NEO PI-R Summary

Mike Driscoll, Emad Fahmy, John King, Reg Watson

1. Purpose

The NEO PI-R provides a broad-based assessment of an individuals personality. This includes a thorough understanding of the clients strengths and weaknesses. The NEO PI-R provides information relevant to interpersonal style, character, levels of emotional wellbeing, aspiration levels, and a wide range of other psychologically relevant information (Piedmont, 1998). It is designed to operationalize the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality (Costa, & McCrae, 1995).

2. Recommendations The Revised NEO Personality Inventory, or NEO PI-R, is a for use psychological personality inventory that embodies factor-analytic research with both clinical and normal adult populations (Gregory, 2004). Some of the recommended uses are: o Clinical uses for the NEO PI-R o Understanding the client o Differential diagnosis o Empathy and rapport o Feedback and insight o Anticipating the course of therapy o Matching treatment to clients (Costa & McCrae, 1992) There are multiple versions of the form. Self-report (Form S) and observer rating (Form R) are versions of two short forms of the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEOPI-3). The items and instructions for the test are the same, except that the questions are addressed in either the first person in Form S or the third person in Form R (McRae, Martin & Costa, 2005). The NEO Five-Factor Inventory-3 is a shorter version, 60-item instrument that assesses the five factors (12 items per domain). The NEO PI-3 First Half consists of the first 120 items of the NEOPI-3, selected to optimally assess its 30 facet scales. Internal consistencies were systematically lower for the brief scales than for the parent scales, but both brief instruments replicated the factor structure and showed cross-observer validity (McCrae & Costa, 2007). They appeared to work well in both adolescent and adult samples, and adequately in a middle school-age sample (Costa, McCrae & Martin, 2008). There is also a Form R-Men and a Form R-Women (Anastasi & Urbina, 1997). This instrument has also been studied for use in a computerized adaptive test (CAT) procedures in administering the Revised NEO PI-R (Reise & Henson, 2000).

NEO PI-R Summary 3. Intended population

Mike Driscoll, Emad Fahmy, John King, Reg Watson The test was developed by Paul T. Costa, Jr. and Robert R. McCrae for use with adult (17+) men and women without overt psychopathology. The scales of the NEO PI-R were developed for normal personality traits, the instrument has been used in clinical, research and other applied settings (Anastasi & Urbina, 1997). For example The NEO Personality Inventory was originally designed for use by adults. Recent studies (Costa & McCrae, 1992a) have shown that the Revised NEOPI can be used in samples as young as 10 but that some younger respondents have difficulty understanding certain items (McCrae & Martin, 2005). It has also been used in adolescents and adults ages 14-20-years old (McCrae, Costa & Martin, 2005) and for adults ages 21 to 91-yearsold (McCrae, Martin & Costa, 2005). The NEO PI-3 was successfully used with 12-13 year-old boys and girls (Costa, McCrae & Martin, 2008). They appeared to work well in both adolescent and adult samples, and adequately in a middle school-age sample (McCrae, & Costa, 2007). The NEO PI-R has also been used to identify personality characteristics of high-performing entry-level police officers (Detrick & Chibnall, 2006). The NEO-FFI was used reliably to measure premorbid personality in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (Archer, Brown, Boothby, Foy, Nicholas & Lovestone, 2006). The Revised NEO Personality Inventory was also used in an outpatient drug rehabilitation context (Piedmont & Ciarrocchi, 1999). NEO-PI has also been used to measure the social adjustment of patients with borderline personality disorder (Clarkin, Hull, Cantor and Sanderson, 1993) Furthermore, Hyer, Braswell, Albrecht and Boyd, 1994) evaluated 80 Vietnam veterans with PTSD. They have found that the NEO-PI domains and facets correlated in expected ways with the MCMI-II. Neuroticism (N) and facets of N seemed to represent psychopathology as reflected in the various personality disorders. The NEO PI-R contains 240 items that clients answer on a (1) strongly disagree to (5) strongly agree Likert-type scale and they are balanced to control for the effects of acquiescence. The items are simple sentences describing specific behaviors and attitudes. The NEO PI-R measures five major domains of personality and within each domain there are six facet scales that are designed to assess more specific aspects of each domain (Piedmont, 1998, p. 35).

4. Psychometric principles

NEO PI-R Summary

Mike Driscoll, Emad Fahmy, John King, Reg Watson measure the Five Factor Model (FFM): Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. It also includes three additional items that check validity. The items assess emotional, interpersonal, experiential, attitudinal, and motivational variables. Additionally, the test measures six subordinate dimensions, known as facets or traits of each of the FFM personality factors (Gregory, 2004). TABLE 1: Domain and Facet (Trait) Scales of the NEO PI-R Domains Neuroticism Facet Anxiety Angry Hostility Depression Warmth Gregariousness Assertiveness Fantasy Aesthetics Feelings Trust Straightforwardness Altruism Self-Consciousness Impulsiveness Vulnerability Activity Excitement Seeking Positive Emotions Actions Ideas Values Compliance Modesty Tender-Mindedness Achievement Striving Self-Discipline Deliberation

Extraversion Openness to Experience Agreeableness

Competence Conscientiousness Order Dutifulness

The internal consistency of the scale is .86 to .96 for the domain scales, and .56 to .90 for the facet scales. Stability coefficients range from .51 to .83 in three-to-seven-year longitudinal studies (Gregory, 2004). 5. Norm group The NEO PI-3 has been shown to confirm cross-sectional findings and continues to show how important it is to study the age changes in personality during the twenties (McCrae, Martin, & Costa, 2005). The instrument is an excellent measure of personality. It has superb internal consistency of the scales. Strong test and retest stability among clinical samples. All studies found high retest correlations pre-and post-treatment (Piedmont,

6. Strengths

NEO PI-R Summary

Mike Driscoll, Emad Fahmy, John King, Reg Watson 1998, p. 40). An excellent instrument to help establish therapeutic goals (Piedmont, 1998, p. 62). Rubenzer, Faschingbauer and Ones (2000) used the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R), to assess the personalities of all 41 US presidents to determine "Who has the personality to be president?" (p. 403). The researchers found that the "Big Five personality dimensions and their facets, as measured by the NEO PIR are useful in the prediction of presidential greatness" (p. 417).

7. Weaknesses and considerations

Depressed patients have lowered self-esteem that is manifested in their responses. It appears that the primary effect of this bias is seen on measures related to Neuroticism. Liebowitz, Stallone, Dunner, and Fieve (1979) have reported that Neuroticism scores, but not Extraversion scores, increased as patients entered a depressive phase One should keep in mind that since factor analysis is a technique for narrowing down multiple factors. Therefore, the NEO PI-R is not homogenous test, and we should note the multiple factors of personality when using it in counseling (Anastasi & Urbina, 1997). The instrument's format consists of a five point Likert scale rating: strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree. The scoring is designed to make the NEOPI more useful to clinicians include computer administration, scoring, and interpretation; a mail-in scoring system; separate norms for college students; a short, 60-item version (the NEO Five Factor Inventory, or NEOFFI) that gives scores for the five domains only and may be useful when time for assessment is limited; and a test feedback sheet (Appendix: Your NEO Summary) that can be used to involve the patient therapeutically (Costa & McCrae, 1992b). The NEO PI-R provides a wealth of information about an individual. This information is intended for interpretation by a professional trained in psychological testing. Nevertheless, completed scored, rated and interpreted reports can be made available on a NEO Summary Form, which can be utilized in the clinical setting (Piedmont, 1998, p. 106). Two possible report options result from the NEO PI-R, the NEO professional development report for individual planning and the NEO professional development for management planning. They report on the individual's strength and limitations in four major areas, namely: o Problem-solving skills (organize thought, solve problems, make decisions)

8. Administration and scoring

9. Interpreting scores

NEO PI-R Summary

Mike Driscoll, Emad Fahmy, John King, Reg Watson o Planning, organizing and implementation skills (action oriented, conscientiousness, openness to new ideas, leadership behavior) o Style of relating to others (accommodation, openness, ability to trust), and o Personality style (primary values and approach to life, temperament, degree of emotional self-control) These reports give a summary of the individual's most distinctive characteristics and consequences of the work setting and life in general. See Separate Handout (Sample NEO-PI-R Report.pdf)

10. Cultural relevance

Numerous researchers have shown that the dimensions of the NEO PI-R generalize quite well to a number of different cultures, including European, Italian, German, Finnish and Polish, Spanish, Indian, Asian, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Filipino. The fivefactor model is recoverable in languages that do not share a common derivational or experiential history with English. The domains operation maturationally in similar ways across cultures (Piedmont, 1998, p. 73). The NEO PI-R appears to be relevant to many cultures. It has been replicated in African American older adults living in the United States (Savla, Davey, Costa, & Whitfield, 2007). It was also used across various age, education level and sex of polish adults (Mikoajczyk, Zitek, Samochowiec, & Samochowiec, 2008). In addition, the instrument has been found to be relevent in Argentina, Australia, Chile, China, Croatia, Chech Republic Estonia, France, Hong Kong, Iran, Japan, Malaysia, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Russia, Serbia, Slovak Republic, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda and the United States (De Fruyt, De Bolle, McCrae, Terracciano and Costa, 2009). We should take note, however, that not all studies of the NEO PI-R have shown significant comparison, particularly with Hmong Americans (Moua, 2007). The Revised NEO Personality Inventory is rapidly becoming one of the most popular measures of normal personality in the research literature. Psychometric reviews of the instrument are favorable citing the robust empirical nature of the instrument as well as its impressive predictive validity in a variety of applications From a counseling perspective, the Revised NEO Personality Inventory can provide a personological context within which to evaluate the presenting problem of clients. It can also be useful for anticipating treatment outcome and for establishing appropriate treatment goals, to name but two useful applications. Interpretively

11. Overall impression of the instrument

NEO PI-R Summary

Mike Driscoll, Emad Fahmy, John King, Reg Watson the information obtained from the Revised NEO Personality Inventory is quite rich, providing insights into coping strategies, interpersonal style, needs and motives, and characterological functioning. It can be a useful adjunct to any assessment battery. The five-factor model can relate patient personality, presenting complaint, treatment plan, and treatment outcome to each other in a reasonable, systematic way, without loss of empathy or compassion for the patient." Overall there is much to commend this inventory for use in both research and applied contexts.

NEO PI-R Summary

Mike Driscoll, Emad Fahmy, John King, Reg Watson

References Anastasi, A., & Urbina, S. (1997). Psychological testing (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Archer, N., Brown, R., Boothby, H., Foy, C., Nicholas, H., & Lovestone, S. (2006). The NEOFFI is a reliable measure of premorbid personality in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(5), 477-484. doi:10.1002/gps.1499. Clarkin, J., Hull, J., Cantor, J., & Sanderson, C. (1993). Borderline personality disorder and personality traits: A comparison of SCID-II BPD and NEO-PI. Psychological Assessment, 5(4), 472-476. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.5.4.472. Costa, P., & McCrae, R. (1992a). ''Normal' personality inventories in clinical assessment: General requirements and the potential for using the NEO Personality Inventory': Reply. Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 20-22. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.20. Costa, P., & McCrae, R. (1992b). Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: The NEO Personality Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 5-13. doi:10.1037/10403590.4.1.5. Costa, P., & McCrae, R. (1995). Domains and facets: Hierarchical personality assessment using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64(1), 21-50. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6401_2. Costa, P., McCrae, R., & Martin, T. (2008). Incipient adult personality: The NEO-PI-3 in middle-school-aged children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 26(1), 71-89. doi:10.1348/026151007X196273. De Fruyt, F., De Bolle, M., McCrae, R., Terracciano, A., & Costa, P. (2009). Assessing the universal structure of personality in early adolescence: The NEO-PI-R and NEO-PI-3 in 24 cultures. Assessment, 16(3), 301-311. doi:10.1177/1073191109333760. Detrick, P., & Chibnall, J. (2006). NEO PI-R personality characteristics of high-performing entry-level police officers. Psychological Services, 3(4), 274-285. doi:10.1037/15411559.3.4.274. Gregory, R. J. (2004). Psychological Testing (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education Group, Inc. Hyer, L., Braswell, L., Albrecht, B., & Boyd, S. (1994). Relationship of NEO-PI to personality styles and severity of trauma in chronic PTSD victims. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50(5), 699-707. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199409)50:5<699::AIDJCLP2270500505>3.0.CO;2-C.

NEO PI-R Summary

Mike Driscoll, Emad Fahmy, John King, Reg Watson

Liebowitz, M. R., Stallone, F., Dunner, D. L., & Fieve, R. F. (1979). Personality features of patients with primary affective disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 60, 214 224.McCrae, R., & Costa, P. (2007). Brief versions of the NEO-PI-3. Journal of Individual Differences, 28(3), 116-128. doi:10.1027/1614-0001.28.3.116. McCrae, R., Costa, P., & Martin, T. (2005). The NEO-PI-3: A More Readable Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84(3), 261-270. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8403_05. McCrae, R., Martin, T., & Costa, P. (2005). Age Trends and Age Norms for the NEO Personality Inventory-3 in Adolescents and Adults. Assessment, 12(4), 363-373. doi:10.1177/1073191105279724. Mikoajczyk, E., Zitek, J., Samochowiec, A., & Samochowiec, J. (2008). Personality dimensions measured using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and NEOFFI on a Polish sample. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 17(4), 210-219. doi:10.1002/mpr.264. Moua, G. K. (2007). Trait structure and levels in Hmong Americans: A test of the five factor model of personality. Dissertation abstracts international: Section b: The sciences and engineering, 67(8-B), 4750. Piedmont, R. L. (1998). The revised NEO personality inventory: Clinical and research applications. New York, N.Y.: Plenum Press. Piedmont, R. L., & Ciarrocchi, J.W. (1999). The utility of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory in an outpatient, drug rehabilitation context. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 13, 213-226. Reise, S. P., & Henson, J. M. (2000). Computerization and adaptive administration of the NEO PI-R. Assessment, 7, 347-364. doi: 10.1177/107319110000700404 Rubenzer, S., Faschingbauer, T., & Ones, D. (2000). Assessing the U.S. presidents using the revised NEO Personality Inventory. Assessment, 7(4), 403-420. doi:10.1177/107319110000700408. Savla, J., Davey, A., Costa, P. T., & Whitfield, K. E. (2007). Replicating the NEO-PI-R factor structure in African-American older adults. Personality and Individual Differences 43, 12791288.

NEO PI-R Summary

Mike Driscoll, Emad Fahmy, John King, Reg Watson

Appendix: Your NEO Summary

NEO PI-R Summary

Mike Driscoll, Emad Fahmy, John King, Reg Watson

NEO PI-R Summary

Mike Driscoll, Emad Fahmy, John King, Reg Watson

NEO PI-R Summary

Mike Driscoll, Emad Fahmy, John King, Reg Watson