RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Basic Biology Experiment Title Anatomy of Vertebrata Animals arranged by: Name Reg. Number Class Group : : : ICP B : VI (Six)

This report is accepted after being checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator. , 9th December 2013 Assistant Coordinator Assistant

ID: 1114040003 Acknowledged by Lecturer of Laboratory

ID: 1114040178

ID. 19640307 198903 2 001

CONTENTS

Ratification page ................................................................................................................................. i Contents .............................................................................................................................................. ii Chapter I ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter II ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter III .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter IV .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter V.......................................................................................................................................... 10 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................... 11

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A.

Background The existence of the classification of living things makes it easier for human to learn and to know the complexity of their body ranging from animals, plants and humans itself. Human beings and animals are grouped in same classification that separate from plants. In grouping, animals were divided into animal invertebrates (invertebrate) and vertebrate animals (vertebrates). The invertebrates are the most abundant animals on earth, nearly 2 million species that have been identified at this time. Invertebrates are grouped into a single-celled animals, animal porous, hollow animals, worms, soft animals, animal spines skinned, and jointed-legged animals. Vertebrates are animals that have a spinal bone. Spinal bone is a bone which is jointed and lined up along the back of the neck to the tail. Spinal cord contained in the sections of the spine and the brain is the central nervous system. Based on the covered body, loco motor and the way of multiplication, vertebrates are divided into five groups, namely fish (Pisces), frog (amphibian), reptiles (reptiles), birds (Aves) and mammals (mammal). The amphibians name is derived from the Greek word, Amphi is double and bios is life. Most creatures in this class have demonstrated phase of life in water and the phase of life on land. In the latter phase shows the difference nature of the fish and reptile and show that amphibian is a group of chordates which outward from water for the first time ever. One example of the most representative amphibious animals is frogs and toads. One would confuse how to differ frogs from toads. Both kinds of this animal looks like. The difference between both: frog is short, stocky or thin, slightly stooped-backed, four-legged and no tail (Anura: a means no, ura means tail). Toads generally have smooth-skinned, moist, with long hind legs. Instead, frog or bangkong have rough-skinned, often dry and short hind legs alone, so that many of them less intelligent to jump long enough. However, these two terms are often used interchangeably. Frogs and toads generally have organs that are very specific to support life. Among them are the presence of pulmonary to support life on land, slimy skin and webbed feet for easy swimming in the water, two nostrils are directly related to the cavum oris used for breathing when frogs and toads is in the water. Due to above reasons, in this lab we use frogs as lab materials so that we can know the other differences between the amphibious animals, especially frogs and other living things.

B.

Purpose This lab activity is done so that students can recognize the shape, color and location of the organ and its relation to other organs in the organ system.

C.

Benefits After doing this lab activity, students should able to recognize shapes, colors and location of the organ and its relation to other organs in an organ system so that students have experience in conducting empirical observations directly related to the internal organs in living things.

CHAPTER II PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Amphibious means "two lives", which refers to metamorphosis of many types of frogs. Tadpole, which is the larval stage of the frog, generally is aquatic herbivore with gills, lateral line system similar to fish, and long-finned tail. Tadpoles do not have feet and swim by means of wriggling as a fish-like ancestor. During metamorphosis ended with a "second life", grown legs, gills and a lateral line system disappeared. Young tetrapods breathe with lungs, a pair of external eardrums and digestive system adapted to consume food as carnivores, crawled to the edge and through life on land (Suntoro, 1994). Animal body is composed of a variety of different organs of the body. The organs that work together in a higher indent function called an organ system. It will be observed anatomical arrangement of paddy frog or Rana cancarivora in this lab. The anatomy of a frog could provide a general overview of the main organs in vertebrate animals (Tim Penyusun, 2013). Observation of the animal anatomy is needed to ease observing the shape, position and relation to other organs. What we observe in this lab is the digestive system, circulatory, respiratory, excretory and reproductive (Tim Pengajar, 2013). According to Jasin (1992), the major organs in vertebrate animals are: 1. Digestive system Frog digestive tract consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and cloaca. The food from mouth goes deep into the stomach via esophagus. Elongated hull and turn to the left and muscular. In the stomach, food is digested then goes into intestine. Absorbed in the intestinal, its waste excretes through the cloaca. Amphibians have almost the same digestive system with the fish, including the gastrointestinal tract and digestive glands. One of the amphibians is frog and its food such as small animals (insects). Frog gastrointestinal tract include as follows: a. b. c. Oral cavity: there is a cone-shaped tooth to hold prey and tongue to capture prey, Esophagus: short form of the channel, Ventricle (stomach), forming a pouch when filled food becomes wide. Gastric frogs can be divided into two, namely the inclusion of the esophagus and out the hole into the intestines. d. Intestinal (gut) can be distinguished on the small intestine and thick. Include the small intestine: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, but not clearly demarcated. e. f. Thick intestine ends at the rectum and toward cloaca, and Cloaca an estuary along the digestive tract of food, reproductive tract, and urine.

2.

Circulatory system Frogs breathing apparatus is gills, skin, and lungs. In tadpole, breathing is doing with external gills. Once mature, it uses the lungs as a wall where there are a lot of wall spaces. Lung associated with outdoor air through two bronchi, larynx that contains the strings volea, and pharynx and nasal passageways. Holes from the pharynx to the larynx in a longitudinal slit shaped called glothis. A frog breathes in the thin wet skin to facilitate diffusion of gases.

3.

Circulatory system According Kimbal (1991), the frog circulatory system is a closed-formed circulation and a double-formed circulation. In double circulatory, the blood goes through the heart twice in one circulation. First, the blood goes from the heart and goes through the lungs and back through the heart. Second, the blood from the whole body back to the heart and circulated throughout the body. Frogs heart consists of three chambers which are the left atrium, right, and ventricle. Between the atria and ventricles are valves that prevent blood from flowing back into the atrium ventricle. O2 and CO2 exchange occurs in the lungs. CO2 is released and bound O2. But in the ventricles occurs the combination CO2dan O2 in the blood.

4.

Excretive system According to the Tim Pengajar (2010), the primary means of excretion in the frog kidney is a pair on either side of the spine, brownish which extends to the rear. Excretory system in the frog is called a composite system because each system is still joined to the cloaca as estuaries along both secretion system and the reproductive system. Excretory system as a system of disposal of substances that are not useful are done by the skin, lungs, and released by the liver, in the form of bile (Saktiono, 1989).

5.

Reproductive system Fertilization in frogs is done outside the body. Male frogs will stick in the back of the female and the female armpit hugged from behind. While swimming in the water, the back legs will massage the male frogs and female frogs stomach spending put eggs. At the same time, male frogs will release sperm into the water, so that it can fertilize the eggs released by females.

CHAPTER III EXPERIMENT METHOD

A.

Time and Place Day/date Time Place : Wednesday/December 4th, 2013 : 15.35 17.50 p.m. : Green House of Biology FMIPA UNM

B.

Tools and Materials Tools and materials used in this experiment are: 1. Tools : a. b. c. bottle killer surgical tray surgical instrument: 1) scissors 2) straws drinks 3) tweezers 4) the needle 5) scalpel 6) bottle killer

2.

Materials : a. b. c. paddy frogs cotton Chloroform / ether (tranquilizer)

C.

Work Procedures 1. Outer observation a. Slay the frog Take a cotton wad (approximately as many as fingers), wet with ether / chloroform, and enter into a slayer bottle; enter the frogs into the bottle immediately, tightly close it until the frog dead.

b.

Remove the dead frog and place it on top of the surgical tray. Leave the cotton in the bottle and seal tightly (because fumes is dangerous).

c.

Observe the outside of the frog 1) the eyes, eyelids, and the membrane 2) outside nostrils 3) tympanum (membrane listener) 4) cracks mouth 5) forelimb a) upper arm (branchium) b) forearm (Ante branchium) c) the palm (Manus) d) the number of fingers (digiti) 6) rear limbs: a) Thigh (Femur) b) Calves (Crus) c) The soles are united (Pes) d) The fingers are webbed swimming 7) Cloaca (specify location) 8) Fingering skin surface and observe the color

d.

Draw from the direction of the back and name the parts mentioned above (Look at Tugas Gambar 1)

2.

Surgery a. Frog lies down on his back on a surgical tray. Then nail the four legs with a needle on wax, so it is not easily to shake. b. Pinch the abdomen skin near thigh longitudinally with tweezers, lifting slightly, cut the skin crosswise under tweezers, thus forming a slit in the abdomen skin. c. Through the slit skin, insert the tip of a blunt scissors and cut the skin toward the head until scissor is crushed. Flip to the last gap, cut toward the base of the thighs. d. Cut the leather sideways (left and right), so that the stomach skin can be exposed. Then check the attachment of the skin to the muscle tissue. Make sure the points in the muscles attached to the skin, forming a kind of pouch (saccus). e. Take notice at the center of the abdominal muscles. Look at the white line along the longitudinal abdominal muscles (called the linea alba).

f.

Clamp the tweezers in the abdominal muscles in addition to the linea alba, and cut crosswise, forming a gap. Insert the blunt at the end of the scissors into the slit then start cutting the abdominal muscles toward the head to the bottom jaw. Continue cutting through the groin.

g.

Uncover the abdominal muscle tissue to the left and right side so that the abdominal cavity opens and viscera appear.

3.

Observing Gastrointestinal System a. Open the mouth slit with a scalpel and tweezers, so the mouth is opened. Observe the shape of the teeth, palpate with the fingers and teeth in the upper jaw teeth on vomer ceiling. b. c. Pull its tongue out with tweezers, observe the form and its attachments (note). Continue observing the abdominal cavity containing the viscera. Observe its shape and color: 1) Liver at the right, there are lobes; seek the gallbladder, what the color is. 2) The stomach on the left side of the liver; raise slightly until appear duodenum and pancreas. 3) Going through the small intestine until thick intestine. Notice the intersection. 4) The rectum that turn into the cloaca.

4.

Observing Circulatory System a. b. Toward the head of the liver, the heart appears in the membrane. Puncture the membrane wrapping the heart with a needle or scalpel until broke, observe shapes and sections: 1) Booths (ventricles) 2) Porch (atria) of the right and left 3) The main pulse vessels (trunkus arteriosus) come the ventricle out and then branch into two aorta (left and right) c. Create the image parts of the heart and give name above (tugas gambar 3)

5.

Observing Respiratory System a. Careful attention to the right side and the left side of the stomach, protruding parts of the lungs.

b.

By strewing the lemon whose ends inserted in the hole of the larynx (open mouth), gently blow the base, it will inflate the lungs. Observe the shape and the color of the lungs, blood vessels in the lungs.

c. d.

Remove the heart with scissors, so it looks windpipe (trachea). Create a chart image frog's respiratory system (tugas gambar 4).

6.

Observing System Excretion and Reproduction (Urogenital) a. Remove the digestive organs, from the stomach to the rectum, and mesentery (connective tissue) that hold it. b. A pair of oval kidney appears, attached to the back of the abdominal cavity. Furthermore, observe: 1) kidney with adrenal gland (whitish line) 2) body fat (corpus adiposum) yellowish fraying 3) channel kidneys (ureters) and head kidney to the bladder c. In male frogs, the ureter is also called the ductus urospermaticus. Testes located in the upper kidney, smaller round associated with kidney through vassa efferensia. d. In female frogs, there is a pair of ovaries on the left and right. Lift slightly ovary, oviduct will appear in the form of white meandering channel, the tip leads to the cloaca being a mouthpiece (ostium) is near the heart. e. Create an image of the frog urogenitalia. Giving names of the parts (tugas gambar 5, male or female).

CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. B.

Observation Result

Discussion

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A.

Conclusion

B.

Suggestion 1. For the practitioner, he or she should be careful when conducting surgery activities, because mistakes can cause damage to an organ and observations. 2. For assistant. He or she should provide clear directions and boundaries in order to minimize any mistake during the practicum occur. 3. For laboratory, available tools should be well-prepared, so that the practitioner does not use the tools that are less good.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Jasin, Maskoen. 1992. Zoologi Vertebrata. http://www.anatomihewanvertebrata.com. Accessed at: December 9th. 01.14 a.m

Kimbal, J.W. 1991. Anatomy Animals Vertebrata. http://www.anatomihewanvertebrata.com. Accessed at: December 9th. 01.23 a.m

Suntoro. 1994. Anatomy Animals Vertebrata. http://www.anatomihewanvertebrata.com. Accessed at: December 9th. 12.52 a.m

Tim Penyusun. 2010. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Dasar. Makassar: Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM.

Tim Penyusun. 2013. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Dasar. Makassar: Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM.

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