write the anecdote below% changing the 'erbs in the +eneral Present to 'erbs in the *imple Past or

the Present to 'erbs in the *imple Past or thr Present ;ontinuous%as appropriate:

minister inspecting lunatic asylum sober looking youth in cell minister puts 4uestins young man gi'es sensible

THE SIMPLE PAST AND PAST CONTINUOUS TENSES

answers says wicked relati'es testified he was mad to get him admitted in asylum they wanted his lands minister surprised asks young man to send him petition would sign order for release young man thanks minister minister walks off largish stone hits him on his back young man shouts '$on't forget my pathetic case%sir.'

Pre*%si!i%n2;De/ini!eAr!i"le4;N%un DIALOGUE A #urglar a! H%(e

0urglar :

I had a terrible dream last night.

Wife

$rink your coffee% it'll get cold.What was the dream about?

0urglar :

Well%I dreamt that I was at school again.

Wife

2eally?

0urglar :

7es%I was at school again.!nd the &eadmaster sent for me and said% '2uffi%your record here is spotless.I hope you will become a priest when you lea'e us this year.'

Wife

!nd did you?

0urglar :

yes. There i was going to church on a sunday morning.I had white 'estments on and a clerical collar round my neck.!nd I walked up the aisle% went up into the pulpit and deli'ered a splendid sermon.

Wife

What's wrong with all that? I think it's rather nice.

0urglar :

!t the end of the sermon% two warders came up to me and took me back to my cell.

Wife

your cell?

0urglar :

7es% my cell. 7ou see% I had been in prison all the time#

USAGE

The definite article the is omitted after the preposition to %from%out of%at and in with the following nouns when they are used for their primary purpose:school%college%bed% work%market%hospital%prison%court and sea. When these places are not for their primary purpose%the is needed. &is wife goes to market e'ery other day.>*he buys things% which is what a market is for?

:et us go to the market and take some photographs of the 'egetable stalls.>The market is not being used for its primary purpose?

1.Fill in the blanks with the where necessary:

a.The *athyara-us' boy Kohn is in . . . hospital with typhoid.

b.They go to . . . hospital twice a day to see him.

c.&is mother goes to . . . church e'ery morning to pray

for her son's reco'ery.

d.The doctor said that the boy won't be able to go to . . . school for at least fi'e weeks.

e.7esterday his father went to school to tell the head master about Kohn's illness.

6.;orrect the sentences where necessary:

a.In prison% the inmates are go'erened by 'ery strict rules.

b.They must get out of the bed at fi'e o'clock e'ery morning.

c.!fter e/ercising in the yard for half an hour%they go to the work either in the bookbinding% furniture making or wea'ing sections.

d.Whan one of them is punished%he is put to work breaking stones in the sun.

e.In the prison%the prisoners cannot use the lights after nine o'clock at night.

8.2ead the following dialogue about '! pampered $aughter'%filling the blanks with the %but only where necessary:

a. Principal

5rs.*alim% why is your daughter always

late in . . . morning? What she wake up . . . e'ery day?

b.5rs *alim

Fathima wakes up at eight but

c.Principal

0ut what?

d.5rs *alim

*he doesn't get out of . . . bed till nine.

e.Principal

That's odd.What does she do in . . . bed for a whole hour?

f.5rs *alim

Well%she has her tea%sometimes she contemplates . . . ceiling.Then she has . . . tea again.

g.Principal

$oesn't she want to get to . . . college in time?

h.5rs *alim

Fathima was 'rey good at . . . school. *he used to lea'e . . . house e/actly at nine a.m.% walk to . . . school in fifteen minutes and still ha'e a 4uarter of an hour free before . . . class began. I don't changed know. *he has

a good deal after she began to college.

go to . . .

i.Principal

Why don't you insist on her coming down to . . . kitchen for her tea?

-.5rs *alim

(h% 5rs Drishnan%how can I do that?*he's my only child%it'll break my heart.

:ea'e...house e/actly at nine a.m.%walk to ... school in fifteen minutes and still ha'e a 4uarter

of an hour free before ...class began.I don't

she has changed a good deal after she

began to go to...college.

i.principal:

Why don't you insist on her coming down to . . .

kitchen for her morning tea?

(h%5rs krishnan%how can I do that?she's my

only child%it'll break my heart.

USAGE #

when the word home is not followed or preceded by any descripti'e word %it is used without the article%and the preposition to is omitted.

$o you ha'e to go home 'ery early?

When home is preceded or followed word%to must be used.

by a descripti'e

The $uke is

going to his ancestral home in scotland.

The *herpa went back to his home in the mountains.

common error is to use

at his home for at home:

I left my purse at my home.can you pay this bill?

I left my purse at home.can you pay this bill?

Is there anyone at home?

Fill in the blanks with at%to or the %but only where one of them

is necessary: .

8.I went . . . *a'itri's home at four o'clock.

9.! little girl rushed out of . . . house and said%'5y sister asked

me to tell you that she is not . . .home#'

B.I smiled and said %'*o *a'itri has gone . . . work% has she?'

C.'"o%she hasn't got out of . . .bed.*he asked me to tell you that she is not . . . home.'

G.I ha'en't been . . . *a'itri's home since.

SPEECH

PRACTICE

"ote the pronunciation and stress of the words in )sage!.

school<sku:l<

work<w :k<

hospital<'hospitl<

college<'kclidA<

market<'ma:kit<

prison<'priAn<

court<kc:t

The preposition to is weakened to <t <in front of these nouns:

to school<t

sku:1<

to prison <t

priAn<

2ead ,/cercises 1 and 6 again% paying special attention to thesephrases.

READING PASSAGE

Raju

2a-u is the laAiest boy one can think of.&e goes to bed as early as he can and gets up as late as he can.

2a-u's father% who is a lawer% goes to court e'ery day about nine o'clock.Two mornings ago% before he left home% he happened to go into his son's room.There was 2a-u% sleeping on the table at which he was supposed to be writing an essay.&is tutor had asked him to write two hundred words on the meaning of the pro'erb 'early to bed and early to rise% makes a man healthy%wealthy and wise'.

,'erybody is against him though% especially his young sister2o-a.!t si/ in the morning she tickles his nose with a feather close behind% sprinkling cold water on his sleepy face.'It's time to go to college% 2a-u# +et out of bed# 2a-u%2a-u#' but it is only when his father appears with a stick in his hand that 2a-u decides at last to face the day.

COMPREHENSION

Fuestions% to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written:

1.$oes 2a-u belie'e in 'early to bed and early to rise'?

6.When does 2a-u's father go to work e'ery day?

8.What does his mother shout when she sees him laAing in bed?

9.$o you stay in bed late on sunday mornings and other holidays?

B.&a'e you got a brother or sister who goes to college?

COMPOSITION

Write a parallel passage% using the clues gi'en below:

*abita<girl<imagine 'ery late doctor<to hospital<eight one day last week<chanced<

$aughter's

*abita<when she<doing her homework V

teacher<one< The :ast *unrise I *aw

e'eryone in the house <brother !shok V her feet with a brush V once# comes soon after

half past si/< school at

makes an appearance<to open her eyes

The $' ;osta brothers li'e in a large house their

father built for them. 2obert is a doctor and 5ichael is a lawyer .2obert has two sons%;hristopher and $a'id.

5ichael has a daughter .:ook at the chart below which tells us a little about them and when they ha'e to go to work or to attend classes and when they come back

home. Write a short paragraph about each member of the family%trying to use all the information a'ailable.

Robert D' Costa Dorothy D' Costa Christopher Davi! %ichael D' Costa Shanti D' Costa %iran!a

44 Doctor 39 Teacher 20 University st !ent #$ University st !ent 40 &a'yer 32 ) rse $ School p pil

Hospital 07:30:00 02:00:00 School Colle"e Colle"e Co rt School 09:00:00 04:30:00 09:30:00 04:30:00 09:30:00 04:30:00 #0:00:00 0(:00:00 09:#(:00 09:#(:00

Hospital 07:30:00 02:30:00

Ad.erbs %/ 're<uen"7 DIALOGUE Ea!, Drin, and be Merr7

Waiter

What will you ha'e sir?

Fat man :

Fried rice and chicken curry.

Waiter

: !nd you% sir ?

Thin 5an :

Two chapathis and dhal.

Fat 5an

: Is that all you usually eat ? It's hardly enough for a sparrow.

Thin 5an : i seldom eat more than this at lunch . 0ut what about you? 7ou ne'er eat -ust rice and curry % do you? 7ou are always ordering fish and pudding and ice cream .

Fat 5an : I always say % ,at %drink and merry%for tomorrow we die .

Waiter

: 7our fried rice and chicken curry %sir. 7our chapathis and dhal % sir.

Thin 5an:+o on % ha'e

some fish . 7ou often do.

Fat 5an :0ut I ne'er eat fish with chicken .Waiter% please bring me some mutton kababs and bread pudding.. .. and some fruit salad ...and some

cashew nuts ...and...

USAGE

!d'erbs of fre4uency >like ne'er% usually% always% hardly% e'er% seldom% often ? are usually placed

before the 'erb.

0alra-'s mother ser'es always an e/cellent dinner.

0alra-'s mother

always ser'es an e/cellent dinner.

When the sentence has an au/iliary 'erb%the ad'erb of fre4uency is placed between the au/iliary and the 'erb. main

Z $o you go often fishing?

$o you often go fishing?

&e is grumbling always about his ill luck.

&e is always grumbling about his ill luck.

2ead the following sentences % putting the ad'erbs in the brackets in the right position:

a. $r Kohnson hit lamp posts with his stick as he walked along the :ondon streets>often?.

b. &e spent the e'enings at a coffee Will's >always?.

house called

c. &e would hold heated discussions with his friends on e'ery sub-ect under the sun>in'ariably?.

d. +oldsmith in'ited his displeasure remarks >fre4uently?.

by making foolish

e. 0ut he missed a chance of helping +oldsmith if he was in trouble>ne'er?.

f. $r Kohnson could resist making cutting remarks to conceited persons>seldom?.

6 Impro'e the following sentences % where'er necessary% in the light of what has been written in the notes abo'e on )sage :

a. People in my street do the same things in the same time usually e'ery day of the working week % but on *undays they do 'ery different things.

b. 5iss Kagtiani%a college

lecturer%goes to the )lsoor

swimming Pool often to ha'e a swim .

c. $r Prasad and his wife take their children for a dri'e in the charming countryside around 0anglore

always .

d. 5r 0ose goes usually to his club to play cards . &e often is late for *unday fails to annoy his wife . lunch at home % which ne'er

e. The 2ahims % who li'e in the house

on my right %

in'ariably cook fish. The smell of the frying fish in'ades half the street always on *undays #

f. The *rirams lea'e their house ne'er on *undays . They stay at home always % perhaps practicing transcendental meditation #

g. What do I do ? I spend my *undays obser'ing my neighbours usually .

USAGE

When the main 'erb is one of the forms of ad'erbs of fre4uency

be%

usually come after the 'erb:

Z&e fre4uentely is late.

S &e is fre4uently late.

Zkumar often is chidish.

SDumar is often childish.

8.Fill

in the blanks with suitable ad'erbs from following:ne'er%always%sometimes%e'er%

among the

regularly%fre4uently.

a.,lections ha'e been . . . held in India since Independence.

b.they . . . occur more fre4uently than people would e/pect.

c.They are . . . 'ery e/citing affairs of the whole country.

d.These elections . . . upset newspaper fore casts.

e.They are . . . completely from a few minor acts of 'iolence in a few places.

f.&a'e you . . . thought of standing for an election yourself?

9.;hange the following sentences into the singular:

a. 5y neighbours are rather take an hour's walk before

peculiar.They always

breakfast.*oon after breakfast% they go out to work.

b.They ne'er come home for lunch.0etween one and two they are always to be found in a restaurant nearby% ha'ing a snack.

d.When they go back home in the e'ening% they in'ariably cook a large meal and ha'e an early dinner.

e.Then they go out to the club where they play cards for hours.They are 1 a.m. hardly e'er back home before

SPEECH

PRACTICE

"ote the pronounciation of the words below:

usually<-u:Au li<

!ll these ad'erbs are stressed on the first syllable. The initial stress weakans the 'owel in other syllables.

The sound < < needs practice because it does not e/ist in the Indian languages. It is a 'oiced 'ersion of < < .*ome of the common words in which it is found are

pleasure

measure

garage

leisure

usually

occasion

practice these

words and also read the dialogue again % ad'erbs of

paying particular attention to the way the fre4uency

are pronounced%as well as to the word witch

contain the sound <. and <8< .

READING PASSAGE

The Lion

The lion used to be much more widely distributed in !frica and !sia then it is today. If it sur'i'ed it will probably do so in the national parks that enligh tened countries ha'e set aside for it to li'e in . unmolested by man.

:ions usually li'e in family parties called

'pride ' . a pride is commonly made up of line%two lionesses and cubs. They usually prey on Aebras and

antelopes% but pigs and others game are some times killed if possibility offers wild lines are not normally a menace to man% unless wounded or otherwise aroused.

The lion and the other big cats maintain the population balance of th forest and scrub lands where they li'e. :ions could ne'er %cause the total e/termination of the animals on which they prey.(nly

man can destroy completely in his greed and wanton

cruelty.

COMPREHANSION

Fuestions%to be answered orally in complete sentences before the

answers are written:

1.Is the lion facing e/termination? Why?

6.Will the lions sur'i'e?

8.What do lions usually prey on?

9.Why is man a more destructi'e animals then the line?

B.What is the part played by the big cats in the life of the -ungle?

C.What marks man kill man?

;(5P(*ITI("

write a passage similar

to the one about using

the clues gi'en below:

tiger<in !sia<at the present time thoughtful<created<unharmed

is likely to<some

tigers<compact groups<generally consists<tiger<a tigress<two or threeV generally buffalo<deer<monkeys<a tiger is really hungryV usually<danger<humanlings< in-uredV tiger<keep<for ests where they roam tigers<

e/terminating<kill for foodV anni hilate<lo'e of destruction

choose two of your fa'orite festi'al days and

describe what you and you presents% brothers%brother>s? and sisters>s? do no such days. )se ad'erbs like *ometimes% ne'er always%occasionally%often%usually and in'ariably in your sentences

T% Ha.e

DIALOGUE The Haves and Have-Nots

5an-ula

: &a'e you e'er seen so many cars in your life?

2adha

: It must be the house of a film star.

5an-ula

: !nd she must be ha'ing a birthday party.

2adha

: These stars ha'e so much money that they can ha'e a party e'ery day of

the year. $isgusting% don't you think?

5an-ula

: *he must ha'e more than two hundred guests. I ha'e -ust two cars. counted ser'enty

2adha

: I suppose they ha'e gold plates to eat on and -eweled glasses to drink from#

5an-ula

: !nd an army of obse4uious ser'ants% no daunt.

2adha

: I''e -ust lost the only one I had #

5an-ula

: What happened ?

2adha

: *omeone offered her double the salary I was gi'ing her.

5anula

: 5ust ha'e been a film star#

USAGE

The basic meaning of to ha'e is to possess. in this sense it is ne'er used in the ;ontinuous tenses.

1.I am ha'ing a large family.

6.I ha'e a large family.

8.Is the bear ha'ing a tail ?

9.&as the bear a tail ?

ha'e can also be used in the following ways:

a. to mean 'take' >a meal% a bath% etc.? we ha'e an ,nglish lesson e'ery day.

b. to mean 'gi'e' >a party% a celebration% etc%?They are

ha'ing a party for their friends.

TO HAVE

ii.to mean 'en-oy'% 'e/perience' >a holiday% a -ourney% etc?

$id you ha'e a pleasant -ourney ?

When used in these senses% please note that ha'e can be used in the ;ontinuous tenses.

1. Fill the blanks with the right form of ha'e from the ones in brackets:

a . *heila's husband .... something on his mind. >has% is ha'ing?

b. They ... a birthday party for their son ,rnest tomorrow. >ha'e% are ha'ing?

c. *heila ...

a slight temperature and a running nose.

>has% is ha'ing ?

d. That is not going to stop his son ... his party tomorrow. >ha'e% ha'ing?

e. They .... well trained ser'ants who will see to e'erything.>ha'e% are ha'ing?

f. ,rnest ... all his friends to the party% as well as the children of the gardener and the dri'er. >has % is ha'ing?

6. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate form of ha'e:

a. The ,nglish .... their dinner% the main meal of the day% in the e'ening.

b. !n Indian ... his main meal of the day around midday. *hould we call this lunch or dinner ?

c. ,nglishmen .. their lunch around midday but it is not the chief meal of the day.

*ome people only ... sandwiches and coffee for lunch.

d. ,nglish clocks are about fi'e and a half hours behind those in India. *o while we ... our lunch% ,nglishmen ... breakfast . and while we are in bed% they ... their dinner.

e. They ... supper about 11 or 16 at night% when they come back from a film or a dance. This is probably

-ust a snack and something to drink.

8 This is 5rs !bdullah s shopping list > she and her husband are ha'ing some friends o'er to dinner?. *he has -ust been to market and she bought e'erything on her list e/cept the third item.

*hopping list :

1E Kuly

5utton

s kilos

STRENGTHEN 8OUR ENGLISH

,gg

potatoes

8 kilos

pea s

BEE grams

cauliflower

9 big or C small

Fish

9 small% for the cat

;ream

BEE grams

Fruit% three or four kinds

8 kilos

Write out the 4uantities of food 5rs !bdullah has in her bag. The first sentence has been done for you.

a. *he has got two kilos of mutton in her bag.

SPEECH PRACTICE

The diphthong <ai< should be begun with the mouth wide open. Practice these words :

eys<aiA

short sighted<fostsaitid<

buy% by<bai<

why<wai<

mind<maind<

i'll<ail<

Practice the sentences in the dialogue in which these words occur. then read the dialogue again% paying particular attention to these words.

READING PASSAGE

kakati in England

When kakati spent a year in ,ngland% he stayued with 5rs lead. beater% who let rooms to uni'ersity students. he had to pay fi'e pounds a week for his room. includeing breakfast and dinner. he used to ha'e this lunch at the uni'ersity refectory% his landlady todl him that he could ha'e a bath on Thursday afternoons.

(ne Thursday afternoon% the front doorbell rang. There we no one in the house. 5rs :ead beater was out% doing her shopping. Dakati was ha'ing a bath% but as the bell continued to ring% he had to -ump out of the bath% wrap a towel round his middle and to the door &e threw it open and there stood

the pretty girl ne/t door. *he stammered I 'e got

some guest. can you gi'e me a cup of milk?

Dakati did the only thing possible in the circumstances he shut the door and ran back to the

safety of the bath tub.

COMPREHENSION

Fuestions% to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written.

1 What did kakati ha'e to pay for his room%inclusi'e of breakfast and dinner??

6 (n which day of the week did he ha'e a bath?

8. Why couldn t he open the door as soon as the bell rang?

i.What did the girl ne/t door stammer?

ii.What had she come to borrow?

iii.what has been the most embarrassing moment of your

life?

COMPOSION

1 Write a parallel passage% using the clues gi'en bellow:

;handran<two year%<+ermany<F`rau 5anning<foreigh forty marks<two rooms<supper lunch and dinner<a restaurant

near the uni'ersity

informed him <Tuesday

Tuesday<there was a loud knocking on the door else Frau 5annig<'isiting her married daughter

nobody

;handran<sound of knocking went on<step<largetowel<walk flung< beautiful<who li'ed in the house opposite blushed and said< sugar slammed<hurried<pri'acy

6 Write a dialogue of about fifteen of twenty sentences betweeen a fussy customer and a stationery shop% The former wants to butyl airmail en'elopes% writing paper% air letter sheet% a tube of gum and a bLottle of ink. 0egin like this:

;ustomer : ha'e you got any airmail en'elopes% please ?

Can and #E Able T% DIALOGUE Foresight

5r *ridhar : $id you her that ;hattier is now the proud owner of a new house?

5r !bdul

: 2eally? &e has been 'ery 4uiet about it.

5r *ridhar: &e bought a piece of land -ust outside the town !bout ten years ago. &e was able to buy it 'ery ;heaply then because the area had neither electricity not any water supply.

5r !bdul

I suppose the municipality has taken the area o'er.

5r *ridhar: 7es% it has. ;hattier was able to borrow 2s 8E%EEE From the :and 5ort age 0ank% payable in twenty years.

5r !bdul

: &e can now let the house and pay back the loan (ut of the rent% can't he?

5r *ridhar: 7es% he can. &ow I wish I had half of

;heater s Fore sight#

5r !bdul

7ou could ha'e owned your own house by now.

5r *ridhar : !nd I could ha'e stopped paying rent to that *hylock of a landlord I''e got#

USAGE A

;an is used to e/press permission:

;an I come in? >`5ay I come in??

It is less formal than 5ay.

;an is also used to e/press ability:

&e can speak ;hinese.

:ook at theses two sentences:

&e speaks ,nglish fluently.

&e can speak ,nglish fluently.

;hange the following sentences in the same way:

a. *unanada plays the 'eena 'ery well.

b. *he swims like a fish.

N.*he speaks 'ery well in her college debates.

iii.*he writes 'ery good ,nglish.

e. 0ut I'm afraid she does not cook 'ery well.

6 5ake as many sentences as you can from the following substitution table:

%ay * +e

Ta,e yo r photo"raph- .o no'-

Can they/he See the o'ner- 0orro' yo r bicycle-

8 5ake as many sensible sentences as you can from the following *ubstitution table:

1s, 'ho yo r 2avorite co3star isTa,e photo"raphs o2 yo in the "ar!en- 1s, yo 4 estions abo t yo r personal li2e- Have a ten3 * Can 5in te intervie' 'ith yo - 1s, +e 'ho yo r 2avorite !irector is- 6isit yo on the sets o2 yo r latest 2il51s, 'hen yo are "oin" abroa! a"ain-

There are some of the typical 4uestions which -ournalists ask a Film star. !rrange them >1? in a reasonable order% and >6? pro'ide likely answers.

;hoose from among the phrases below to fill the

blanks in the Following dialogue >*upply capitals where necessary.?

If he can

we can't

can you come

;an t you come

I don't think we can

can't get up

an t you come o'er?

a. &ello% Terra. We're ha'ing a little party on Thursday night. ...........?

b.

I'm afraid........%2adha. It's !shok's birthday on

Thursday and we're going to gi'e him a treat at The 0lue "ile.

i'."e'er mind% to our house for dinner on Friday?

S Kust a minute. I'll ask Tom......yes% 2adha% he's free. We ll be 'ery glad to come.

e. That s fi/ed then. Friday% about

se'en. We're going

to the mo'ies after dinner......with us?

f.

We'd lo'e to%but.............!shok is going back to $elhi by the early morning flight% on saturday.

I -ust.... ..in time

if I go to bed late.

USAGE #

0e able to is e4ui'alent to can in the second sense >e/pressing ability?:

Is this recruit able to use a gun yet?

;an this recruit use a gun yet?

B uses are able to instead of can where possible:

a. ;an your baby talk yet?

b. 7es% and she can sing too.

c. ;an i come and see her?

d. Please do. 5y wife will be delighted. ;an tomorrow at fi'e?

you come

e. Thank you 'ery much. ;an your baby eat chocolate?

f. *he can% but she mustn't#

2ead:

a. If the weather is fine tomorrow% *andra can go to beach.

b. *he can go with her friends% Kessie and ;hinky% who are at school with her.

c. *he can wear the new swimsuits which they bought only yesterday

d. They can swim% look for shells and play on the sand.

e. They can watch the fishermen coming back with their catch on their catamarans and see the sun set in the sea.

Write out the sentences as if the friends went to beach one day last week .

G 0egin sentence >a? in ,/ercise C in this manner: 'If the weather is not fine tomorrow%.....

2e write the other

*entences% making any necessary changes.

*entence >b? will go like this:

*he won't be able to go% nor will Kessie and

;hinky%who are at school with her.'

USAGE C

In the past tense% could or was able to is used to e/press ability: 2a'i shanker was able to gi'e concerts when he was twel'e years old. The lecturer could not understand the 4uestion.

0ut to refer to an attainment or achie'ement in the past arising out of ability%was able to>and not could? must be used. ! fre4uents mis take is to use could:

I could get my 0.! degree although i got two weeks before the ,/amination. I was able to get my 0.!

degree although i got ill two weeks before the e/amination.

N fill in the blanks with could where ability is to be e/pressed% and with was >not? !ble to where ability aan attainment is to be e/pressed:

a.

young Drishnan...play tennis when he was ten.

b.

he... beat players se'eral years older than himself was si/teen.

by the time he

8.he was so cool in tournament that he...he become the state champion when

9.he was only -ust eighteen.

9.two years later%he...appear at wimbledon%where he ga'e a good account of himself.

e.

at his best krishnan ...beat e'eryone e/cept the top

three or four of the world's best players.

f.

he got into the semi finals at Wimbledon one year

but...win against la'er.

L *tudy the following sentences:

a. the assassin hired by the enemies of general de +aulle to kill him%.....hitting a target accurately at two

thundered yards.

b.

he......disguise himself so cle'erly that e'en the officer were $ecei'ed.

sharpest police

c.

he......get false passports and entry 'isas for many

countries in ,urope.

d.

two weeks before the attempted assassination%

he...........interferences from italy as a tourist on the strength of one of these passport.

e.

though the french secret ser'ice was looking for him % them the slip again and again.

the assassin ......gi'ing

f.

the killer .....enter paris and wait in a room o'er

look ing a s4uare in which the general was to make a public appearance.

g.

howe'er one of the france's ace detecti'es......keep

on his track% without letting himself be discouraged by repeated failure to catch him.

h.

fortunately% the detecti'e .......stop him from

committing the crime -ust in time.

)se the phrases know how to %was capable of%could and was able to fill the blanks suitably.

USAGE D

couldathe perfect infiniti'e e/presses a past ability that was not used:

he could ha'e lent me the money .>but he didn't?

the ;hinese army could ha'e taken Taiwan %if it had wanted to%

&e told me the answer.

&e could ha'e told me the answer.>but he refused to?

1E change the following sentences in a similar manner% so that they e/press

)nused ability in the past. a second e/ample in gi'en below to help you:

shobha made up her mind in ad'ance as to which day she would make the long train -ourney.

*hobha could ha'e made up her mind in ad'ance in ad'ance as to which day she would make the long train -ourney.

a.shobha wrote to me saying that she was coming.

b. I went to the station to meet her.

c. she came home in my car%instead of playing for a ta/i.

d.

my mother and sister are at home to w4elcome her.

e. they ga'e her a hot cap of coffee and got a bath ready for her .

11 2,!$:

a. 2obert and his fiancbe a'oided breaking off their engagement.

b. 5utual friends did their best to bring about

reconciliation.

c. they were patient with each other and a'oided acting on an impulse.

!fter their first serious 4uarrel% $orothy decided not to return the engagement ring to fiancb.

e. 2obert decided not to return her letters in a huff.

f. he rang her up three days later to apologiAe for losing his temper.

g. $orothy asked him to see her and e'erything ended happily for him.

2e write the sentences% imagining broke off their

that the couple

engagement after the 4uarrel.

SPEECH PRACTICE$

;an% could ha'e the weak forms of<ken< <ked< when they occur in sentences% e/cept at the beginning or end >or when they recei'e special emphasis?. practice these

sentences:

;an I go now?

&ow long can you stand on your head for?

;ould you ha'e done it so well last year?

When I was young% I could play hockey.

2ead the dialogue again% paying particular attention to can% could and the was is was able to. If you ha'e the time %you can also read the ,/ercise 6. sentences gi'en in

READING PASSAGE

A Linguist

"igel% an ,nglish schoolboy% could speak French% +erman

and Italian by the time and write 2ussian

he was twel'e. he could read

by the time he was fifteen but he

could not speak it 'ery well.!t his uni'ersity he added *panish to the list% and in his last year he was able

to spend three months in spain on a grant from the *panish ,mbassy in :ondon.The same year he was able to get a post in the 0ritish *ecret *er'ice and was sent to

,urope on a haAardous tour of duty.

&e liked the cloak and dagger life in the *ecret *er'ice. If he had liked teaching% he could easily ha'e got a lectureship in modern languages at any ,nglish uni'ersity% or he could ha'e done research in :ondon or ,dinburgh in

one of the languages he had mastered.

COMPREHENSION

Fuestions% to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written:

1.

What languages could "igel speak at the age of

twel'e?

6.

;ould he speak :atin and ,nglish by the time he

was fifteen?

8.

&ow was he able to spend three months in *pain?

9.

;ould "igel ha'e become a lecturer if he had

wanted to?

B.

What else could he ha'e done?

C.

&ow many languages could you speak at >a? the age

of fi'e? >b? the age of fifteen?

COMPOSITION$

1 .Write a parallel passage using the clues gi'en below:

*tefan<2ussian<,nglish%French and utch<ele'en +erman< si/teen Italian<number<final<two 5onths < Italy < Italian < 5oscow 2ussaian $iplomatic *er'ice<as an interpreter for a two year term *er'ice 4uiet life<$iplomatic

Wanted to teach<obtained<professorship<2ussian

<5oscow<:eningrad<any one <was fluent in

6.

If you >or any of your friends? won any priAe>s?

or scholarships for proficiency in studies % or in sports and games% write two or three paragraphs on how you were able to achie'e that distinction. $iscuss your interest in the sub-ect or game or sport% how you trained yourself to get better at it% etc and end by describing your

greatest achie'ement in your particular field of interest.

Can an! 07 1ble To

DIALOGUE Foresight 5r *ridhar : $id you her that ;hattier is now the proud owner of a new house? 5r !bdul : 2eally? &e has been 'ery 4uiet about it.

5r *ridhar: &e bought a piece of land -ust outside the town !bout ten years ago. &e was able to buy it 'ery ;heaply then because the area had neither electricity not any water supply. 5r !bdul : I suppose the municipality has taken the area o'er.

5r *ridhar: 7es% it has. ;hattier was able to borrow 2s 8E%EEE From the :and 5ort age 0ank% payable in twenty years. 5r !bdul : &e can now let the house and pay back the loan (ut of the rent% can't he?

5r *ridhar: 7es% he can. &ow I wish I had half of ;heater s Fore sight# 5r !bdul : 7ou could ha'e owned your own house by now.

5r *ridhar : !nd I could ha'e stopped paying rent to that *hylock of a landlord I''e got#

USAGE A

;an is used to e/press permission: ;an I come in? >`5ay I come in??

It is less formal than 5ay.

;an is also used to e/press ability: &e can speak ;hinese.

:ook at theses two sentences: &e speaks ,nglish fluently. &e can speak ,nglish fluently. ;hange the following sentences in the same way:

a. *unanada plays the 'eena 'ery well. b. *he swims like a fish. N.*he speaks 'ery well in her college debates. iii.*he writes 'ery good ,nglish. e. 0ut I'm afraid she does not cook 'ery well.

6 5ake as many sentences as you can from the following substitution table:

%ay * +e

Ta,e yo r photo"raph- .o no'-

Can they/he See the o'ner- 0orro' yo r bicycle8 5ake as many sensible sentences as you can from the following *ubstitution table:

Can * 1s, 'ho yo r 2avorite co3star is+e Ta,e photo"raphs o2 yo in the

"ar!en- 1s, yo 4 estions abo t yo r personal li2e- Have a ten3 5in te intervie' 'ith yo - 1s, 'ho yo r 2avorite !irector is- 6isit yo on the sets o2 yo r latest 2il51s, 'hen yo are "oin" abroa! a"ainThere are some of the typical 4uestions which -ournalists ask a Film star. !rrange them >1? in a reasonable order% and >6? pro'ide likely answers. 9 ;hoose from among the phrases below to fill the blanks in the Following dialogue >*upply capitals where necessary.? If he can ;an t you come we can't I don't think we can can you come can't get up

an t you come o'er?

a. &ello% Terra. We're ha'ing a little party on Thursday night. ...........? b. I'm afraid........%2adha. It's !shok's birthday on Thursday and we're going to gi'e him a treat at The 0lue "ile. i'."e'er mind% to our house for dinner on Friday? S Kust a minute. I'll ask Tom......yes% 2adha% he's free. We ll be 'ery glad to come. e. That s fi/ed then. Friday% about se'en. We're going to the mo'ies after dinner......with us? f. We'd lo'e to%but.............!shok is going back to $elhi by the early morning flight% on saturday. I -ust.... ..in time if I go to bed late.

USAGE # 0e able to is e4ui'alent to can in the second sense >e/pressing ability?: Is this recruit able to use a gun yet?

;an this recruit use a gun yet?

B uses are able to instead of can where possible: a. ;an your baby talk yet? b. 7es% and she can sing too. c. ;an i come and see her? d. Please do. 5y wife will be delighted. ;an tomorrow at fi'e? you come

e. Thank you 'ery much. ;an your baby eat chocolate? f. *he can% but she mustn't#

2ead: a. If the weather is fine tomorrow% *andra can go to beach. b. *he can go with her friends% Kessie and ;hinky% who are at school with her. c. *he can wear the new swimsuits which they bought only yesterday d. They can swim% look for shells and play on the sand. e. They can watch the fishermen coming back with their catch on their catamarans and see the sun set in the sea.

Write out the sentences as if the friends went to beach one day last week . G 0egin sentence >a? in ,/ercise C in this manner: 'If the weather is not fine tomorrow%..... 2e write the other *entences% making any necessary changes. *entence >b? will go like this: *he won't be able to go% nor will Kessie and ;hinky%who are at school with her.' USAGE C

In the past tense% could or was able to is used to e/press ability: 2a'i shanker was able to gi'e concerts when he was twel'e years old. The lecturer could not understand the 4uestion. 0ut to refer to an attainment or achie'ement in the past arising out of ability%was able to>and not could? must be used. ! fre4uents mis take is to use could: I could get my 0.! degree although i got two weeks before the ,/amination. I was able to get my 0.! degree although i got ill two weeks before the e/amination.

N fill in the blanks with could where ability is to be e/pressed% and with was >not? !ble to where ability aan attainment is to be e/pressed:

a.

young Drishnan...play tennis when he was ten.

b. he... beat players se'eral years older than himself by the time he was si/teen. 8.he was so cool in tournament that he...he become the state champion when 9.he was only -ust eighteen. 9.two years later%he...appear at wimbledon%where he ga'e a good account of himself. e. at his best krishnan ...beat e'eryone e/cept the top three or four of the world's best players. f. he got into the semi finals at Wimbledon one year but...win against la'er.

L *tudy the following sentences:

a. the assassin hired by the enemies of general de +aulle to kill him%.....hitting a target accurately at two thundered yards. b. he......disguise himself so cle'erly that e'en the sharpest police officer were $ecei'ed.

c. he......get false passports and entry 'isas for many countries in ,urope. d. two weeks before the attempted assassination% he...........interferences from italy as a tourist on the strength of one of these passport. e. though the french secret ser'ice was looking for him % the assassin ......gi'ing them the slip again and again. f. the killer .....enter paris and wait in a room o'er look ing a s4uare in which the general was to make a public appearance. g. howe'er one of the france's ace detecti'es......keep on his track% without letting himself be discouraged by repeated failure to catch him. h. fortunately% the detecti'e .......stop him from committing the crime -ust in time.

)se the phrases know how to %was capable of%could and was able to fill the blanks suitably. USAGE D couldathe perfect infiniti'e e/presses a past ability that was not used: he could ha'e lent me the money .>but he didn't? the ;hinese army could ha'e taken Taiwan %if it had wanted to% &e told me the answer. &e could ha'e told me the answer.>but he refused to? 1E change the following sentences in a similar manner% so that they e/press )nused ability in the past. a second e/ample in gi'en below to help you: shobha made up her mind in ad'ance as to which day she would make the long train -ourney. *hobha could ha'e made up her mind in ad'ance in ad'ance as to which day she would make the long train -ourney.

a.shobha wrote to me saying that she was coming. b. I went to the station to meet her. c. she came home in my car%instead of playing for a ta/i. d. my mother and sister are at home to w4elcome her.

e. they ga'e her a hot cap of coffee and got a bath ready for her .

11 2,!$:

a. 2obert and his fiancbe a'oided breaking off their engagement. b. 5utual friends did their best to bring about reconciliation. c. they were patient with each other and a'oided acting on an impulse. !fter their first serious 4uarrel% $orothy decided not to return the engagement ring to fiancb. e. 2obert decided not to return her letters in a huff. f. he rang her up three days later to apologiAe for losing his temper. g. $orothy asked him to see her and e'erything ended happily for him.

2e write the sentences% imagining that the couple broke off their engagement after the 4uarrel.

SPEECH PRACTICE$ ;an% could ha'e the weak forms of<ken< <ked< when they occur in sentences% e/cept at the beginning or end >or when they recei'e special emphasis?. practice these sentences:

;an I go now? &ow long can you stand on your head for?

;ould you ha'e done it so well last year? When I was young% I could play hockey.

2ead the dialogue again% paying particular attention to can% could and the was is was able to. If you ha'e the time %you can also read the sentences gi'en in ,/ercise 6.

READING PASSAGE A Linguist "igel% an ,nglish schoolboy% could speak French% +erman and Italian by the time he was twel'e. he could read and write 2ussian by the time he was fifteen but he could not speak it 'ery well.!t his uni'ersity he added *panish to the list% and in his last year he was able to spend three months in spain on a grant from the *panish ,mbassy in :ondon.The same year he was able to get a post in the 0ritish *ecret *er'ice and was sent to ,urope on a haAardous tour of duty. &e liked the cloak and dagger life in the *ecret *er'ice. If he had liked teaching% he could easily ha'e got a lectureship in modern languages at any ,nglish uni'ersity% or he could ha'e done research in :ondon or ,dinburgh in one of the languages he had mastered.

COMPREHENSION Fuestions% to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written: 1. What languages could "igel speak at the age of twel'e? 6. ;ould he speak :atin and ,nglish by the time he was fifteen? 8. &ow was he able to spend three months in *pain?

9. ;ould "igel ha'e become a lecturer if he had wanted to?

B.

What else could he ha'e done?

C. &ow many languages could you speak at >a? the age of fi'e? >b? the age of fifteen?

COMPOSITION$

1 .Write a parallel passage using the clues gi'en below: *tefan<2ussian<,nglish%French and utch<ele'en +erman< si/teen Italian<number<final<two 5onths < Italy < Italian < 5oscow 2ussaian $iplomatic *er'ice<as an interpreter for a two year term 4uiet life<$iplomatic *er'ice Wanted to teach<obtained<professorship<2ussian <5oscow<:eningrad<any one <was fluent in

6. If you >or any of your friends? won any priAe>s? or scholarships for proficiency in studies % or in sports and games% write two or three paragraphs on how you were able to achie'e that distinction. $iscuss your interest in the sub-ect or game or sport% how you trained yourself to get better at it% etc and end by describing your greatest achie'ement in your particular field of interest.

Kohn: I only hope e'eryone else is late for a partytoo#

USAGE A !d'erbials of manner >well %Dindly% hea'ily? and ad'erbial of place>here there anywhere etc.?are usually placed after the indirect ob-ect% if there is one.! common mistake is top put the ad'erbial between the 'erb and its direct ob-ect. M&e plays tennis 'ery well. M&e plays tennis 'ery well. Mshe dropped the bag here. When an ad'erbial of manner% one of time and one of place occur togher%the usual order is ad'erbial of manner a

ad'erbial of place aad'erbial of time are normally placed at the beginning or the end of a clause or a sentence.

1 Impro'e the following sentence . a. The police inspector shouted% *tart at once the -eep# Follow that 'an#' b.The dri'er or the police -eep began to chase at a high speed the robber's an through crowded *treets. c. People began to shout and wa'e wildly their arms. d. The chase went on in the buiest part of 0ombay for an hour at dangerous speeds. e. ! four ton lorry emerged out of a street side % blocking suddenly the obser'ant.

6 Place the gi'en ad'erbs or ad'erbial phrases appropri ately in the following sentence:

a. There was a huge crowd which waited for tickets >yesterdays in fronts of the new cinema% patiently?. b. The crowd began to get restless and threw stones >at the windows % after half an hour% as fast as they could?. c.The owner of the cinema phoned the collector % and he asked the superintendent of police to dispere the crowd >at once firmly but not roughly?. d. For the rescue operation % the superintendendent got toghter about forty policeman >'ery 4uickly %at his office?. e. when the policeman arri'ed on the scence the crowd was ordered tob disperse >at once peacefully ?.

USAGE # '$egreead'erbs'% like partly% nerely% entirely% much throughly% definitely% completely% hardly% scarcely and rather ha'e a heightening or lowering effect on some part of the sentence. They occur in the mid position in the sentence :

The presidet entirely agreed with thePrime 5inister . +randfather rather liked his after dinner cigar.

*ome of them can also occur in the end position: They agreed with me completely. 8 Fill the blanks with sutible 'degree ad'erbHs:

a. promising scients say they can ...be blammed for seecking -obs outside India. b. osme of them may want to make money but most of them are .... fed up with their bad working ;onditions and lack of opportunity. c. they allege that only seniority and not competence count in .....all promotions. d. the -ealously of older scientist towards brillients young ones and commonly and caste tics %..... operate in many reseach institutions . e.5eddlings polititions make scientists ... frusted and angey . f. don'tyou think they ha'e ... good resons for going?

S*ee"

*ra"!ise

The initial <-< sound in words like yet% yellow% yes% etc .is a source of Trouble .It is often left out ;ompletely in such words Instead of <-et<%<-elou<%-es< %we hear<et<%<elou<and<es< !nother mistake is to produce a<-<sound where it does not e/ist Inseam of < e'ri <% < enimi <%< els < %we hear< -e'ri <% < -enimi <%< -ells <.

2ead these sentences carefully a. +undu eats eggs for breakfast e'ery day. b. ,'eryone else in the house prefers dosais. c. +undu says that eggs%gi'e more energy than dosias. d. 7esterday he had fi'e eggs%four slices of bread

and butter%three yellow bananas coffee.

and a mug of black

e. Was he able to eat anything at lunch? f. *urprisingly% yes. he had two large helpings of chicken biriyani# "ow read the dialogue gain% paying special attention to the words yes% yet% anywhere% e'eryone% else and able. READING PASAGE Strangers in the train I am the manager of a tra'el firm in the city.I go to work on the electric train.arri'e twel'e miles out% where I ha'e a small room o'er a tailor's shop.>that's right% I'm not married yet#? the train only takes twenty minutes to get to the city and I do crosswords for those twenty minutes. Three are four days a week the seat opposite mine is taken by a young man about my own age% who ne'er lifts his eyes from the detecti'e no'el he reads so a'idly. I once tried to speak to him% but he ga'e me such a baleful stare that I ne'er tried it again. we meet so often and yet still remain strangers to each other. last monday I changed my seat% but I felt so miserable that I went back to the seat opposite the young man the 'ery ne/t day

COMPREHENSION Fuestion%to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written: 1. What does the manager do on his -ourney to the city? 6. Where does he li'e? 8. &ow does the young man in the opposite seat read his no'el? 9. What pre'ented the manager from making the ac4uain tance of the young man ? B. What happened on Tuesday?

COMPOSITION$

1. Write a parallel passage% using the clues gi'en below: a stenographer<book shop e'ery day<by bus nine miles< my parents ha'e flat <opposite<bakery you're fifteen< keep knitting something or other two or three<a young woman<raises her eyes<from the cheap romantic no'el<with such absorption to draw her attention<stern look<dared to speak to her e'ery other day<perfect strangers Thursday <caught an earlier bus< lonely<took the same bus as the young woman

6. !. $escribe% in one or two paragraphs% any chase you may ha'e seen in a film% either of the hero being chased by criminals or of criminals being chased by the police. b. Write a short paragraph stating how you would ha'e made the scene more e/citing if you had been the director

o2 the 2il58

AGoing to | The Present Continuous Tense| will + Infinitive

DIALOGUE 0haskar : I'm lea'ing for $elhi on *unday.

"arayana : 0y the early morning flight? 0haskar : I' ll know for certain tomorrow. 5y seat on the night plane is definite% but I might fly earlier if there is a last minute cancellation. "arayana : Is this your first 'isit to $elhi?

0haskar : yes% it is. I'm meeting the chairman of my firm on 5onday% and i' m staying on for two more days% -ust to see a bit of $elhi. "arayana : Where will you stay ?

0haskar : I'm going to stay with some friends of mine on &umayun 2oad. They''e got a car and they'll show me round. "arayana : I suppose you'll see the &ouses of Parliament and 2astrapathi 0ha'an. 0haskar : !t least from the outside# I'm going to 'isit the Aoo %the Dutub 5inar and the 2ed Fort. If

I ha'e Time% I'll see something of old $elhi too. "arayana : Well %en-oy yourself #

USAGE A *ome people make a distinction between the Present ;ontinuous tense and the +oing to form to e/press the future. They use the Present ;ontinuous tense to e/press the future when there is an absence of intention on the part of the sub-ect when there is premeditated intention %they use the going to form. *uch a distinction is illustrated in the e/amples below: &e didn't want to %but he's -oining the sales department on 5onday.

&e was gi'en the choice of *ales or !d'ertisement $epartments and he is going to -oin the *ales $epartment. (thers use both forms for the future% whether there is premeditated intention or not on the part of the sub-ect.

1 *tudy the following sentences: a. 2ani and her sister !n-ali are going to learn paiting from teh well known artist% +irish ;handra. b. &e is going to gi'e them two lessons a week% starting on 5onday. c. They are 'ery keen to learn and are going to de'ote two hours a day to their practice. d. (n *unday their brother *atyan is cleaning out their store room. 2ani and !n-ali ha'e decided to use it for a studio. e *pinker W ;o. are deli'ering easels% brushes% paints and oils this aftenoon at their house. 2e Write these sentences as if only 2ani were going to learn painting.

6 5atch the two parts to make sensible sentences:

a. CEE prisoners of war are

are bringing them to

returning b. eight transport planes c. Their relations are going d. "e/t Thurs day they will feel e. They will want to take them home at once

$elhi. a load of an/iety lifted from their hearts to India ne/t Thursday but many of them need hospitaliAation to meet them at airport

8 2ead

a. (ur daughter *udha is getting married<will get married ne/t Wednesday. b. Today my wife is going to stay < wil stay at home and write the in'itations. c. *udha is going to help<will help her mother remember all our friends. d. I am going to engage<shall engage the cooks who are going to cook<will cook the wedding feast. e. (ur son *atyan is going to arrange for<will arrange for the musicians who are going to <will sing in the reception. f. :ater *atyan and I are going to pay <will pay an ad'ance to the work man who are going to put up the marriage pandal.

In these sentences%choose between the Present ;ontinuous tenseand the will a infiniti'e form in terms of the distinction made in the first paragraph under )sage !

USAGE # +oing to and will a infiniti'e are often interchange able% but there is a difference between them on certain occasions. The going to form always refers to a preme

ditated intention while will ainfinite refers to an intention % which is usually not premeditated. The going to often implies an intention and a plan. Z: !hmed has bought some wood and he is going to make a cupboard with it. 7: (h% is he? I' will help him to make one.

9 Fill in the blanks with the words do% lend% borrowed% remembered% are% know% return% thought : a. Will you........ me a hundred rupees? b. What ...you going to do with it ? c. I had. .. fifty rupees from "ayyar and I am going to them c to him. d. !nd what are you going to ....with the other fifty?

B ! politician is rehearsing his election speech in the appro'ing presence of two of his sycophants.Fill in the blanks with the going to or the will shall form of the 'erb in brackets as appropriate: a. Politician : If I am elected% I...the people of this great country to the last drop of my blood.>ser'e? b. Follower1 : >assist? *ir% I...you to ser'e the people.

c. Politician : I.... that po'ertyid banished from this fair land.>see? d. follower 6 : *ir% I....to yiou all the support you nneed to banish it completely. e. Politician f. Follower6 : I.....to India its ancient glory.

: *ir% I.... you to distribute it all#

SPEECH PRACTICE$

Practice the <I< dip thong in the words and phrases below:

<ai< flight night mine time I'am

<ei< plane stay

<ou< know suppose show

<au< around outside

"ow red the the dialogue again paying particular attention to these words. READING PASSEGE$ *elf help

! par row had built a nest in a field of sugar cane and now there were three tiny birds in it. (ne day the farmer walked out .when the mother sparrow came back to the nest in the e'ening % the little birds told to her of the danger. We'll ha'e to find another place tonight%' they said. "ot yet% little ones. &e wonHt cut it tomorrow% that's certain. The ne/t day% the farmer came to the field and found no one to help him. Tomorrow I am going to cut the can myself. Father% I' will help you% said the boy. When the mother sparrow heard about this in the e'ening% she said% 7es % he's cutting down the cane tomorrow. It's dangerous .I' am going to make another nest for us in the ne/t field. 'When?' asked the little birds. I am going to make it tonight%' said the mother sparrow.

COMPREHENSION$ Fuestions% to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written:

1.What did the farmer say to his son on the second day? 6.&ow did the mother bird comfort her young ones on the first day?

8.What did the boy say to his father? 9.When was the mother sparrow going to make another nest? !nd were? B.What is the moral of the story? C.Why did the mother bird condider the first night safe and the second dangerous?

COMPOSITION$

1.Write a parallel passage% using the clues below:

blackbird<mad<maiAe<four<little owner of the field< young brother reap re4uested<ne/t 'illage returned< towards<what they had heard look for<this 'ery night J children J the maiAe<don't fear again with his brother<that there was reap the corn other people brother bird<was told we mustn't build< you<the field ne/t to this one are you going to make it tonight<tiny now<bird

6.What do you want most in life? Write about two or three of your ambitions and how you are going to

1chieve the58

Sequence of Tenses

DIALOGUE A Nightmare +ita : I didn%t sleep 'ery well last night.

!nita: I'm sorry to hear that. $id you ha'e a stomach ache? +ita : to bed !nita: +ita : . "o% but I had a nightmare% soon after I went

Were you reading a ghost story in bed? "o% but I went to a horror film in the e'ening

!nita:

I thought you ne'er saw horror films.

+ita : I don't usually care to% but two of my cousins had arri'ed from ;alcutta and insisted on my going with them. !nita: What really frightened you in the film?

+ita : It was a ghost which haunted an old bunglow. ! widow with 6 young daughters had -ust mo'ed into that house. !nita: What did the ghost do?

+ita : !t the stroke of twel'e it appeared at the head of the stairs and burst out into laughter that sounded hollow. It took half a minute for the family to realiAe that the laughter had come from its own se'ered head which it carried in its right hand# USAGE When the main 'erb of a sentence is in a present tense% 'erbs in subordinate clauses are usually in a present tense :

I think she is an attracti'e girl. $o you think it will rain?

&e hopes that he hasn't made a mistake. If the main 'erb in these sentences happens to be in the past tense % the 'erb in the subordinate clause should also be in the past tense : I thought she was an attracti'e girl. $id you think it would rain? &e hoped that he hasdn't made a mistake.

It should also be remembered that 'erbs in connected passages should not be mi/ed up as the are below:

/ Dondappa li'ed in a 'illage. &e is poor. &e was not a 'ery contented man.

< Dondappa li'ed in a 'illage. &e was poor. &e was not a 'ery contented man. / What will the world be like in 6EEE !.$.? (ur li'es are 'ery different. 5achines do nearly all the work for us. < What will the world be like in 6EEE !.$.? (ur li'es will be 'ery different. 5achines will do nearly all the work for us.

1.Fill in the blanks with the right form of the 'erb in brackets: a. 5ohan ..... that his train had stopped. >realiAe? b. It was dark but he ..... htat it had stopped at the station. >see? c. &e thought that they...... in a rocky% waterless area because he could not see any big trees .>be? d. &e said to himself that it... an e/cellent chance for bandits to attack the train. >be? e. ! minute later% he heard the sound of horse's hoo'es and ..... that bandits were riding towards the train. >know?

6.Fill in the blanks with the right form of the 'erbs in brackets: a. Press correspondents .... that the war would last for at least two months. >think? b. They.... the enemy were well e4uipped and confident. >know? c. 0ut the army spokesman ..... them that it would all be o'er in a fortnight. >tell? d. The press ...... it hard to beli'e that the war would come to an end so 4uickly. >find?

e. 0ut the army .... itself far more efficient than they thought it was.>pro'e? 8.2e write this as if it happened last month :

96 pilgrims ha'e chartered a bus that will take to many holy places.They will 'isit Tiru'annamalai% Palni% Tirupati and Tiruttani in the course of their pilgrimage. They will worship at all the important temples in these towns. They will also perform two poor feeding ceremonies% one at Palni and the other at Tirupati. S*ee" "en!ered$

The last sound in words like fair%stare%mayor is one of the english sounds that do not e/ists in the indian languages .the sound is a blend of two 'owels <,< !"$ <,.< .Take care not to turn this dipothing into a long <e< W<ae< . *ay these words aloud mare nightmare stairs up stairs care bare bear

downstairs

2ead the dialouge again %paying particular attention to the words in which this sound occours.the word 'were ' is usually pronounced <we< . It is pronounced <wea< when It is steressed

READING PASSAGE A cheap lodging for the nigh 0ansilal's train was late and it reached 0ombay a little after mid night it was his first 'isit to the city %and he did'nt know where to go .he thought he would go to country where he would not know how to find one at that time he asked a porter to get him a cheap room .The porter said that if 0ansilal ga'e him Three rupees he would take him to one. 0ut bansilal wa'ed him away and walk ed out of the station . &e wandered through the streets and asked a number of people % but could not find a room cheap enough for him. &e sat down on a park bench to think of what he should do ne/t .&e was 'ery tired and fell asleep on the bench. he woke the ne/t morning stiff in e'ery limb but he smiled when he realiAed that it was the cheapest night's lodging than he had e'er had.

COMPREHENSION$ Fuestions% to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written: 1. Why did 0ansilal think he would go to a choultry? 6. What did the porter say to 0ansilal? 8. What did 0ansilal do in the park? 9. $id he plan to sleep on the bench? B. &ow did 0ansilal comfort himself in the morning?

COMPOSITION$

1 write a short passage using the following clues and taking care about the tenses: Prabhu a 'illager first 'isit 0ombay his friend's address thinks he will go by ta/i too e/pensi'e gets on a bus loses his way hires a tonga horse collapses walks reaches friend's house friend gone to $elhi stays in a hotel Write the passage in the past tense and gi'e it a title.

6.Write three or four paragraphs about your first 'isit to a strange town or city.2ead the following hints: the purpose of your 'isit where you stayed and how long what you found attracti'e what you took a dislike to the kind of people you came across the sights

'o l! yo li,e to visit the place a"ain-

The Present and Past Perfect Tenses

DIALOGUE= The 2a'i : oncert That Never !as

&a'e you been to the concert? 7es and no. I caught the B.1B bus% and so when I got There the concert hadnHt begun. Was there a large crowd? The hall was full and they had to turn people away. I had already bought my ticket% so Went in. I suppose they started fiddling about with microphones !nd loudspeakers after the musician had arri'ed# "o% they had attended to all that. Was the musician late? "o% he wasnHt late. &e ne'er arri'ed.

5urali: 2a'i :

5urali:

2a'i

5urali: 2a'i :

5urali: 2a'i :

What# There wasnHt any concert% then. "o. We had the audience% the lights% and the loud speakers... We had the e/pectations ... we had the 'iolinist%The table player and a number of people turned away... We had e'erything for a successful concert e/cept the 5usician# !nd why wasnHt he there? &is wife P phoned to say that he was too drunk to sing#

5urali:

2a'i

5urali:

USAGE The Past Perfect tense is to emphasiAe that one past action took Place before another% whether the time inter'al is short or long: ha'e already bought my ticket% so Went in.

 Kihad already bought my ticket% so Went in.

This sentence can be represented by means of a diagram:

'0uying the ticket' @ Past Perfect

'going in' @ Past

'speaking' @ "ow

When the elephant has batched in the ri'er% it went back to the temple. When the elephant had batched in the ri'er% it went back to the temple.

When past time is spoken about% actions happening before this time are put into the Past Perfect: The salesman showed her a new radio two days ago% but she had bought a new radio the pre'ious week. &e arri'ed at the airport at fi'e% but the plane had landed a 4uarter of an hour earlier.

1.5atch the parts in ! and 0 then write out the sentences in a paragraph: ! &er husband had made the ;offee *he had made that a condition *he is not really a laAy woman. 0 has always been an early riser. before 2eam got up. to get up before se'en in the morning.than is trouble. she has always done the house work

0ut she has ne'er been able

herself without asking for a ser'ant. :uckily for her%her husband e'en before they got married.

Fill in the blanks with the right forms of the 'erbs propose% marry% hang% and say% meet% realiAe% listen and speak: a. "eola was not.... when our story begins. *he had... future husband at the house of a Friend. b. *he had not... then% of course% that she would marry the shy young man whose "ame was $ilip. c. &e had said 'ery little to her but had... to e'ery word she ... with wide eyed !dmiration. d. &e had... on her lips as if her words were pearls dropping from her mouth. e. This was irresistible a husband who would listen# "eela had ...yes the 'ery first Time him... to her# L.;hoose correctly between the *imple Past% Present Perfect and Past Perfect tenses in the sentences that follow:

a. 5uhammad !li has been kind of the bo/ing world e'er since he won<has won the hea'yweight title in 1LC9. b. (ne of the most colorful characters e'er to apparel on the bo/ing scene %!li adopted <had adopted the muslim faith -ust before becoming the hea'yweight champion of the world. c. :ike the legendary -oe louis before him% muhammad ali has come<had come up the children% and has fought<had fought his way to success and recognition.hard way. d. both of them were<had been born in poor black families.,ach was one of se'eral e. !li was despru'ed<had been depri'ed of his hea'y weight crown for there years because he has refused to ser'e in the ).*. !rmy during the 'ietnam war.

f. -on fraAier became<had becom the champion in ali's enforced absence from the ring. g. In the first bout% FraAier beat<has beaten ali% but in the return bout% ali beat<has beaten fraAier to become the champion again. h . "ow ali is thirty fi'e and he has announced<had announced that he won't defend his title again.

SPEECH PRACTICE Practise the<ae<and<a<sounds in the folling words: ha'e>strong form? <hae'< hadn't<haednt< had>strong form?<haed< that>dem.pron.?<daet< ha'e% has and had as full 'erbs ha'e the strong form%that as a demonstrati'e pronoun is always<beat<% whereas the con-unction is <bet<. Practise the sentences in which these words occur and then the whole dialogue. bus<bas< begun<bi'gan< number<'nambe<

READING PASSAGE A Ne"spaper Report When 5r and 5rs +aekwad went home last night after a late film show% they fonund that burglars had broken into their house and has taken all their sil'er% their steel utemsils% radio% tape recorder and a bo/ in which 5rs +aekwad had kept her silk saris. When the police came% they found that the men had forced open the door of the kitchen. The !lsatitan dog of the +aekwads hea apparentyl been gi'en drugged meat. it was still drowsy at si/ in the morning. 5rs +eakwad estimated that she had lost thirty saris worth about 2s 8%NEE. The radio% an e/pensi'e foreign one% was a wedding present from 5r +aekwad's parents. the stainless steel utensils ha'e been 'alued at 2s GBE. ! police dog was taken to the house and it led the poloce to an but in a slum area three miles away. 0ut the hut was empty% through were signs that it had

recently been occupied. In'estigation is continuing.

COMPREHENSION Fuestions% to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written: Whar did the +aekwads find when they went back home? i'.What had the burgalrs taken from their house? '.&ow did the men get into the house? 'i.Who had gi'en the radio to the +aekwads? 'ii.;an you guess what signs told the police that the hut had recently been occupied?

COMPOSITION

1 Write a parallel passage% using the clues below: 5r and 5rs ;hatter-ee<returned<late last night<from a dinner in their honour<were dismayed to fine<flat< cupboards<type writer<recorddplayer<steel bo/<all her -ewels arri'ed after a phone call<the bedf<room window ob'iously<fed<sleepy<se'en said<four necklaces% eight bangles and two pairs of gold ear rings worth about 2s C%BEE the record player with a stereo amplefier<make<"ew year<mrs ;hatter-ee's mother< sil'er<1%8EE trained<guided<about four unoccupied< e'idence<used by more than one man proceeding 6 2ecollect a wedding you attended recently. Write a paragraph or two describing what preparations had been made to recei'e the guests% make them comfortable% entertain<honour them% ser'e lunch% etc. Write another

para"raph !escribin" the 'e!!in" cere5ony itsel28

Can,Could;Ma ,Might
DIALOGUE 2adha : 5other: Isn't father home yet?

"o%not yet.&e could ha'e missed the fi'e

o'clock bus. 2adha : 5other: 2adha : 5other: 2adha : Why can't he get to the bus station on time? It's ten minutes from his office. &e may be on the bus now. ;an I gi'e ring at the office? "o.&e may be working late and you'll be only disturbing him. 7ou said he might on the bus% and then you said he might be working late% and before that you said he missed the bus.which is it "ow run away and play%2adha.stop bothering me. ;an't I wait for father at the bus stop%mother? !ll right.$on't cross the road%though.

5other: 2adha : 5other:

USAGE A can%like may%can be used to e/press permission.can is more informal than may.candidates may not lea'e the room until the end of the e/amination. can I use your' phone? 5ay I come in sir? may is sometimes wrongly used to e/press in'itation or a re4uest:

We may ha'e some coffee?>wrong? shall we ha'e some coffee?>right? Will you post this letter for me?>2? 7ou may take off screen.>W? your hat% Ican't see the

Will you please take your hat off% Ican't see the screen.>2? Please% you may post this letter for me?>W?

might is more polite than may when asking for

permission: sir%might I ask you for a testimonial? $a'id might Iuse your car?

1.study the use of may%might%can and could in the following sentences:

a. 5ay we come in? b. (h 5ani%2a-i'USAGE # may is 'ery wrongly used by officials instead of should or must: The tahsildar may proceed to the 'illage and en4uire into the complaint against the re'enue inspector. The tahsildar should >is ordered to? proceed to the 'illage and en4uire into the compliant against the re'enue inspector. may is correct when accending to a re4uest: I hope the collector will be good enough to permit me to go on my annual lea'e in $ecember . <The $eputy ;ollector may go on lea'e in december.

;orrect the following paragraphs where necessary:

5r *.7.0atliwala% f Police% is transferred from his present post at Dumud to 0akranagar. &e could take a week's time to report at 0akranagar.!fter he reaches 0akranagar%he may take o'er at once from the present incumbent%5r !li 0aig% who may retire after he hands o'er charge to 5r 0atliwala. 5r 0atliwala may make a tour of the district before NT& Kune and can submit a report so as to reach me before 6LT& 5arch.

USAGE C may is often wrongly used for can% when the speaker wishes to suggest a course of action or suggest what can happen: The gardener has not come to work.the sweeper may water the plants. The gardener has not come to work .the sweeper can water the plants. 9 Fill the blanks with the correct form of may or can in the following sentences: a. !s long as their houses are clean% some women ... not care whether their streets are clean or not. b. !fter they ha'e claened their houses%they....or ....not put the rubbish into the dustbin. c. 2ubbish should be put into the dustbins so that it...be remo'ed easily by the dustmen e'eryday. d.7ou ...not thinkso%but dirty streets...cause epidemics. e.With a liitle effort your neighbours and you... keep yourfile:<usr<share<doc<&T5:<inde/.html streets clean B *tudy these sentences

a. I suggest we take the night bus to 2ohtak b. Perhaps it is not as comfortable as a train but it is faster . c. I suggest we ha'e an early dinner and take a ta/i to the bus terminus at half past se'en. d. If we get there early%we ha'e a chanceof getting seata on they....or....notbus. e.If we don't get tickets%Isuggest we go by train. f. Perhapswe shall ha'e to tra'el first class%but we must make the -ourney at any cost. 2e write the sentences% using may in b%d and can in a%c and e. and f

USAGE D may and might are not generallyused in the interrogati'e to e/press possibity. Phrases such as do you thinkaa future tense%or is he likelya infiniti'e are used. !re we likely to get the first priAe in the state lottery this time? $o you think we'll get the first priAe in the state lottery this time? Is 0obby Fischer likely to win the chess title? $o you think 0obby Fischer will win the chess title?

C *tudy the use of can%could%may%might and is it likely in the the following sentences a. $o you think he will come by night train? b. is your lettr likely to ha'e reached him in time for him tom change hi booking? c. 3ery likely.I posted it before it before 1E'o clock.but I could ha'e sentenceshim a telegram to make sure. ;!"%;():$.5!7%5I+&T e . *hall I go to the station?I can bring him here in my car. f. That is 'ery nice of you . there arenPt many ta/is in town.5ight I come with you? 2e write these sentences% imagining that two persons are e/pected to make the -ourney.

G )se may or might fill the blanks:

as appropriately as you can to

a. 7ou ... ha'e read in the newspapers of young !merican who has set up a world record for staying in a confined space with a number of the worlds most poisonous snakes.

b. $o youn think another young man %either from the ).*. (r elsewhere %... try to break that record? c. If some one did% he ..sur'i'e the biAarre e/perience or he ...die. d. &e...... not be able to remain absolutely still as the snakes crawl all o'er him day %hour after hour. e. ! slight mo'ement on his part. . .startle the reptiles into biting him. f. It is rumoured that the police. . . pre'ent such a youth from going ahead with the dagerous e/periment. g. (n the other hand% they . . . decide not to interfere but . pro'ide him with a doctor and plenty of anti 'enom serum.

*P,,;& P2!TI;, The diphthong <ei <% like other diphongs% is more 'open' than the corresponding sound in the Indian language. Pratice these words and phrases till our<ei<sounds correct. away<wei< *tay<stei< ;hange<tfeindA +o away# !re you staying for the shadow? ;hange here for 0ombay.

"ow read the sentences in the dilouge in which these words occur.then read the whole dilouge again% paying special attention to the words with the <ei<sound in them like may% late% away% play %etc. READING PASSAGE from Rekha to #admini $ear Padmini% When I met you in $elhi in February%I said that my youngest *ister 'imi had applied to lady irwin college to do her 5.sc in 0otany .*he had now been gi'en a place and she had to apply

7ou may remember offering to keep 3imi with youy till she got into the hostel .i thought this was 'ery good of you.$o still think you can look after her ?3imi is third of the waiting list for the hostel accomodation :it might take a fort night before she gets in . 3imi come by e/press on theb 6Gth or 6Nth. I shall send you a wire when her seat is booked. $e' has a meeting with his 5anaging $irector in the last week of -uly .I may be accompanying him gain .Ihope u won't be out of delhi at that time. With affectionate regards% 7ours e'er 2ekha.

COMPREHENTION$ Fuestion%to be answered orally in complete before the answer are written : 1.When should 3imi get to :ady Irwin ? 6.What had padmini offered to do for 2ekha ? 8.&owalong do think to get 'imi into the hostel ? sentence

9.$o u think Padmini will keep 'imi with her more than a fortnight %if neccesary? B.Is it like that Padmini will meet 2ekha in -uly ? C.Who% do u think% is $e' ?

COMPOSITION 1. Write a letter parallel to the one abo'e which *unnada wrote to her friend lakshmi from mahe on 6 -une 1LG6 %making use of clues below : ;alicut<march <daughte giri-a <Pro'idence<5.! in ,nglish obtained <Bth -uly might recollect <one of the hostels Je/tremely kind Jcan manage Jhas been more or less promised accomodation in the hostel <a week or twoIto calico <afternoon train .<8rd or 9th Jtelegram <the definite 2agha'an Jsale 5anager <first <*eptember <coming with Jha'en't got any plan's for lea'ing

6 Write about 1EE words on de'elopments in communications that seem likely in the ne/t ten years

thro "h the se o2 satellites8

Must, !ave To

DIALOGUE !earing $lasses )sha ;arol )sha ;arol )sha ;arol )sha ;arol : I didnHt see you in class yesterday afternoons. : I had to go to an oculist. : Is anything the matter? : 5y eyes. IHm short sighted. : I hope you donHt ha'e to wear glasses. : 7es% I do. I ha'e bad headaches if I read for more than ten minutes. : What a pity. 7ou know men donHt make passesc : c. !t girls who wear glasses. I know. *o IHll ha'e to put by some money for a pair of contact lenses. : arenHt they e/pensi'e? : 7es% they are . IHll ha'e to sa'e forty rupees a month for a year to be able to buy them. : "e'er mind. When you get them% youHll be as attracti'e as your are now.

)sha ;arol )sha

USAGE A *ome people make a distinguish between must and ha'e to: must e/presses an obligation imposed by the speaker% while ha'e to e/presses as an (bligation imposed by e/ternal circumstances. 7ou must cut your hair short > Those are my orders? 7ou ha'e to cut your hair short now that you ha'e -oined the army. For e/ample% prefer >a? to >b? in the following pairs of

sentences: >a? >b? I must obey my parents. I ha'e to obey my parents.

a. ,'erybody has to pay more house rent. the ta/ on property has gone up. b. ,'erybody must pay more house rent. the ta/ on property has gone up.

In the first person% this difference may not be 'ery important. but ha'e to should be preferred for habits and must for an obligation that is urgent or important : I ha'e to put the cat out e'ery night. I must tell him to go to school on *undays. I must go to the school today. it is the last day for paying the term fees.

1.Fill the blanks with the appropriate form of ha'e to or must : a.7ou c -oin the !ir force. That is the best career for you. b.If you do% you c do drills% physical training and cross country walking. c.It is going to be rather trying but you c. +o through these hardships without weakening in your resol'e. d.7ouc.. obey your instructions. e.I c.. go now. it is getting late. 7ouc.. think about the things I said. 6.*tudy the use of must and ha'e to in the following:

a.*oldiers must obey orders without 4uestions. b.They must salute all officers% and the latter are e/pected to return the salute. c.They donHt ha'e to salute officers when they are not in uniform. d.(nce a year soldiers get free railways passes to go home on lea'e but they must tra'el in uniform.

e.*ome cinemas sell tickets at lower rates to soldiers but they ha'e to be in uniform to claim the concession. Put these sentences into the singular. 8. Put the sentences below. *ome of them describe our maid ser'ant &aleemaHs work in our house. *ome of them describe what her husband Darim% who works in a factory % e/pects her to do in their house : a. It is necessary for &aleema to get up 'ery early e'ery day of the week e/cept *unday. b. It is necessary for her husbandHs breakfast to be ready by Ga.m % because his train to the city lea'es at G:8Ba.m. c. !fter he lea'es the house% it is necessary for &aleema to walk three hundred yards to our house. d.It is necessary for her to dust the furniture%sweep the floor% clean the windows and wash the dishes. e.Then it is necessary for her to take our little girl 5umtaA for a good romp in the park round the corner. f. We suspect that this is something she really likes% because during that hour it is necessary for her to obey orders shouted at her e'ery three minutes. g. 5y wife says that a drink of hot milk is compulsory for both 5umtaA and &aleema when they return from the park. h.*he says it is necessary to keep &aleema in good health throughout the year for the sake of 5umtaA# Impro'e the sentences abo'e by using must or ha'e to and rewriting each of them.

USAGE # 5ust has no past or future form% and had to and will< shall ha'e to ser'e instead. e I must stop the car. there was a tree across the road. f I had to stop the car. there was a tree across the road. e 5r Dasim must retire in 1LN6.

f 5r. Dasim will ha'e to retire in 1LN6.

9.Fill the blanks with the words get % e/change% tour% 'isas% seat : a.5r. Pillai is going on a business c. (f ,urope% starting on 6nd Kuly. b.First he has to c.. his passport and c. For si/ countries. c.&e also has to apply to the 2eser'e 0ank for the foreign c. &e needs. d.In the meantime he has to make sure of a c. (n a plane to :ondon on 6nd Kuly. B."e/t year 5rs. *a'itri 2ao is going to -oin her husband in the )nited *tates. 2e write the sentences in ,/ercise 9 using will ha'e to and making other necessary changes. C.:ast year 5iss :akshmi went to the )nited Dingdom on a scholarship. 2e write the sentences in ,/ercise 9 using had to and making other necessary changes. G.*tudy the following sentences : a.7our wife is going away for three weeks . I hear. b.7es% her mother is not well. 0ut she will be back for ;hristmas. c.*o you will ha'e to look after yourself. d.7es% I shall ha'e to. It is the roses I am worried about. They are ,liAabethHs passion% you know. e.7ou only ha'e to water them once a day. f."o. I shall ha'e to fight off the pest and diseases% which means spraying them e'ery fortnight with insecticides . I shall ha'e to feed them with manure% put on fertiliAer and prune them two weeks before ;hristmas. g.0ut you ha'enHt got to cook ha'e you? h."o % we ha'e a cook. 0ut I shall ha'e to do all the shopping. i.7ou see how useful wi'es are# Well I must go. -.5ust you go now? &a'e a cup of coffee.

2ewrite these sentences as if the con'ersation took place after adding pronouns where necessary :

N.Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of must or ha'e to % adding pronouns where necessary : a.$idnHt you go to see the 0ansur temples last month? 7ou c.tell me how to get there and where to stay. b.Well % you c. *tay in *ankar% which Is the town nearest to the temples. The temples themsel'es are in the middle of a forest %as you know. c.Is there a good hotel in *ankari or c stay in a choultry. d.7ou can stay at the 2udra &ostel. It is the only one in town. I c stay there for two nights last year. e.c stay there for two nights? ;anHt I do it in one? f.7es% if you a get good ta/i. The trip to the temples takes siA hours. The ta/i I took broke down on the return -ourney and we c spend the night on the roadside. g.7ou c. Tell me what to look for in the temples.

h.,'erything. They are too beautiful to be talked about. Wait till you see them. 0y the way % you.. be careful about pickpockets.

SPEECH PRACTICE $ The sound produced by the letter ' >and by ph in nephew? is a fricati'e in ,nglish. Produce it by bringing your upper teeth to touch your lower lip firmly and by pushing the breath pit in between the teeth and the lop. When you donHt use the 'oice% the sound heard is <f<. Pronounce these word % making the <'< and <f< sounds strongly. <'< 'ery ha'e e'ery <f< wife yourself fight

ha'enHt wi'es

off useful

"ow read the sentences in the dialogue in which these words occur and then the whole of the dialogue% taking particular care to say these words correctly.

READING PASSAGE $ Trains% Then and No" When I was young% a railway -ourney was an e/citing ad'enture. I had to get up early and ha'e a bath. my mother would not let me go anywhere without one# X7ou must get to the station at se'en%H she said% if the train was only due at eight. I had to push my way into a carriage in two minutes flat. The crowds were terrible. there was only one train in the morning to 5adra. 0ut I had one ad'antage% I was small enough to climb o'er people and slither into the carriage o'er the human mass. There were of course no arrangements for sleeping. We had to sleep on the floor m on trunks and suitcases% on luggage racks% or on other passengers. The ad'enture and romance ha'e gone out of train tra'el% ha'e you got anything to do now e/cept 4ueue like sheep before a window% pay out your money and get a ticket? 7our place is reser'ed% there is a conductor who has to see that e'eryone of us is in his seat or stretched out on his berth by ten oHclock. The light ha'e to be switched off at ten and there is no an/iety% no discomfort % no struggle% no fighting% no 4uarrels. The whole thing is as dull as ditchwater. 7et we must tra'el% e'en the more ad'enturous of us and we must resign oursel'es to the loss of all colour and gaiety on the Indian railways.

COMPREHENSION Fuestions% to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written : 1.What did the writer ha'e to do before he made a train -ourney when he was a boy? 6.What was his mother in the habit of saying to him? 8. &ow was the train -ourney of twenty or thirty years ago a thing of ad'enture ?

9. What ha'e we got to do before we go on a long train -ourney nowadays? B. What has the conductor to see to? C. ;an you think of anything else that has lost the attractions which it had when you were young?

COMPOSITION 1.Write a parallel passage% using the clues below: we were< train<great J early in the morning <allow me to J reach<half past si/ <half Jpast se'en Jforce <less than three minutesIduring the day<0angalore one thing in my fa'our < and could climb<slide pro'ision. stretching oursel'es out snatch what little sleep we could -ourneys made by train we ha'e nothing <stand in a 4ueueIberth <e'ery passenger < half Jpast ten J nowadays a train -ourney make -ourneys by train < ha'e to accept<ad'enture <colour 6. Imagine that in a few weeks you are to lea'e for ,urope on a holiday. 7ou are going to stay with friends or relati'es in France% west +ermany% Italy and *pain. Write about the preparations you will make for the -ourney. There are certain things which you will ha'e to do because of rules and regulations. there are certain other things which you would like to do because you want to make the most of your opportunities. Write about

2o r para"raphs abo t both ,in!s o2 preparations8

The Present Perfect and Present Perfect continuous Tenses

DIALOUGE A Happ& Ending &emant : &a'e you heard of 0indu's engagement to "adodi?

Dhuswant: 7es% I ha'e . I must say IHm not surprised. theyH'e been going out together lately%ha'en't they? &emant : 7es %they ha'e. !re you pleased about it?

Dhuswant: 7es and no. *he's been looking for a rich man all her life. "adodi is nearly bald but he has a car%and about a hundred workers in his printing works. &emant : *he isn't a bad looking girl at all.

Dhuswanth: "o% it'll take more than good looks to mo'e an old mister like "adodi. &eHs been looking for an efficient *ecretary %and now that he's found one he's going to marry her. &e won't ha'e to pay her a salary# &emant : *o %she's got what she has been wanting for all her life %and he's got what he has been looking for all these years ?Fuite a happy ending% isn't it?

USAGE *ome people make a distinction between the present perfect and the present perfect continuous tenses. They would say that while the present perfect tense is used for an action beginning in the past and still continuing% the present perfect continuous is used when the action appears as one unbroken% continuous action:

2adha has made si/ pillow cases since se'en o'clock this morning.>in between making them% she could ha'e done other things? 2adha has been making pillow cases all morning.>she hasn't been doing anything else.? I &a'e spoken to him on the sub-ect many times. I &a'e speaking to him for ten minutes.

"ill, "ould; Shall, Should

DIALOGUE atching *ub inspector a criminal : +ood morning %sir.

*uperintendent : +ood morning %inspector. I'm sorry to spoil your *unday %but some thing urgent has turned up. *ub inspector : It's all right % sir.

*uperintendent : we''e -ust had some information about 2akhas singh. &e is in the house of his uncle in !dampur at once. *ub inspector : 3ery good %sir. Would like me to take a constable with me? *uperintendent: 7es% the man is dangerous .when you catch him% bring him here in a ta/i. I don't want you to wait for the train . *ub inspector : "o% sir %I will take a ta/i.

*uperintendent : That's some tea before you go?

all %inspector . Will you ha'e

*ub inspector : "o% thank you %sir. 5y train lea'es in 6B minutes and i must go to the police lines for 0ansi lal. *uperintendent *ub inspector : Fine% he is a good man. : *ir shall I hand cuff the prisoner?

*uperintendent : yes% you should .I wouldn't like you to rela/ before he is safely behind bars.

USAGE A Will you can e/press an in'itation or a re4uest: Will you come with me to the beach?>in'itation? Will you return this book to the library for me?>re4uest? would you can also e/press her re4uest .It is less author itati'e then will you. Would you tell me the way to :odi park?

Will in the affirmati'e can e/press a formal command: you will work in the library till 5r.+anapathi % the librarian% returns from lea'e. In this use% will is stronger than must. ! mistake often made is not to use the in'erted 4uestion form when using will% would in re4uest Win'itations. O g O g O g you will ha'e dinner with me tomorrow? Will you ha'e dinner with me tomorrow? you will add up this figures for me will you add up this figures for me ? ?

you would find out when the train lea'es? would you find out when the train lea'es?

8.)*, WI:: W("'T !"$ W():$ !PP2(P2I!T,:7 !* P(**I0:, I" T&, 0:!"D* : a. 5r. 0ose :....you gi'e my coffee now? I'll be late to the office. b. Dumar >their son ?:..... slice of toast% mother? you will gi'e me another

c. 5rs. 0ose: &ere's your coffee. you wait for your toast% Dumar %I''e only two hands %you know .....u ha'e some more porridge? d. Dumar : "o% thanks. Father%....... you get me a bo/ of crayons on your way back home ?Teacher said yesterday% hyou must bring a bo/ of crayons with you to the ne/t drawing period. (r I ..... let you stay in the class. e. 5r. 0ose : !ll right now I must run. .......you get my -acket? f. Dumar :7ou fetch me my tie mother ?

g. 5rs. 0ose : I'm a sla'e %that's what I am a sla'e .... you two like to put chains round my legs as well? 6.2,!$: a. b. I I hope you will help me this weekend 2obert . hope that after lunch on *aturday you will weed

the garden and prune the roses. c. !fter break fast on *unday %I hope you will make a doll's house for little !nne. d. I hope you won't ha'e your usual nap on *unday afternoon but help me make a cake. e. In the e'ening I hope you will dri'e !nne and me to the beach. 2ewrite these sentences using will and would to change them into the form of 4uestions e/pressing re4uests. USAGE #

would like is a more polite form than want . For the first person would like is inter changeable with should like : I should<would like to go cricket match. my wife would like to go to a film. *hall I<we or should I<we should can be used for asking an ad'ice: *hall I wear my blue sari *hould we go there by ta/i? When asking for orders% how e'er% only shall I<we can be used: shall I put up a draft on the sub-ect? *hould can be used to e/press obligation or duty% and also to gi'e ad'ice: you should you should write home regularly . see an oculist. your eyes look worse today. to the party?

8. Fill in the blanks with the 'erbs wait% ha'e% think% like% wish or gone. some of them may occur twice. a. b. patient : I would............ to see $r.killar. nurse : I'm afraid he's ........... out. : Is he e/pected back soon ? *hall I.......?

c. patient

d. nurse : I don't............ he will be back in less than hour . he is out on a case. Would u........ see killar's assistant ? e. patient : "o% don't............ to see him .

f. g. h.

nurse:

......... you any pain?

patient: yes% I........... a bad pain in the stomach. nurse: Then you should.......... and see $r. killar.

9. *tudy the use of will >won't?% would % should in the following sentences: a. The twins would like long playing records for their birthday. they don't want a pen and a pencil set . b. They are always listening to the music. they should work harder for their e/aminations. c. I d. should speak to them about it %if i were u. When shall I speak to them about it?

e. Tomorrow . They won't told. f.

like it% but they ha'e to be

!ll right. I will be firm with them. is in'ol'ed.

2e write the sentences as if only one child

B.;omplete the following sentences %adding sensible if clauses at the begging . ;onsult the dictionary. ,/ample: Fuestion:..............%should you go to the doctor's or the dentist's? !nswer: To the dentist's completed Fuestion: If you ha'e toothache% should you go to the doctor's or the dentist? a. F............%should the oculist's? you go the optician's first or

!ns. you should go to the oculist's b. F........%should one see a surgeon or a chiropodist? !ns. one should see a chiropodist. c. F......... bland food? !ns. yes. should one a'oid eating spicy food or

d. F.........% pediatrician? !ns. e. F.......

should

you see a dermatologist or a

you should see a dermatologist. should one see a doctor or a wig maker?

!ns. one should see a wig maker# $octor's can't cure baldness.

SPEECH

PRACTICE

Practice the diphthong <ii<in the words here% near.Then read sentences in the dialogue in which these words occur. Finally read the whole dialogue aloud concentrating on the words with diphthongs in them: <ou< go only hotel don't post <ii< spoil <ei< information take dangerous wait train way safely <au< about house <ai< like lines I'll fine behind twenty fi'e

READING

PASSAGE

An intervie" "ith 'rs( )inkar 5rs. $inkar would like her daughter to go through college before she marries .*he thinks she is modern mother and would like to lea'e the choice of the man largely to her daughter .0ut she does not want her to marry outside her religion or e'en outside their caste. *he thinks young people should not do such things because it upsets relati'es and friends .If their daughter marries out side the caste will she disown her? "o but she hopes that her daughter will not do any thing that is not sensible .&as spoken to her daughter on the sub-ect? "o% she would not like to. she is lea'ing it to her husband.

COMPREHENSION= Fuestions% to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written : 1. $o u 6. agree that 5rs. $inkar is a modern mother?

What would she like her daughter to do?

8. What does she hope her daughter will not do? 9. Why does she think she should not marry outside her community? B. Why %in your opinion %would 5rs. $inkar not like to talk to her daughter on the sub-ect? COMPOSITION 1.Write a parallel passage % using the clues below: 5r. &arinath<finish her course at theuni'ersityIfather <gi'e<bridegroom would not like her< someone not belonging to their region or caste belie'es<make such mistakes <offends a man not belonging to their caste< nothing more to do with firmly belie'es<stupid said anything<this care to<wife 6.2e write the dialogue at the head of the chapter in the form of a written order form the superintendent to the sub inspector% incorporating the sub inspectors suggestions in the dialogue in the same order and lea'ing out no

!etail8

Must ,Mustn#t ;$eed ,$eedn#t

DIALOGUE A 5other 3idya old oming *n

:3idya %you must ha'e a bath. :"o %I don't need one %mother. I'm not dirty.

5other :7es %you are .:ook at your arms and legs . They are filthy# 3idya :I ought not to ha'e a bath% mother .I ha'e a bad cold.>sniffling? 5other :7ou ha'en't .$on't try to play tricks on me . +o on% ha'e a bath .The water's hot .!nd wash all your dirty handkerchiefs. 3idya :If you gi'e them to the dhobi %I needn't

wash them . $id you ha'e to wash your handkerchiefs when you were a girl% mother? 5other :I had to wash all my clothes. We were poor.

3idya :!ll right% mother I'll wash them .0ut I must I go to school today? I can really feel a cold coming on.>sneeAes? 5other :7ou needn't stay at school the whole day. ;ome home at lunch time.

USAGE needn't W mustn't should not be confused. 5ustn't shows a prohibition or strong ad'ice:needn't indicates an absence of obligation. 7ou mustn't dri'e fast.>It is dangerous to do so Wit is prohibited? 7ou needn't dri'e fast.>there is no hurry .we ha'e a plenty of time? *tudy the difference in the meaning between the sentences paired below. 7ou mustn't gi'e him a lift .he isn't coming to our play. 7ou needn't gi'e him a lift .he isn't coming to our play. *ubash mustn't gi'e him another -ob to do. heHs already o'erworked. *ubash needn't gi'e him a -ob to do . he has already got one. 2obert mustn't send any money to his sister .she is a nun. Kohn needn't send any money to his sister .her husband is a rich man. "eedn't Wdon't ha'e to be distinguished .don't ha'e to is used when a habitual action is referred to W e/ternal authority is in'ol'ed. needn't can be in e'ery other case. 7ou needn't water the roses. it rained last night.

$on't you ha'e to go to the office at nine e'ery day? 1. Fill the blanks with must %need %needn't: a? 7ou ........... goW see your sister today.

b? .............I? *he li'es at the other end of town. c?I'm going to see her tomorrow . so you ....... stay for more than ten minutes. d?I'm glad I....... e?We ha'en't 'isited her for o'er two weeks .I think you .... take her some sweets . f?"o %I .... *he'll only get fatter# 6.Fill in the blanks with an appropriate form of must% ha'e to or need .!dd pronouns where necessary: a?What is your new -ob like ? .... +o 'ery early ? b?"o% I.......I....... be there at half past nine. c?.... work 'ery hard ? d?"o% not 'ery .In fact% after 8 E'clockI ......do any work at all till closing time. e?7ou ... lea'e the office before C p . m %I suppose.

f?"o %I .... stay till si/ .I can come out half past fi'e. Well %I ... go now. g?...... you? ;an't you ha'e a cup of coffee with me? h?"o %I ... go early e'ery day but today I .... There is some urgent work to be done. i?In that case %I .... keep %you .+ood bye #

8.;hose between mustn't% needn't %Wdon't ha'e to in the following sentences: a?We mustn't<needn't get up early tomorrow. it's *unday. b?7ou needn't <don't ha'e to gulp down your breakfasts you usually do. c? 7ou needn't <don't ha'e to run to the bus make sure that you can catch the N.1E bus . stop to

d?7ou mustn't<needn't stomp about the house shouting % 'Where's my tie ? $id you find my wallet anywhere ? I can't find my 'itamins pills#' e?(n *undays %I needn't <don't ha'e to rush about cooking breakfast Wpacking the children's lunches Wshouting at the ser'ant how I lo'e *undays#

SPEECH PRACTICE The sounds <E< and <j< can be made by touching the upper teeth to the 'ery tip of the tongue and forcing the breath between the teeth and the tongue.Practice these two sounds in isolation first% then in the words below.<E< is un'oiced while <<j< is 'oiced. <E< bath <ba:E< <j< mother <#mk<j<i clothes<klou<j<A< them <<j<im<

cloth <DlkE< thin <Ein<

2ead the dialogue again% paying special attention to the words with these words in them.

READING PASSAGE Food +Sickness It is curious how certain diseases compel men to change their habits .(ne can n't fight cancer by changing food habits %for e/ample. (n the other hand% diabetes W blood pressure ha'e to be controlled by discontinuing certain habits Wculti'ating certain others . The diabetic must a'oid sugar Wthe patient with hypertension must a'oid salt .The diabetic needn't stop drinking coffee or tea but he mustn't ha'e sugar in either .The man with hypertension needn't stop eating meat %fish or chicken %but there mustn't be salt in any of them # I knew a man of C8 who %after a year of salt free diet said %hI am fed up .The stuff I ha'e to eat is not food at all . What's the use of li'ing if you can't en-oy your food ?l &e told his wife that she needn't cook for him separately .In ten days he had to be admitted in hospital . he had fainted on the road when he was taking an e'ening walk.

COMPREHENSION Fuestions%to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written 1. What must a diabetic a'oid ?

6.What is dangerous to a man suffering from high blood pressure ? 8. 5ust a diabetic stop drinking coffee ? 9. Why did the old man say that a salt free diet was not food at all ? B.Why did he ha'e to go to hospital ?

COMPOSITION 1.Write a parallel passage using the clues below : well known that <their 'ictims cure<altering tuberculosis or stomach ulcers<countered partly<gi'ing up <ac4uiring tubercular patient <smoking W strenuous acti'ity< ulcers<hot %spicy Wrich food tubercular patient <working altogether <do physically e/acting work ulcers <gi'e up all solid food <chilies %spices %'inegar or tamarind young<6N<a mild < disgusted swallow < hardly food e/isting<I mother<his food differently from hers three weeks `sent to < his ulcer hemorrhaged < watching a crickets match 6.Write describing what you ha'ing to do on the days your college is open . Write another twenty sentences

!escribin" 'hat yo haven't "ot to !o on holi!ays

should ,ought To, %sed to

DIALOGUE To Smoke or Not to Smoke 5r. *ethma : Would you like a cigarette? 5r. +hosh : 7es% please.

5rs.+hosh : The doctor said you shouldnHt smoke so much% !nil. 5r. *ethma : 5r. +hosh &ow many packets do you smoke a day%5r.+hosh? : Well % two or three% I think.

5rs. +hosh : Two or three? &e smokes fi'e or si/ packets a day% 5r. *ethma% and he really ought not to.

5r. *ethma day% itHs

: Well% if one is used to fifty cigarettes a 'ery difficult to stop suddenly.

5rs. +hosh : &is 'oice get 'ery hoarse and then he has to take throat loAenges. 5r. +hosh ::ecturing three or four hours a day to large classes doesnHt help % either. 5r.*ethma :If you ha'e to lecture so much% you ought to ha'e cut down your smoking long ago% to a packet a day. 5rs. +hosh % I promise you I wonHt offer your husband cigarettes again. USAGE A

*ome authorities distinguish between ought to% %must and ha'e to. They say that the use of must indicates the speakerHs authority of inward compulsion.I must do better ne/t time.+o'ind% you must go to the bank at once >The speaker insists that he starts? &a'e to indicates outside authority or compulsion. +o'ind% you ha'e to go to the bank at once >5r.+o'indHs boss has said so? They ha'e to pay the fine before 9p.m. tomorrow.(ught to is used when we wish to refer to the sub-ectHs duty. the speaker is only reminding him of his duty% or gi'ing him ad'ice. *hould can be used in e/actly the same way as ought to. 7ou ought to send more money to your mother. ;hildren should be seen and not heard# 1. *tudy the use of &a'e to % must following sentences : and should in the

a. ;handar has to get to the office in time. on the last day of the year his boss had warned him about coming late. b.&e said to himself X I must get up an hour earlier.H c.XI mustnHt read the newspaper for more than ten minutes.H d.XI must ha'e a 4uick bath as soon as I get up.H e.XI must not listen to the radio in the morning.H f.&is wife said %H I think you shouldnHt read the paper at all till you come back in the e'ening.H g.*he added %H 0ut you made all those resolutions in Kanuary last year% didnHt you?H 2ewrite these sentence as they would apply to "eelam % a married woman who works as a secretary in a firm. Instead of should% use ought .

6.;hoose between must % should % shall and ha'e to to fill the blanks. a.5rs. "arain: 3inod% wec 'isit *ushma as soon as we can. b.5r. 3inod "arain: 7es% we c we go to the hospital this e'ening? c.5rs. "arain: we c.Hphone the hospital before we go% because we .. .. know the 'isiting hours. d.5r. "arain : Wec.. take her some flowers to cheer her up. e.5rs. "arain : ThatHs a good ideac. We take her anything else? f.5r. "arain : c. We take her some magaAines to read? USAGE #

(ught with the perfect infiniti'e is used to e/press a duty or a sensible action that was neglected:5alini ought to ha'e started at once. I ad'ice her to. >0ut she didnHt and she has got there too late.? 8.5atch the parts in columns ! and 0 and write out a sensible paragraph : ! I ought to ha'e gone &e died this morning I must go &is three sons ought to be They ha'e to come by plane &is wife ought not to stay 0 in the house all by herself. in hospital. they ha'e to bring the body home to see 5r. $e'ara- last week. to the funeral. that will be making some amends present before they can remo'e the body to the cremation ground. to be here in time.

9. 2ead these sentence about ;hristopher% who is a young% enthusiastic but foolish angler. a.Why didnHt ;hristopher a'oid going to the much fre4uented lake -ust outside the town for his *unday fishing? b.Why didnHt he take the trouble of e/ploring the country side for a lake or stream that was not 'isited by other anglers.

c.Why didnHt he take his umbrella with him when e'eryone could see that the sky was o'ercast? d.Why didnHt he take shelter under the large mango tree near the lake when% -ust as he cast his line% there was a hea'y down pour? e.Why didnHt he go home when he got drenched to the skin?

f.When he finally got home% why didnHt he dry himself% ha'e a hot drink and go to bed? 2ewrite these sentences in the affirmati'e form% first using ought to and then should. USAGE C )sed as an au/iliary 'erb in the past tense and used to as an ad-ecti'e must be distinguished . The former is always followed by to and an infiniti'e. It e/presses a discontinued habit. ! common mistake is to use the past tense after to: O I used to li'ed in 0ombay. g I used to li'e in 0ombay. >but I do not li'e there now? O 0efore his marriage% 5eeran used to spent a lot of his time in the club. g 0efore his marriage % 5eeran used to spend a lot of his time in the club. The ad-ecti'e used is followed by to and a noun% pronouns and gerund. it means XaccustomedH. ! common error is to use for instead of to: O 5y wife is used for getting up early. g 5y wife is used to getting up early. O We are used for the noise our neighborHs make% though we donHt like it. g We are used to the noise our neighborHs make% thought we donHt like it. B.*tudy the use of must % used to and ha'e to following sentences: in the

a.I ha'e lost a lot of money recently% so we must spend much less than before. b.5y wife has been used to lu/ury and a half a doAen ser'ants but now we ha'e to li'e in a *partan fashion.

c.We must send away all our ser'ants e/cept one. d.We are used to dri'ing out fifty or si/ty miles into the country e'ery week end. This has to stop. e.!bo'e all % we ha'e to cut down on hospitality. f.This will be the most difficult of the ad-ustments we ha'e to make% because we ha'e been used to spending a lot on guests. 2ewrite the following sentences as they would apply to the speakerHs neighbor and his wife. C.!n officer in the ;entral *ecretariat at $elhi retired last year and settled down in this home town. &is two children were o'erheard making the following remarks at a birthday party they went to recently. a.We donHt li'e in one of the largest cities of the world any more. b.We donHt go to one of the best schools in the country. c.We donHt walk any longer through the beautiful :odi +ardens to get to school. d.We donHt spend our holidays in Dashmir% $ar-eeling or *imla. e.We canHt use the e/cellent childrenHs library any more which was -ust two kilometers from our flat. 2ewrite these sentences in the affirmati'e form% using used to.

SPEECH PRACTICE ;are must be taken to distinguish between the <w< and <'< sounds. :ips must be rounded and pushed forward >as for whistling? for <w<. 7ou ha'e already practiced <'<. "ow you should practice it in the contrast with <w<. Would &a'e Well 3oice WonHt Fi'e (ne 3ery

!fter practicing these words% read the sentences in the dialogue which contain the words. Then go o'er the dialogue again% trying to pronounce these words with special care.

READING PASSAGE $ A $overnment must govern !n enlightened go'ernment ought to pro'ide for the disabled% the sick% the old% the illegitimate children. 0ut howe'er deser'ing they may be% these ought not to ha'e the first claim on a go'ernment. ! go'ernment must pro'ide work for e'ery able bodied citiAen% must pro'ide housing% and must pro'ide food and clothing at reasonable prices. It is only when basic needs are met that menHs thoughts can turn to culture and refinements. ! +o'ernment ought not to produce consumer goods and ser'ices. This is not its function. Its business is to go'ern. It ought only to regulate industry and ser'ices. If the industry is too big for pri'ate enterprise% like the railways% the go'ernment has to step in but e'en then it need not in'ol'e itself in productions. it can ha'e autonomous corporations to do the work instead.

COMPREHENSION Fuestions% to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written: 1.What must an enlightened +o'ernment do first for its citiAens? 6.+i'e some e/amples of the weaker elements in society which the go'ernment must help. 8.!re you in fa'or of the +o'ernment taking o'er industries and manufactures? If you are% gi'e your reasons. 9.When will the go'ernment ha'e to step into the pri'ate sector?

COMPOSITON 1. Write a parallel passage m using the clues gi'en below: ci'iliAed<gi'e help to <handicapped<aged<orphan and widows worthy of attention< be the first charge employment< sub-ect<prices within reach wants < satisfied<the thoughts of men< inward growth ,ngage itself in the production of business function should < the economic acti'ity of the country far too large < postal ser'ices < get in'ol'ed<engage <establish

6. Write two or three paragraphs describing what citiAens should do to reduce their dependence on the machinery of go'ernment in any one field among the following: ,ducation 5edical ;are Transport 2ising Prices

Ho sin"

&e'orted S'eech
DIALOGUE Taking an intervie" Father :What happened? What did they ask you at the inter'iew? *on :(ne of them %a bald man with glasses %asked me where i li'ed. Father : !nd then? *on :(ne of them% asked me %how many kinds of plastics where there. Father : 7ou didn't know %did you? *on :"o% but i said si/ .The only woman on the board asked me %when man first landed on the moon. Father : $id you say man first landed on the moon in 1LG6? *on :7es% father %but they didn't look 'ery pleased. (ne of them asked %lwhat year did !le/ander defeat Porous?l I said that was in 1NB6. Father :*tupid boy #It was in11EE !.$. or was it?

*on :Then one of them asked me if i had e'er scored a century in a cricket match. I said yes .They asked when% and i couldn't remember. Father : 0ut you''e ne'er scored more any match# than si/ runs in

*on :"o% that's why i couldn't remember .The chairmen said that i couldn't be telling the truth% because no one who had scored a century would forget the day he did it.

,SA$E A We ha'e already noticed the mistake with direct 4uestion word 4uestions% e.g.:

O g

Where she is going? Where is she going?

When direct 4uestions are turned into indirect speech% the interrogati'e form changes to the affirmati'e form. ! common mistake is to use the interrogati'e form: O g &e asks where is she going. &e asks where she is going.

O The stranger asked the police man where was the bus station. g The stranger asked the police man where the bus station was. 1.! man% who arrested on suspicion a month after he arri'ed in India %is being interrogated by the ;0I to find out whether he is a tourist or a spy: a. b. c. d. ;0I: What are you doing in 5umbai. 5!": *eeing the sights naturally. ;0I: When did you arri'e the city? 5!": Four weeks ago.

e. ;0I: &a'e you been 'seeing the sights 'four weeks then ? f. 5!": 7es% 0ombay is a huge city and there are plenty to see. g. ;0I :Why ha'e you been 'isiting thee harbor e'ery day for the last 8 weeks. h. 5!" :,r%...er i like watching the hips.

i. ;0I :If you are only interested in ships %why did you take the photographs of the harbor installations? WeH'e been watching you% you know while you were Xwatching the ships.H Write out the 4uestions and answers in reported speech. 6. 0elow is a con'ersation in reported speech between two anglers who are sitting on the bank of a ri'er and hopefully trying to land some fish : a. Prasad asked "irupam whether he had caught anything. b. "irupam said that Prasad should not talk because the noise would frighten the fish.

c. Prasad said that he had not said any thing for half an hour. d. "irupam said that it was a pity he had a long and disturbed record. e. Prasad muttered that what he had wanted top say was that he liked fishing for sharks in the sea but that he didn't say it. f. "irupam asked his friend whether he had e'er fished in the sea and had e'er caught a shark. g. Prasad asked "irupam to be a fish on his line. 4uiet because there was

2ewrite the con'ersation into direct speech.

USAGE

;hanges are necessary when direct commands. The introductory 'erb say etc .% changes to 'erbs like tell% order %ask % command %etc . ! re4uest is introduced by the 'erb ask W a command by the 'erb tell . '*weep the bedroom first %'said Damal to the ser'ant . Damal told the ser'ant to sweep the bedroom first. 'Please open the window %*imi %'said Damal to her daughter. Damal asked her daughter *imi to open the window . 8.;hange the sentences below into indirect speech : a. The doctor asked the man % 'Where is the pain ?' b. Then he said %':ie on your stomach .' c. &e pressed down on the man's left shoulder and said% '$oes it hurt ?' d. The man said %'7es %it does.' e. The doctor said %'7ou ha'e a mild attack of rheumatism. Take an in-ection.' f. 'Wrap yourself up and don't go out in rain %'he added. 9.5rs. 0ose %newly married %has -ust employed 2ani % a young 'illage girl as a ser'ant: a. 2ani : &ow do you make a cup of tea ?

b. 5rs. 0ose : First of all kettle . c. 2ani

put some cold water in the

: Which kettle should I use?

d. 5rs. 0ose : )se the small one on that shelf . e. 2ani : What should I do now?

f. 5rs. 0ose : Put in two spoons of tea . g. 2ani : !nd then?

h. 5rs. 0ose :When the water boils %pour the boiling water into the tea pot. ;hange the sentences abo'e into 2eported speech .

USAGE C say can be immediately followed by that proposition to . or the

tell is ne'er immediately followed by that or the proposition to . O I told him the happy news . g I told him the happy news . O *he told that she wanted a new sari to her husband . g *he told her husband that she wanted a new sari . The milkman said that his cow was sick and could not be milked . When say is followed by to% the ob-ect of the proposition usually consists of a number of words . O The fo/ said to 5r.;row that he sang 'ery sweetly . g The fo/ told 5r.;row that he sang 'ery sweetly . g The fo/ said to the crow in the tree that he sang 'ery sweetly . B. Put into indirect speech: a. The house owner said % 'There are two bedrooms W a 'ery large li'ing room .' b. 5r.Faroo4ui asked%'&a'e the bedroom got bathrooms

attached to them ?' c. '(ne of them has%' said the house owner.'There is a store room % a big kitchen%W a bathroom with a water heater W shower . d. 'That sounds fine %' said 5r.Faroo4ui. 'What rent are you asking for ? e. '*i/ hundred rupees %' said the owner %'and an ad'ance of 2s.6%BEE.' f. 'Will you agree to an ad'ance ' rent ?' asked 5r. Faroo4ui . of two months

g. 'Well % make it three months W flat is yours % ' said the owner. C. Put into indirect speech : a. The dying man said to his sons %'0ring sticks .' b. '0reak the bundle into two .' c. '7ou can do it #' d. ' "ow unite the bundle .' e.' 0reak the sticks one by one .' *P,,;& P2!;TI;, The sounds < m <W <a:< must be distinguished Practice these words singly W in pairs : <m< happen that's landed man <a:< ask glasses plastic father me a bundle of

Practice the sentences from the dialogue where these words occur Wthen read the whole dialogue again .

READING PASSAGE The *ne -legged soldier

!s a boy %I was 'ery fond of the old soldier in our solider in our little town .&e only had one leg% ha'ing lost the other somewhere in !ssam in 1L96 .&e used to sit on the bank of our small ri'er Wtell me about his ad'entures .&e told me that he had run away from home to -oin army when he was eighteen .&e had e/perienced his first battle in the :ibyan desert in the *econd World War .&e used to tell me doAens of war stories %but the one I liked best was the one of his escape form a Kapanese prisoner of war camp in 0urma . &e has told me again W again how he walked two hundred miles in two weeks .(n the way he was bitten on the toe by a poisonous snake and he had to cut off part of the toe in order to sur'i'e .0ut the wound did not heal and by the time he got to an Indian camp it had turned septic and the leg had to be amputated .&e is apparently 4uite contented with his lot .&e says that his pension is enough for his needs .W the fish he catches from the ri'er and sells pro'ide him with the money for his cigarettes . COMPREHENSION Fuestions % to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written : 1.&ad the hero of the story run he was eighteen ? away to the sea when

6.Where did he say his leg was amputated ? 8.Where did the old soldier do his fishing ? 9.Which story did the narrator like best ? B.ow many miles did the soldier say he walked in two weeks ? C.Why is he a contented man ? G.Who is the strangest character in your 'illage or town? COMPOSITION 1.Write a parallel passage % using the clues gi'en below : when I was <used to like listening to arms <an !ssam field hospital would sit <telling <e/periencies left home <had -ust turned J his first battle e/perience <0urmese -ungles stories by the doAen< most<e/citing escape <prison camp narrated to me <66E<li'ing on berries W lea'es clawed <bear <which he managed to kill in-ury <arri'ed at <begun to fester <the arm

satisfied small pension <-ust enough <wants <gi'e < his one 'oice %smoking J 6. Write out the account of the old soldier's ad'entures in the form of dialogue between the boy Whim .7ou will ha'e to imagine the 4uestions % responses W comments of

the boy as the sol!ier is spea,in" 8

The Conditionals

DIALOGUE Speaking #ersuasivel& Tra'el !gent : If we send a telegram to ;alipore today% we'll get a reply in two days. 5r Desha' :Will that guarantee my return berth?

Tra'el !gent : :et me see.7ou want to lea'e ;alipore on the 68rd%si/ days from today.I should think you''e a slight chance. 5r Desha' : I wish I had come to you earlier.

Tra'el !gent : 7es% if you had come earlier % you would ha'e been sure of your berth. 5r Desha' : What shall I do now?

Tra'el !gent : Well % when you get off the train at ;alipore on Friday % got and ask at the 2eser'ation ;ounter. 5r Desha' : !nd if I ha'en't got a reser'ation?

Tra'el !gent : There might be last minute cancellations. If you spoke to them persuasi'ely%perhaps they would gi'e you one. 5r Desha' : What e/actly do you mean by 'speaking persuasi'ely' ? Tra'el !gent : Well you know what I mean% 5r Desha'.

USAGE A

The three kinds of conditional sentences should be distinguished:

1..If we send a telegram today%we shall get a reply in two days. The 'erb in the if clause is in the +eneral Present tense and the 'erb in the main clause is in the Future. This kind of sentences e/presses a condition that is likely to be fulfilled. 6..If he asked me % I should marry him. The 'erb in the if clause is in the *imple Past and the 'erb in the main clause is in the Present ;onditional.This sentence e/presses a condition that is unlikely to be fulfilled. This type can also be used for imaginary suppositions% as in If a bear embraced you%you would be crushed to death. 8..If you had come earlier % you would ha'e been certain of your berth>but you didn't come early and now you are uncertain?. The 'erb in the if clause is in the Past Perfect tense and the 'erb in the main clause is in the Perfect ;onditional . This type of sentence e/presses a condition impossible of fulfilment because the sentences refers to a past e'ent. 1 !dd the phrases put them in a tin % ha'e fried fish% land a fish % and dig in the soil to the sentences below in the space pro'ided so as to make sensible sentences:

a. If you ... near the kitchen % you will find some worms. b. If you find some worms % you will be able to ...

c. If you go fishing today % you will ... a foot long. d. If you land a fish that long % we will .... and fish curry for dinner.

6.2e write the completed sentences in ,/ercise 1%using the third type of conditional clause. 8.5atch the following clauses: a. If you curled up inside a large banana leaf b. If you became a chrysalis. 7ou would burst out of the chrysalis someone would soon shoot you.

c. If you lay dormant enough d. If you turned out to be a butterfly butterfly. e. If you turned out to be a bat or someyhing ugly

someone would catch you and pin you and pin in a book. you would become a chrysalis. you would be dormant for weeks.

SPEECH PRACTICE some students make the mistake of lengthening the short<i<sound. This is wrong. Practise the<i<sound in the following words:

if think reply return

ticket wish gi'e been>weak form?

women 'illage is bridge

The long<i:<sound occurs in the following words in the dialogue: we'll we guarantee see lea'e

Practise these words and then read the dialogue o'er again %playing particular attention to the words in which the <i<and<i:< sounds occur.

READING THE PASSAGE Little accidents of histor&( It is often said that +eneral "ey had obeyed "epolean order at waterloo %the course of ,uropean history would ha'e been different. 0ut "ey failed and "epolean died in e/ile in *t.&elena .If ;leopatra's nose had been a little shorter or a little longer% the 'Triple pillar of the world ' would not ha'e forsaken the empire to die for ;leopatra and *hakes peare would not ha'e written his '!ntony and ;leopatra '. If in some 4uiet moment%we recall some of these fateful minutiae of history% we shall be e/cited and depressed at

the same time .We shall be e/cited if we let our imaginat ion run away with what might ha'e happened . we shall be depressed if we think that so many things that altered history are in themsel'es so insignificant .The great history of the human seems as fortuitous as an accident

COMPREHENSION Fuestions to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written : 1.What would ha'e happened if "epolean had won at Waterloo? 6.Would you be cheerful you thought affected the course of history? 8.Is history always the result how little things ha'e

of little accidents?

9.If ;leopatra nose had been a little longer %what would not ha'e happened? B.;an you think of a tri'al thing which history in a big way? affected Indian

COMPOSITION Write a paragraph similar to the first paragraph in the

passa"e 'ith yo r o'n e9a5ples 2ro5 history8

Gerunds and Infinitives

DIALOGUE hess at Lunchtime Terra : 2adha: &a'en't thet sotpped plyaing yet? "o% not yet.

Terra : *hal I tell them to stop? The lunch is getting cold. 2adha : I don't want to interrupt them. It's no use telling my husband anything in the middle of a game of chess. Terra : "or mine. &e can postpone eating for hours if he has got a chessboard in front of him.

2adha : They donHt mind our perishing of hunger% do they? Terra : "o. The curious thing is that they donHt mind eating cold food after a game of chess% but they resent eating it at all other times. 2adha : !nd how proud they can be of their logical minds# Terra : I hate being kept waiting like this.

2adha : Terra% let's strike a blow for women# :et's ha'e lunch without our husbands#

USAGE A The infiniti'e immediately follows these 'erbs among others: Promise% consent% agree% refuse% manage% fail% hope% prepare% decide * $ont fail coming to the meeting 2$ont fail to come to the meeting * &a'e uou decided marrying him? 2 &a'e you decided to marry him?

The gerund must be used after the following 'erbs among others: stop% finish% resent% pre'ent% a'oid% delay% postpone% en-oy% forgi'e% mind >ob-ect to?% understand *We must a'oid to smoke. 2We must a'oid smoking. *The children en-oyed to go to the Aoo. 2The children en-oyed going to the Aoo.

The following 'erbs among others take an ob-ect before the infiniti'e. Tell% force% in'ite %make %let %permit% encourage% ad'ise% re4uest% order *The burglar forced to open the safe.

2The burglar forced the owner to open the safe. *The captain ordered to attack the fort. 2The captain ordered his men to attack the fort.

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the two gi'en in brackes: a. &ow did you manage ...in good health for L8 years? >to li'e% li'ing? b. 7oung man% ther are three simple rules for good health and a long life. First a'oid ...>to smoke% smoking? c. 2emember... only when you are hungry. *top .. . angry or -ealous. >to eat%eating. to get%getting? d. I understand the first two things you said. 0ut why should we pre'ent oursel'es ... ngry or -ealous? >to get% getting? e. !nger and en'y not merely harm the mind but also encourage the body .. harmful chemicals>to form % form ing ?

5atch these clauses to make a sensible paragraph: a. 5ay we remind youn of the order si/ doAen folding chirs b. We regret to note that after deli'ered two doAen chairs on 69.9.'G8 c. 7ou ha'e delayed e/ecuting our order and propose to hold you accountable for this loss and this has forced us to focused to postpone the opening of our new *how 2oom on 5ount 2oad Which you promised to deli'er before 6E.9.'G6

d. We ha'e suffered a considerable and will not compel us loss because of this postponment take legalaction against you. e. In the meantime% we hope you will finish deli'ering9 doAen chairs in the course of the week. we ha'en't heard from you.

6.)se the infiniti'e or the ferund of the 'erbs gi'en in

brackets to complete the sentences: a. The way some pepole beha'e at concerts pere'ents us from .. the music>en-oy? b. Fuite a few decide ... to their friends throughout the performance about their personal problems. >talk? c. There are those who cannot stop .. whith the musician# Lsing? d. (thers manage.. a commentary on the latest political situation.>gi'e? e. What about the in'eterate readers at our concerts? They ob'ioutly cnanot put off.. the latest detecti'e no'el e'en for a moment.>read? f. *till others cannot stop themsel'es.. in and out of lthe auditorium. they need .. out pan -uice at fre4uentinter'als# >wander.spit?

USAGE # !fter the 'erbs lo'e % like% hate% remember% regret% and prefer% the gerund is used for habits and past actions. the infiniti'e for future and conditional actions. I like seeing plays. >habit? I shoule like to see the Ibsen play tonight . will you take me?

9 Fill the blanks with the infiniti'e or the gerund of the 'erb in brackets: a.The lecturers like... their lessons in the morning session% because students are more alert then than in the afternoon.>gi'e? b.In the afternoon% they prefer... a book of ... a corner of the *taff room. >read. snooAe? in

c.This morning % howe'er% they would like ... their lectures in the afternoon.>gi'e? d.Their reason is a simple % through not an academic one. there is a boat race on at ten o'clock which they would like...>see? e.The Principal hates...the timetable% but he wouldn't like... the ma-ority of his colleagues. >change% displease?

B ;hoose between the infinit'e and the gerund of the 'erb in brackets: a. 5r *inha was a bachelor till his 98rd year and liked... alone.>li'e? b. Then his family forced him%... a girl who was half his age.>marry? c. &e woule ha'e liked... in single blessedness>continue?

d. The girl turned out to be flightly and liked... money >spend? e. For a long time now 5r *inha has deeply regretted .. >marry?

C ;hoose between the gerund and the infiniti'e where indi cated in the following sentences: a. *hobha: to night? Would you like to see<seeing the $racula film

b. "abeesu: "o% thank you. Idislike to see<seeing horror films. They gi'e me bad dreams. c. *hobha: It's a good film% you'll be sorry not to see <not seeing it# d. "abeesu: I refuse to see<seeing it. If I see it% $racula will come arter go to see<seeing such films? e. *hobha : I don't miss a single one% I -ust lo'e to see <seeing them#

*P,,;& P2!;TI;, Practise saying the <t<and<*<sounds% oe immediately ater the other% and proceed to produce them almost simultaneously. This will result in a correct<t*<sound. Follow the same pro sedure with the <d<and<8<sound<d8<. !fter making the two sounds in isolation% practise them in the following words:

<t*<

<d8<

chess lunch chessboard match bachelor chairs

-ealous en-oy -udge manage encourage -ump

2ead the dialogue and the completed e/ercises o'er again% taking particulat care to say these words correctly.

READING PASSAGE Nehru "ehru's was a many sided personality. &e en-oyed reading and writing books as much as he en-oyed fighting political and social e'ils of resisting tyranny. In him the scientist and the humanist were held in perfect balacnce. While he kept looking at social problems from a scientific standpoint% he ne'er forgot that we should nourish the total man. !s a scientist% he refused to belie'e in a bene'olent power inter ested in men's affairs. but% as a self proclained pagan% he lo'ed affirming his faith in life and the beauty of nature. ;hildren he adored. )nlike Wordsworth he did not see them as blossoms of promise and renewal% the only hope for mankind.

COMPREHENSION$

Fuestions% to be answered orally in complete sentences and then written: 1. What did "ehru en-oy doing most>a? according to this paragraph and >b? according to you? 6. ;an you gi'e one e/ample each of>a? "ehru's scientific temper and>b? his essential humanity? 8. $o you think "ehru was a balanced person?

9. ;an you e/plain why "ehru showed so much interest in children?

COMPOSITION 1 Write a parallel passage% using the clues gi'en below:

"ehru<man of many interests was a scholar who<being a champion of the underdog met<understanding point of 'iew<was con'inced<human being did not <supreme managing< self confessed<his words and actions proclaimed<in "ature lo'ed the poet Wordsworth<stay aspromises of renewal

6 Write a paragraph on ,/stein similar to the 2eading Passage abo'e. :ook up an enclypaedia for information about

hi58

&elative Pronoun

DIOLOGUE Tracking a #atient

"urse

: ;an I help you?

3isitor: 7es. The man who li'es in the house opposite mine was admitted here this morning. "urse : What's his name?

3isitor: I'm afraid I don't know. 0ut I'll recogniAe him at once if I see him. "urse : That may be true. 0ut I'll recogniAe him at once if I see him. 3isitor: Well the accident happened this morning. "urse : If he's an accident case% he'll be in one of the surgical wards. We''e got four of them. 3isitor: (h%his wife ga'e me the name of the ward that he is in. "urse : Why didn't you say so earlier?

3isitor: 7ou didn't gi'e me a chance. The name which the poor man's wife wrote down is Porcupine Ward. ! funny name% isn't it? "urse :Well% it's named after a 0ritish +o'erner who was called :ord Porcupine. +o right through the first two

wards on your right% then turn left. That'll be the ward you want.

USAGE A

For persons% who or that can be used in relati'e clauses% though who is normal.The policeman who caught the thief is a new entrant.In relati'e clauses% that is usually preffered to who% whom or which after 1. superlati'es

6.all% e'erything% e'eryone 8. not any% none% no% and compounds of no >e.g.nothing% nobody? 9.much% little

The largest fish that I e'er caught was four feet long. I know nobody that can tell lies as con'incingly as he can. There is much that can be said on both sides.

In the accusati'e% whom is going out of use% e/pect in 'ery formal ,nglish. The tendency is to use who or that or e'en drop the relati'e pronoun altogether:

The women who he praised thought highly of him. The women that he praised thought highly of him. The women he praised thought highly of him.

1 Fill in the blanks% using who or that. )se who where e'er that is not the only possible relati'e pronoun: a. ;hurchill was one of the greatest war leaders...e'er li'ed. b. The books...he wrote about the times he li'ed in ha'e sold all o'er the world.

c. The man...sa'ed ,ngland from the "aAi onslought was also one of the great ,nglish orators. d. &e touched nothing...he did not adorn politics%writing% speaking%painting and of course%fighting.

6 Fill in the blanks with who%which or that. )se that only when no alternati'e is possible: a. The snakes...are found in India are aome of the best known ones in the world. b. The snake...is the most poisonous among them is also the most difficult to catch: the Ding ;obra. c.! man...can catch one is certain to get a lot of money from the Aoo...he sells it to. d. $id you know that the Ding ;obra is a snake...li'es on other snakes? e. "obody...has been bitten by it has li'ed to tell the story.

USAGE #

! relati'e clause can sometimes be replaced by an infiniti'e: &ere is a pool which we can swim in# &ere is a pool to swim in# &a'e you got anything which we can drink? &a'e you got anything to drink?

8 2ead these sentences first without the relati'e pronoun where possible. Then read and write them replacing the relati'e clause by an infiniti'e where possible: a. &a'e you got a new sari that you can wear to the party on *aturday? b. 7es%I ha'e. The tomato red one which my husband bought me last week will do nicely. c.&a'e you got a blouse that you can match it with?

d. "o%I ha'en't. 0ut by Friday I can get one made that will go with it. e. &as your husband got a car in which he can take you to the party?

SPEECH PRACTICE

It is necessary to pay attention to sense groups in sentences. ! sense group of words which makes some sense% e.g. the name of the wards the number of his bed who li'es in the house opposite mine

li'es in the or number of his are not sense groups.In the sentence the sense groups are: The man<who li'es in the house opposite<was admitted here this morning. The sign < marks the places where a slight pause in speaking or reading can be made. The wrong way to read the sentense would be to pause as shown below% for e/ample: Z The man who<li'es in the<house opposite was<admitted here this<morning. 2ead the dialogue again% paying attention to sense groups.

READING PASSAGE Social #ests What do you think of the man who eats a banana in front of a shop and gaily throws the skin on the road? &e is a pest indeed but perhaps not 4uite a match for the man >or woman? who slips into your garden 'ery early in the morning before you are awake. !ll the roses that you ha'e tried so hard to produce are picked and away in a basket in a trice. When you step into the garden to feast your eyes on your roses% they are -ust not there# The worst pest% howe'er% is the man who li'es ne/t door and

celebrates the marriage of his daughters once e'ery two months till all the si/ girls are married off.This monster hires loudspeakers which shriek away from 'ery early in the morning till late at night.!t that 'olume music simply ceases to be music and becomes a shrill stream of noise that shatters your ear drums and tears your ner'es apart. "obody that has been forced to endure this for a day will e'er want another wedding to take place in the locality again.

COMPREHENSION

Fuestions% to be answered orally in complete sentences before the answers are written: 1.Who are the men that ha'e been mentioned as social pests? 6.What does the man who has a number of daughters do? 8.What happens to all the roses that you ha'e worked so hard to grow? 9.What does the man who slips into your garden want the flowers for? B.Is there nothing that one can do to check these social pests?

COMPOSITION

Write a parallel passage% using the clues below: The woman ne/t door<throws rubbish into the street e'ery morning nuisance<certainly<not a match<the woman<steals from<kitchen garden<when you are still in dreamland 'egetables < laboured < in two or three minutes go<en-oy the sight woman<in your street<performs<her sons<three< se'en pest<the early hours of the orning stops<pierces

:shatters3co5pelle!:bear:to be celebrate!333