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J I M IH E N D R I X

guitarist Jimi Hendrix was an American who and singer formed his own band,The BlueFlames, in 1966. Later that year he begana tour of Britain with a new band calledThe Jimi Hendrix Experience. His firstsingle, 'HeyJoe' immediately shotto No.4in the UK charts. This was followedin 1967 by 'PurpleHaze'which demonstrated explosiveguitar work and unusual 3 lyrics suchas "Scuse me whileI kissthe sky." Hendrix created all kinds of newandstrange sounds fromhisguitar by exploring a whole range of sound effectssuch as the use of distortion, feedback control and the wah wah pedal. He got sounds
out of his guitarwhichmostpeopledid not even .*, r1# imaginewere there. Part of his appealwas his wild and violentstageact whichinvolved playinghis FenderStratocaster with his teeth J and behindhis back. His voiceoozedraw power and his lyrics were often suggestive. He wore colourful and outlandish costumes. The sheer power from the group's nine amplifiers and eighteen speakers was stunning. Hendrix brought the showto a climaxby setting lightto his guitar.

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His firstalbum,'AreYou Experienced?'reached No.2 in the British album chartsand achieved platinum sales. Duringthe winterof 1967-68 the groupgave a staggering 47 concerts in 54 days acrossEurope. A sell out tour of America followed in 1968-69.The 'Electric Ladyland' albumof 'All 1968demonstrated Hendrix's unbelievably guitarplaying skilled as wellas a version of Dylan's Alongthe WatchTower"whichhas remained a classiceversince. Despite this successThe Jimi Hendrix Experience brokeup in 1969. Hendrixwantedto concentrateon his experimental work and hopedto leavehis imageas the wild man of rock behindhim. Nevertheless, he continued to play at big concerts during1970. At the lsle of Wight Festival, he performedin front of an audienceof 250,000. But in September1970, Hendrixdied f rom an overdoseof drugs. He was just 27. Hendrix was one of the mostcreative performers and skilful of popularmusic. He openedup new horizons for a generation of rock musicians, particularly in the fieldsof heavymetaland hard rock. Exercises 1. Sort out these letters to producethe nameof a singlereleased by Hendrix: LRPPUEZHEA 2. Givethreeexamples of new soundeffectsHendrix explored on the guitar. 3. Finish this sentence.The guitarwhichHendrix usedwas calleda .... 4. Write a paragraph describing in your own wordsthe stageperformance of Jimi Hendrix. 5. Use the following key wordsto writea sentence aboutJimi Hendrix: 1967-68 54 , 47 concerts, days,Europe. 6. Why did The Jimi Hendrix Experience breakup in 1969? 7. Writeout a time chartshowing the eventsof Jimi Hendrix's career,dateson the leftand events on the right. B. Can you thinkof any rockguitarists todaywho try to produce really experimental workas Hendrix did? Try to name at leastone. 9. Both'Purple Haze'byHendrix and'Lucyin the Sky with Diamonds'by Lennonand McCartney use somevery unusual images.'Lucy'speaks of "tangerine trees"and "marmalade skies". Theseare oftencalledpsychedelic or surreal Writeyourown poem usingsimilar images.
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THE BIG BANDSOUND


In the 1930sbig bandstook Americaby storm,introducing a newformof jazzcalledSwing.This appealed to young white Americans who were lookingfor a new musicto danceto. To accompany Swing new athleticdances were created which involved swinging partners .*__ around and much fancy footwork. These often ;" hadverycolourful namessuchas the LindyHop, the Jitterbug, the Big Apple and Kickingthe wMule! These were very differentfrom the .$ rather slow and solemn dances like the Foxtrot whichhad been fashionable. --..sSwingwas developed by BennyGoodman who formeda largebandin '1934. Goodman's band was one of the mostprecise and bestrehearsed ever. Other successful bandswereformedby suchmusicians as the DorseyBrothers, ArtieShaw,WoodyHerman and HarryJames. As the namesuggests, the Big Bands weremuchlargerthanthejazzgroups '1920s produced of the and a muchlouder sound.Thebasic lineup consisted of fouror fivesaxophones, a clarinet, threeor fourtrumpets anda similar number of trombones, a guitar, a string bassand a piano. Thesoundproduced wassofter jazz. Thedrummer andsmoother thanearlier usedthe lighter cymbals rather than the pounding bass and snaredrums. The bandwas highly drilledand disciplined. The musicalarrangements were extremely polishedbut allowedlittle opportunity for the performers to improvise. Arrangers wouldwritecarefully planned partsfor eachgroupof instruments. The mostsuccessful BigBandleader wasthetrombonist GlenMiller.He created a tightly arranged, soft and harmonic soundwhichwas a blendof Swingand popular musicrather thanpurejuz. Towards the endof the songthe music wouldbuildto an exciting climax withan energetic driveto it. lt was immensely popular and GlenMiller's song,'Chattanooga ChooChoo'wasthe world's firstmillion selling disc. tn joinedthe US ArmyAir Forceand formeda military 1942Glen Miller band whichtouredthe world entertaining the troops. He toured troopbasesthroughout the world,playing his popular numbers such as'Little Brown Jug','Moonlight Serenade','Tuxedo Junction'and'ln the Mood'. ln 1944 GlenMiller diedin an air crashbut his musichas livedon. GlenMiller musicand otherBig Bandsounds are still faithfully recreated by enthusiasts in both Britain and America. As late as 1977,a repackaged Glen Miller albumwas a hit in the international charts. Exercises 1. Why did swingappeal to young whiteAmericans? 2. Writea listof the newdances associated withswing.Howweretheydifferent f romexisting dances? 3. Sortout the following letters to produce the names of threeBig Bandleaders:DNOGMOA, RHMNEA, WSAH, TREIA, NEYBN, OYWDO. 'Thebasicline 4. Finish thissentence, up of instruments in a Big Bandwas.... 5. Hereare the keywordsin foursentences aboutthe Big Bandsound. Writeout the sentences in full:-softer, drummer, disciplined, arrangements. 6. ln whatwayswas this sounddifferent jazz. fromearlier 7. Whatdo you thinkGlenMiller's greatest achievement was? 8. Writeout a listof GlenMiller songs. youarean American 9. lmagine airman based at a campin Britain in 1944.Writeout a description for yourdiaryof the daythatGlenMiller you.Record cameto enterlain yourreaction whenyou heard of the air crash. 10.Whydo youthink wasso popular GlenMiller during the 1940's andhasremained so today?Clues: soundof his music, WorldWar Two,his armydays,memories, earlydeath.
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ODERN JAZZ
During the 1940smanyyoungmusicians werebein America predictable coming dissatisfied withthe rather of Swing sounds Jazz. Performers suchas Dizzie Gillespie Parker and Charlie beganexperimenting with new ideasand developed a style known as Bebop.Thismusic abandoned rules thetraditional jazz. lt was an energetic, playing of up tempoformof music withjerky changes of rhythm, rapid melodies andmuchuseof improvisation. lmprovisation is the technique where the mu- : siciandecides what to play as he goes along.lt givesan .i unpredictable andsurprising element to the music. During the 1950stherewas a reaction against the nervous excitement of Bebop and CoolJazzwas born. Thiswasa laid back,mellow form of musicwith subdued rhythms and soft Davis tones.Miles wasperhaps themostimportant figure inthe development of Cool Jazz.Heoften used a mute on histrumpet to produce a quiet,muffled sound. Davisalsointroduced a range of instruments suchas the oboe, flute, tubaandFrench horn which hadnotbeenusedinjazzbefore. otherperformers, liketheModern JazzQuartet, specialised in a warm andgraceful sound which wasinfluenced by classical music. Manymusicians feltthatCoolJazzwasmoving toofar away
Charlie Parker

from its Afro-American roots such as blues and gospel music. Musicians like Art Blakey,Max Roachand HoraceSilverdeveloped a new versionof BebopcalledHard Bop. This musicwas energetic and intense. lt had a drivingrhythm. Performers cut down on the improvisation which made the musiceasierto listento. However, other musicians soughtto break all the acceptedruleson the shape of music. They developeda style known as Free Jazz. John Coltraneplayed versionsof traditional songs like 'Greensleeves' which sometimes includedextendedimprovisations lastingover an hourl Such performers as RolandKirkand Don Cherryintroduced instruments fromall overthe worldincluding Tibet,Indiaand China. Free iazzwasnot a commercially successful styleof music. To many,the gratingsquawks and squealsdid not soundlike musicat ail. Duringthe late 1960sand early1970ssomejazz musicians produced a type of musiccatledJazz Rock. lt borrowedfrom rockthe beat,rhythm,amplification of instruments and electronic special effects. This attracteda wider audiencefor jazz and achievedsome chart success. Exercises 1. Why did youngmusicians turnawayfrom SwingJazzin the 1940s? 2. Finish this sentence,Two musicians who wereimportant in the development of Bebopwere .... 3. Writetwo sentences explaining what BebopJazz soundedlike. 4. Describe the contribution of MilesDavisto the development of CoolJazz. 5. Nametwo musicians who performed FreeJazz. 6. Writea letterto a friendexplaining the difference between Cool Jazzand Hard Bop. 7 . Namethreeaspectsof rockwhichJazz Rockborrowed f rom this styleof music. B. Below arethe namesof three whichhavebeenmuddled up. Sortouttheirnames iazzmusicians jazz eachone of them performed.: and thensay whichtypeof modern HELCRIA, KpRARE, S M E I LV D S I AH N J OT C R N L A O E . 9. A fan of FreeJazzand someone who dislikes it are having a heated discussion on this subiect. Writeouttheirdiscussion.
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bYblack Jazzwas createdmainlY 20th Century. in the early musicians It was produced through a combinationof styles taken from classicalmusic,American European and musicsuchas bluesand ragtime tribalmusic. fromAfrican At the turn of the centurY iazz beganto developall over the United States but ParticularlYin New Orleans. Here one of the first to play iazz was BuddY musicians Bolden who was the leader of a at funerals bandthatplayed marching processions. andin street a pianostyleknown likeJelly RollMortondeveloped musicians ln the clubsand barsof NewOrleans, with cornet, smallbandsplayed up and downthe Mississippi woogie. Also,on the riverboats as boogie and tuba. banjo trombone, clarinet, to Chicago.Thsy foundwork in the'spak movedout of NwOrleans After1917manyjazzmusicians gangsters Al and soldalcoholat a time whenthis such as Capone by were bars controlled These easies'. His Creole Jazz Bandwas madeup of the was King Oliver. bandleader was illegal.The mostimportant player who became was LouisArmstrong everto be recrrded. His cornet first blackjazz musicians beganto playjazz and introduced suchas Bix Beiderbecke soloist. Whitemusicians fiamous as a brilliant intotheir bands. the saxophone the cente of the blackdistrictof Harlem,became the end of the 1920sNewYork,particularly Towards usg of jazz in America.Herea newstyledeveloped usingstringbass,guitarand a muchmorefrequent much larger. Duke Ellington, became Henderson and piano. Fletcher Bands, suchas thoseof the In 1933the saleot alcoholbecamelegaloncemoreandiazz movedout of the speakeasiesintothe for looking settingof the ballroom.lt now beganto appealto youngwhiteAmericans moresophisticated helped He Benny Goodman's. white bands such as big different.Thiswas the tirneof the something arrangements this styleintohighlypolished produce a newstyleknownas'swing'. GlenMillerdeveloped 'ln of songs suchas the Mood'. 'bop'and 'cool'havedeveloped whichare very stylesof jazz suchas Sincethe 1940smorecomplex typesol jazz. fromthe moretraditional different Exercises. to makeiazz. 1. Listthe different stylesof musicwhichwerecombined in the passage whichwereusedto playiazz. mentioned 2. Listthe instruments to be recorded? 3. Whowerethe first blackjazz musicians 'soeak easies'? 4. Whatwere by the GlenMillerjazz band. 5 Nameone songperformed Jelly RollMorton, musicians:- BuddyBolden, describing the workof the following 6. Writea sentence Fletcher Henderson, BennyGoodman and GlenMiller. Bix Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong, fromths 1940s. 7. Nametwo newstylesof jazz developed 8. Writeout a time lineof the maineventsin the storyof jazz, dateson the left,eventson the right.
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(1 WoRDSEARC H)
ln thiswordsearch you haveto find the namesof 20 musical instruments.
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Theseare: RECORDER, GUITAR, BANJO, CORNET, FLUTE, TRUMPET, HARP, TUBA, HARMONICA, OBOE, VIOLIN, TROMBONE, PIANO, TAMBOURINE, BAGPIPES, SAXOPHONE, HARPSICHORD, CLARINET, CELLO, EUPHONIUM.

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WORDSEARCH (2
Z O E E O X X W E L T C Y B A F T L Y L X E P E L I J B X M D ZE Y Y J T O C ln thiswordsearch you have to U I S I M C V O D O P D R G H A U X E findthe namesof 20 composers. D G N X R O 2 E I R V C T T S C B O J V B E L L I N I S B Y J O M P B P Z M Theseare:BARTOK E U C W D H Z T Y D E B U S S Y Y B W B E L LN II X N M C Y C R G E I R G I U K L U Z O BERLIOZ STRAVINSKY G B K H B A V T D V S B R S A G L M E VERDI FWV L V BWV E O E E G D N T H O H BYRD F K W I K N E N L L T R E B U H C S P COPLAND G N NI F E P F I E O L D N A L P O C DEBUSSY H S F U S F V U U S L I N I C C U P M DELIUS K C M O C F S X S E K O T R A B E A D GRIEG U A K S T O G U C P S Z F H U S T R B MONTEVERDI MUSSORGSKY T X N G L V M R H N S W I TN H Z R N OFFENBACH W Z T R I H U N U R B G S E E Z N B N PARR P R H B E P V N M L S O Y Z V F Z S Y P U CCINI N R U EW F O H A T B J E U O X Z C S PURCELL Y R B D D D W O N B M P I E C S N J T SCHOENBERG G F G E T Z R N N K F O R A G U V D M SCHUBERT O T V A E U D I W C Y O O W G O N E X SCHUMANN
SIBELIUS

Whenyou havefinished designyour own wordsearch with 20 wordsused in music. E.g.concefto, orchestra, note.Thenswap withtheperson sitting nextto youandseewhofinishes first.
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WALTZ
The waltz was a type of music which developed from an Austrianpeasant dance called the Landler, towards the end of the 18th century. The Landler was full of livelywhirlingsteps which involved throwing the lady partner into the air. In fact.the namewaltz came f rom the German WALTZEN, meaning turning or rotating.
The waltz was a much smoother, slower and less sriiii:orom Die itearr*"r, W lrnann Strsuss. Picture by kindpermission of ceorgeLandis. TheDallas Opera

rowdy dance thantheLandler. ltsgliding motion wasdesigned tor elegant gowns ladies in heavy in the sedate ballrooms ol theAustrian capital, Vienna. Thewaltzbecame popular incredibly andthe craze spread throughout Europe betvveen 177O-8O. JosephLanner1801-43 and JohannStrauss the Elderdeveloped the waltzfrom beingjust an accompaniment to a danceinto a newtypeof music. Lanner's waltzes weredelicate and tuneful, Strauss' relied moreon a strong rhythm. Bothmadegooduseof theorchestra to build thepower of the waltz. During the 1830s Johann Strauss toured Europe withhis orchestra whichdid muchto spread interest in thistypeo{ music.After thedeath of Johann Strauss theElder, hisworkwascarried on bv his sons- particularly Johann theYounger 1825-99. Johann the Younger was probably the greatest composer of waltzes of the 1gthcentury. He was "waltz nicknamed the King".He produced manyverytuneful worksincluding TheBtueDanube, The EmperorWaltzand TalesFrom The ViennaWoods. During the 1gthcentury thewaltz wasto influence manyother formsof music. lt became an important partof lightoperaas in Offenbach's (1864).In balletalso,waltzfeatured La BelleHelene in majorworks suchas Tchaikovsky's swan Lake(1877), sleepingBeauty(1a90)andrhe Nutcracker (1892).ll even began to finditswayintoopera suchas Puccini's (1996). La Boheme During the 1gthand 20thcenturies, almostall the maiorcomposers 01orchestral and instrumental musicincluded a waltzpiecein theircompositions. Forexample, Saint-Saens in The Wedding Cake 1886and Prokoviev in his Suite (1947). of Waltzes piece Even theTop20sawa waltz achieve a No.1hit in 1970.Thiswascalled TheLastWaltzby thesinger Englebert Humperdinck. Today,waltz musichas remained a popular featureof concerts part of the maior and a regular perlormances. symphony orchestra Exercises jrom...." 1. Finish thissentence, "Waltz music developed 2. Describe thedifferences between thewaltz dance andtheLandler. 3. Whatgroup of people danced a) thewaltz b) the Landler? 4. Describe thedifferences between theworkof Joseph Lanner andJohann Strauss the Elder. 5. Whowasthe"Waltz King?" 6. Write a lislof someof thecompositions of Johann Strauss theyounger. 7. Copy thefollowing names andthenwritedownnextto eachnamea waltz piece composed bythat prokoviev. person: Oflenbach, Tchaikovsky, Puccini, Saint-Saens, 8. Writea paragraph describing thedifferences between waltz dancing youmight which seeon the "Come Dancing" programme television andthekindof dance youmight goto.
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MILITARY BANDS
Since the earliesttimes,armies have been accompanied by musicians. Trumpetand bugle calls or drum rollswere used to or signalorderssuchas advance retreat. Musicwas also used to of the troopsand to stirthe spirits terrify the enemy. During the MiddleAges royalarmiesbegan to take smallbandsof musicians playing woodwind instruments, trumpetsand drums with them on campaigns.By the late 18th a numberof the Guards' century regiments had their own bands which included oboes, horns, clarinets and bassoons. The Band of the
www.paraband.otg.uk

@ Crown CopyrighVMOD.

grewlarger As armies became inthe 1gth bigger century, regimental bands andmoreprofessional. More wereadded.Thenthe newbrassinstruments. clarinets trombone suchas the cornet, andeuphonium joined thelineup astheybecame available. As therewas littlepublished musicavailable tor bands,bandmasters were forcedto createtheir own arrangements. Thismadeit virtually impossible for more thanonebandto playtogether. So in 1857 the Military Music wasestablished Class at Kneller Hallin Twickenham. lt aimed to trainarmybandmasters and musicians to perform to a set styleand standard. This organisation laterbecame knownas the (Royal) Military of Music. School performances. In 1921 thesize of armybands wassetat 20 musicians forindoor and25foroutdoor The lineup of instruments usedby the armyis laiddownby Kneller Hall. lt includes llutes, oboes, clarinets, saxophones, bassoons, horns,cornets, trumpets, trombones, euphoniums, tubas and percussion. playwhilst Bands usually theyaremarching. TheArmy, the Royal Marines andthe R.A.F. allhavemarching bands. Theyplaymarches andorchestral music composed for the military.Forexample, the Trumpet Voluntaryby Jeremiah Clarke, thePompand Circumstance Marchby Elgarand the Radetsky Marchby JohannStrauss. In Britainthe numberol military bands hasdeclined as regiments havebeencombined. In 1985thearmyhad16 staffbands and regimental 52 bands. Modernwarfareis too fast and too noisyfor the militarybandto playon the battlefield.However, all musicians aretrained as medics. Many helped to manthefieldhospitals during theFalklands conflict and the GulfWar. Bands parades oftenplayfor special andon ceremonial occasions. TheTrooping of the Colour and the Remembrance DayService in Whitehall are bothexamples ol this. Visiting Heads of Stateareoltenwelcomed at airports andslations by military bands. Exercises 't. Writeout3 waysin which music hasbeenusedby armies in thepast. 2. Finish thissentence, During the Middle Agesroyal armies began to.... 3. Describe someof thechanges madeto military bands in the 19th century. 4. Writea listof theinstruments usedby armybands. 5. Name thetwoother British armed lorces which havemilitary bands. 6. Name 2 pieces ol military music. 7. Writedown2 or 3 special occasions play. on which military bands goeswitheachof thelollowing: 8. Writea sentence which 1857, 1921 , 1985. youarea British 9. lmagine soldier fighting the Russians during theCrimean War(1854-56). Writea letter hometo a triend, describing howyourregimental youduring bandhelped thefighting.
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(2) BRASS BANDS


The bandsmen are usually amateurplayerswho have day timejobs. They havea band uniform and a bandmaster who conducts, coachesand managesthe performers. Most groups own or hire a band room wheretheycouldpractice. Since the early 20th centurythere has been a declinein the popularity of brassbands.The invention of radio, television and cinemahas provided easier f orms of entertainment. The bifthof rockand roll in the 1950s and the

Golborne Band

development of all sortsof popular music sinceproduced a moreattractive, accessible typeof music for young. the Therehavebeenconsiderable changes in thebrassbandmovement during the20thcentury. Bands still playthestandard pieces popular classical in the 191h century. However, theyalsoperform arrangements of moremodern music suchas pieces by Lennon andMcCartney. Songs lrommusicals suchas Don't Cry For Me Argentina andRiverdance alsoform partof the bands'repertoire. Apartfromthe Salvation Army bands, religious music is played muchlessnowadays thanit usedto be. playing joined The number of women in the bandshassteadily increased. Thefirstwomenplayers the Armybands.However, Salvation it wasduring theSecond played World War(1939-45) thatwomen in the ordinary brassbands in larger numbers. Thiswasottento fillthe places ol menwhohadleftto jointhe armed forces.Members oJbrass bands nowcomefromallwalks of life,notjustfromtheworking class as wasoncethecase. The 1970s pop musicians sawbrassbandsaccompanying suchas PeterSkellern on his 1972hit song You?e a Lady.Thebiggest boost at thistimewasin 1977 whentheBrighouse andRastrick Band's version o{ the melody,lhe FloralDance,reachedthe Top Ten. This helpedto popularise brassband music population. amongst thegeneral Although thepopularity of thebandmovemenl hasdeclined thiscentury, it isstilla considerable forceinthe music world.There weresome3000bands with75,000 members in Britain in 1980.Around 250schools regularly compete in the National Schools BrassBandcompetitions. people In addition, some1O,0OO attend the Nalional Brass BandChampionships at the Royal Albert Hallin London eachyear. Exercises 1. Are mostbrassbandplayers amateur or professional? 2. Describe whatthebandmaster doesfor theband. 3. Name 4 developments which ledto thedecline of brass bands in the2othcentury. 4. Writea listof the kindof musicplayedby the bandstoday jointheSalvation 5. Didwomen first Armybands or military bands? 6. Whatledto an increase in thenumber of women in brass bands? 7. Describe howevents in the 1970shelped popularise to brass bandmusic. -- bands 8. Fillin the blanks in thissentence, In 1980 there wereabout with--- members in Britain. 9. Popmusicis oftenmoreattractive to youngpeople thanotherlormsof suchas classical music.Writea letter to a friend wholikes classical music andexplain popmusic whatqualities youlike haswhich make it.
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(1) BRASS BANDS


A brass band usually has about 25 performers who play brassinstruments such as the cornet, flugel horn, saxhorn, trombone and various types of tubas, including the euphonium. Percussion instruments and the saxophone are also oftenincluded. Brass bands were f irst formed in the 1830s and their numbers increased rapidly until 1914. Many were created around the placeof worksuchas the pit, mill or forge. The

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Brighouse and RsstrickBrsss Bund


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by of Alan Williamson, Oldham Grimethorpe CollieryBand andthe BlackDykeMillsBandwerebothexamples of this. Thismeantthat,at thistime,the bandswere madeup entirely of workmen.Therewere no womenand no middleclassplayers. Otherbandswere connected to TradesUnions, Co-operative Societies or to religious organisations. The Salvation Army formeditsfirstbandin 1878andstillhasbandsthatplaytoday.

Brassbandsreached the height of theirpopularity between 1890and 1914. At thistimetherewereabout 20,000bandsin GreatBritain. They playedeverywhere.They took part in parades, openedflower playedin the interval shows, duringfootball matches.Theyperformed in bandstands in the parks, on the pierat the seaside andat fairgrounds. Mucho{ the bandsman's year was laken up with preparing for and performing at contests.The most important contest during the 1gthcenlury was heldat BelleVue in Manchester. From1900an annual national competition was held in London. The band movement was alwaysparticularly strongin Yorkshire and Lancashire but it did spreadthroughout the countryas a resultof these national competitions. Competition wasfierce. Thusonejudge wasthrown intoa stream bya group of bandsmen whowereangry at hisdecision to award thewinning titleto a rival band! Bandsplayed a mixture of religious, classical and lightmusic. Religious musicsuchas hymnsand oratorios by Handeland Haydyn were popular. The Halleluiah Chorusby Handelwas particularly common. pieces Classical included excerpts fromopera suchas Rossini's William TellandWagner's Tannhauser. Modern day composers suchas Elgar, Vaughan Williams and Holstdid compose pieces specially for brass bands.Light music included pieces many of theworks of SirArthur Sullivan anda number oi dance suchas polkas andwaltzes. Exercises players 1. How many does a brass band usually have a)35b\22c\25? 2. Writea listof theinstruments which a brass bandusually includes? 3. Werethefirstbrass bands formed in a) the 1830s b) 1990s c) 1900s? 4. Finish thissentences, Brass bands wereusually associated with.... groups 5. Which ol people didnotusually became members of thebands? 6. Write a paragraph describing brass bands at theheight of theirpopularity. 7. Where wasthe moslimpoftant 19th century brass bandcompetition held? 8. Give at least oneexample ofthefollowing played types of music bybrass bands: classical, light, religious. 9. Writeouta timechart on thedevelopment of brass bands, daleson theleftandevents on theright.

GILBERT ANDSULLIVAN
(1836-191 WilliamSchwenkGilbert 1) and Arthur (1842-1900) Seymour Sullivan workedtogether on 14 comic operas or operettasduring the years 1871-1896. Likeopera,an operetta included both singing and spokenparts.Buttheyweremorelight hearted and easierto listento than opera. Gilbert wrote the words and Sullivancreatedthe music. Together, they madea greatteam. Theirfirstwork together was calledThespis which was performed in 1871 . This was not a success. However, this was followed by Trialby Juryin 1875 which was so successfulthat a string of very popular productionsfollowed. These included H.M.S. Pinafore(1878), The Piratesof Penzance (1880), Patience (1881), lolanthe (1882), The Mikado (1885), Ruddigore(1887), Yeomanof the (1889). Guard(1888) and The Gondoliers had a greatgiftfor handling Gilbert wordswhichhe usedto pokefun at the customs andfashions of his day. He did this in a very amusingway. lt was

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Scenefrom The Mikado by Gilbert & Sullivan

Sullivan's taskto setGilbert's words lo music.Thiswasnotan easyjob.However, Sullivan wasableto produce good,catchy melodies. Buthe didmorethanthis. He created music which wouldhelpto tell the story.For example, he usedthe instruments to show the emotions ol the characters.Thus the clarinet might makea chuckling sound or theoboemight suggest a touch of tenderness. Thechorus in Patience sangin a confident, military stylewhichstrengthened the themeof the story. Sullivan wasableto useelements f roma great variety of musical styles suchas ballet, opera, choral and church music.Hismusic wasalsoamusing. Hemocked someof thegreat composers suchas Handel, Purcell, Verdiand Mendelsson. He did this by imitating theirstylein a humorous manner. However, Sullivanreallywantedto create more seriouswork than the comic operas. As a result,he often quarrelled withGilbert andeventually theystopped working together. Works by Gifbert andSullivan arestillregularly staged today in bothBritain andAmerica. TheMikdois performed one of the mostfrequently pieces. lt gentlypokesfun at aspects of Japanese customs with suchcomic characters as Nanki-Poo andKo Ko,theLordHighExecutioner. Exercises -- operettas 1. Fillin theblanks in thissentence, Gilbert andSullivan wrote together during theyears
----IO ----.

2. Explain the differences between operaandoperetta. 3. Match thesepairs: Gilbert, Sullivan, music, words. 4. ListtheGilbert productions andSullivan mentioned in thepassage. 5. write 1 or 2 sentences about Gilbert andsullivan using thefollowing keywords: customs and great fashions, composers. 6. Explain howSullivan wasableto usehismusic to helpto tellthestory. 7. Sortthe following letters outto showthe namesof composers whichSullivan imitated: SEMNODSLEN, LUPRLEC, DEIVR, LEDAHN. 8. WhydidSullivan stopworking withcilbert? 9. Writea modern story which couldbe given the Gilbert andSullivan treatment. lt could be about the behaviour of a popgroup,soccerstarsor politicians.
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FILM MUSIC

Spoce Exploration - A subject popular with Jilm mskers

Music is usedin films to helptellthestory.lt cancontribute to boththeartistic andthefinancial success of the movie.Al the beginning, whilst thetitles andcredits arebeing shown, the accompanying music helps to capture the audiences' attention andto create a particular mood.Thusa lilm like StarWars, whichhasa military theme, startsoff witha strong rhythmic, marching tunewithplenty of percussion andbrass. Music alsohelps to develop theaction. Theduelbetween Darth Vader andLukeSkywalker is madeall the moreexciting by the dramatic music. Powerful emotions can be strengthened with a suitable musical accompaniment. Thusthe death of ObiWanKenobi is made to seemmore tragic bytheuseof sadmusic in the background. Thetaskof composing music which willsuittheaction of the movie is a diJficult one. lt mustbetimed to fit exactly precision. withsplitsecond Manyfilmshavea theme tune. lf so,theentire musical score willoftenbe a series of variations upon thistheme.lf a movie hasa popular theme songthiscanhelpto promote it on the radio, television and through CDsafes.Thethemesongs to Ghostbus tersand Famewere bothverysuccessful in doingthis. Thefirstmovies weresilent.Theyhadno soundtracks so eachcinema hireda pianist to playwhilst it was running.The moretalented pianists began to makeup musicas theywentalongto matchthe action.Thelirstfilmwithits ownsoundtrackwasTheJazzSlngef, whichreached the screens in 1927. Sincethensomewellknown composers haveproduced music for the cinema. Thesehaveincluded Prokofiev, Vaughan williams, Britten and copland.Today, composers suchas carl Davis and John Williams oltenwritethe musical scores for someof the latest films. Somemovies use established pieceslor the soundtrack.Thus the work of RichardStraussfeaturedin 2001:A Space classical Odyssey.Rockmusicis also used. For example, The Graduate, released in 1967,was powerfully developed bythesongs of Simon andGarfunkel. Exercises 1. Whatmusic wasusedat the beginning of StatWarcto helpcreate themoodof thefilm? 2. Finish thissentence, Composing music fora filmis difficult because... 3. Describe howmusic wasusedin StarWarsto develoo theaction. 4. Finish thissentence, TheGhostbusters theme songhelped thesuccess ol thefilmby...... 5. Writea paragraph describing theearly movies. 6. Listsomeof thecomposers whohaveproduced music forthecinema. 7. Writea listo{ as manyrecent movies as youcanthinkol which usedrockmusic forthesound track. 8. Thinkof a filmthatyouhavewatched. Describe someof thescenes fromit andthe kindof music which couldbe usedto accompany them. youarea composer 9. lmagine of filmmusic.Describe thedifferent youwould types of music usefor filmswiththelollowing themes: space, crime, western, lovesrory.

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C H R I S T I AM NU S I C
During the Middle Agesmonksand plainsong. nunschanted Thiswas very plainand simple. The words of prayers or psalmswere sung to a pattern of just a few repeated notes. No instruments were used. Allthe singers sangin unison.This meansthat they sang exactlythe same line of music at exactlythe same time. An important type of plainsong were the Gregorian chantswhichare stillperformed in somemonasteries today. The rhythmwas basedon speech so the resulting sound was somewherebetween talking and singing. Gregorian chants hadonly one melodylinegoingon at once. This was either sung solo or in unison.The result was a soothing, almost hypnotic sound which clearly expressed the deep faithof the singers.
Charch Choir

Later,othertypesol Christian musicweredeveloped for use in churches. Theseincluded hymns, psalms andanthems. A hymn wasa short songpraising God.There wereusually several verses which weresungby boththe choirandthe ordinary goers (or church congregation). Mosthymns hadfairly simple tunes. In the past, theywerealways accompanied by thechurch organ.However, todaymore modern instruments suchas the guitar aresometimes used. Somewellknown hymns stillsungtoday are MorningHas Broken,Abide WithMe and OnwardChristianSoldiers. Psalms werepoems and prayers to Godtakenfromthe OldTestament. In manychurches, the choir psalms andcongregation chanted as partol theservice accompanied bytheorgan.Often a section of the choiror congregation sang partof lhe versewhichwouldthen be answered or balanced by a different section singing the nextpart.Oneof bestknown psalms in theChurch Of England is TheLord ls My Shepherd. An anthem was a pieceof musicwith religious wordsused in the Protestant church. They were composed lor a church choir.Theyweredesigned to demonstrate the power andtheskillof thechoir. Anlhems wereoftenaccompanied by the organandsometimes included solopieces.Bach's Besrde ThyCradle, HereI Stand and S.S.Wesley's LeadMe, Lord arc examples of anthems.Othershave beencomposed by suchindividuals as Boyce, Stanford, Parry andWood. Exercises ',|.Wasplainsong chanted by a) minstrels b) soldiers c) monks andnuns? 2. WereGregorian chants a) hymns plainsong b) a lormof c) anthems? 3. Writea paragraph describing Gregorian chants. 4. Whatis a hymn? 5. Writea listof hymns mentioned in the passage. 6. Name twoinstruments somelimes usedto accompany hymns. 7. Whatis a osalm? 8. Explain whatthesewordsmean:unison, congrcgation, anthem. youarewriting 9. lmagine a modern hymn lor usein school assembly. Writea poemon a modern problem which purpose. would suitthis

OPERA
Opera is a type of play whichis setto music.lt is a spectacular blend of acting,singing,orchestral music, costume, scenery and dance. There is usuallya very strongstory line which often involves tragic events such as murder, deathand suicide. Characters in the plot expresspowerful emotions like anger, jealousy, revenge or sadness.Thus the opera Rigoletto, by Guiseppe Verdi ( 1 8 1 3 - 1 9 0 1i) s an action packedstory of seduction, Scenefrom Die Fledermaus by Johann Strauss. intrigue and murder. permission Picture
by kind

of GeorgeLandis. The Dallas Opera

In mostof the operaperformed today,allol thewordsaresung.Theactorsusually tellthe storyandactout poetry. plays partin theplotusing a halftalking, halfsinging style similar to reciting Theorchestra a crucial the performance. playing Otten it helpsto prepare the mood of the audience for the storyby an pieceat the beginning instrumental o{ the operacalledan overture.lt alsoaccompanies muchof the singing andstage action. However, themusic doesmuchmore thanmerely accompany thewords.lt helps to express the dramaol the story.Thusthe rhythm of the musicmaybe altered to suitthe action of the plot. During the performance, theaclion is stopped fromtimeto timeso thattheleadsinger canperform a solo. In thissolosheexpresses pieces herfeelings about certain incidents in thestory.Thesemore thoughtful arecalled arr'as andareoneoi thehighpoints of theproduction. Theyhave strong melodies require and the singer to be ableto singa considerable rangeof notes,including someveryhighones. Ariascan be piecesof extraordinary gracefulness musical and beautysuchas Un bel di (Onefine day)lrom Madame Buftertly by Puccini. yearsoperahasbeenreaching ln recent newaudiences. The useol Pavarotti's version of Nessun Dorma lrom Puccini's Turandot as thetheme luneforthetelevision coverage of the 1990World Cupdid muchto turther thisprocess. Theopenairperlormances ( Luciano of singers suchas theThree Tenors Pavarotti, Placido Domingo popularise andJoseCaneras) in HydeParkin 1991havealsohelped opera. Exercises "Opera 1. Finish thissentence, is..." 2. Writea listof the different aspects whichgo to makeup an operae.g.costume. 3. Describe opera in a paragraph using thefollowing words to helpyou:storyline, lragic events, emotions. 4. Writedown2 waysin whichthe orchestra can contribute to an opera. 5. Exolain whatan ariais. 6. Whoarethe 'Three Tenors?' 7. Givethenameol i) an opera ii)an ariaiii)an opera singer. (a) 8. Givean example from the passage of howthe music in opera canhelptellthestory of the oDera. 9. Writeoutthe plotfor a modern daylovestoryor tragedy whichcouldbe adapted for opera.Describe I or 2 ariasIrcmthe opera- whattheyare about,whosingsthem,whatemotions theyexpress etc.

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W I T HO T H E R SINGING PEOPLE
A singer may sing alone (solo) or with other performersin a group or a choir. A choir can have anythingf rom about 12 members to over 2OO.A group usuallyinvolves only a handful of members. Sometimes differentsectionsof the choir notesat the same singdifferent time. This is calledpart singing. It is difficult because it is easyto get distractedf rom your own melody when someone near you is singingsomething quite different. Nowadays, most churches and many schools have choirs. Each year the choir f rom King's College Cambridgeperform a popular carolconcert whichis broadcast on Radio4.

Folk Group

Mostclassical is religious choral music because in the pastthe majority of choirs werebased in churches, pieces cathedrals and monasteries. One o{ mostfamous of religious choralmusiceverwritten was Handel's Hallelujah Choruslrom his Messr'bh. Bach,Beethoven, Schubert, Mozart, Berlioz and Verdiall pieces composed religious whichinvolved choral singing.During the 1gthcentury manyamateur choirs wereformed in Britain. These wereoften connected withplaces of worksuchasthelactory or coalmine. Manyoperas, symphonies and musicals involve somechoral music whichis not religious. Forexample, Beethoven's NinthSymphony includes a chorus. In the 20th century Vaughan Williams, Britten and Stravinsky haveallcomposed choral works, muchof which is notreligious. (1874-1951) ArnoldSchoenberg developed a choralstylethat usedthe rhythms and tonesot speech mixed withaspects ol song.Thiswascalled sprechgesang, meaning speech song.Since hisexperiments these ideas havebeen taken much lurther. Choralworks have nowbeen writlen inwhich thesingers shout, hum,moanandshriek wildly.Luciano Berio's Vlsage is an example of this. Gospel choirsalsosingin a styleverydifferent fromtraditional western choirs.Gospel mixesrhythms {rom jazz,blues spirituals, andhymnmusic to produce a joyful, exciting andemotional style of singing. lt is often accompanied by rhythmic handclapping andloot stomping. A greatvariety of instruments are usedto accompany guitar, the singing, including thetambourine, trumpet, trombone andpiano.Thegospel song OhHappy Daybythe Hawkins Singers achieved a No.2 hitin the British charts in 1969.Thismademany people in Britain moreaware of gospel music. Exercises 1. Whatdoesthewordso/omean? 2. Finish thissentence, Thenumber ol singers in a choir canbe ........ 3. Whatis part singing:? 4. Whyis mostchoral music religious? 5. Sortthefollowing letters outto showthenames of somecomposers of nonreligious works: choral AGVHNUA SALIMIWL, NIRTBTE, SYNKAITSVR. 6. Explain the meaning ot the phrasesprechgesang. 7. Describe someof the vocaltechniques usedin Luciano Berio'sVisage. gospel L Writea paragraph describing music. L Compare lhe music sungby a school or church choir withthatof a popgroup.Words to helpyou: instruments, voices, subjects covered, rhythm.
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SINGING
Our voicesfall roughlyinto one of four groups called soprano, alto, tenor and bass.Thesenamesdescribe how high and how low we can sing. Sopranois the highestfemale voice. lt may be gentleand floMng in styleor it may be coloratura. This is a style of singing withgreatspeedand power. lt is much used in opera by such performers as Dame KiriTe Kanawa. The lowest female voice is called contralto which produces a rich and warm sound. Manyfemalevoicesare half way between soprano and contralto. These are called mezzo-sopranos. The tenor is the highest male voice. Tenor singers often perform in a dramatic style. Luciano Pavarotti's version of Nessun Dorma is an example of this. One of the most famous tenor singerswas the ltalian,

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&.
Dame Kiri Te Kanawa

Photographer:

Terry

O'NeiIl

EnricoCaruso. The deepestmalevoiceis the bass. lt is suitedto stow,dignified music. A famousbass singerwas the American, PaulRobeson who performed suchsongsas Ol' Man Riverwrittenby George Gershwin.Manymalevoicesareactually halfwaybetween tenorand bassandarecalledbaitone. It you wantto singclassical musicproperly, yourvoicewillneedtraining. you can learnto With practice increase the rangeof notesyou can sing. You can alsolearnto singexactly the rightnoteeachtime. Breathing exercises trainyouto breathe in the maximum amount of airandto useit up gradually. Thiswill possible you makeit tor to singlongphrases of music in onecontinuous breath. Youcanalsoimprove yoursinging yourmuscles by learning 10relax andimproving thewayyou holdyour body. This will helpyou to improve your the tone of voice. In this wayyou will be ableto change the expression in yourvoice to suitthemoodof thesong. Classical singers alsohave to learn lo move smoothly lromonenoteto another withno breaks in thesound. It is importanl to singthewords clearly sothattheycanbe easily understood. Lastly, it is important to learn to readmusic so thatyoucansingthe notes on thepage, evenif youhavenever heard thesongbefore. Exercises 1. starting withthe highest, write 2 listsunder theheadings woMEN's votcEs andMEN'svotcES. 2. ls thecoloratura style of singing a) gentle andflowing or b) fastandpowerful? 3. Sorttheseletters outto showthenames of 3 singers: ANLOCIU RATVTPOIA, ERICNO SRUCAO, you RlKlETANAKAW . When havefound thenames writenextto eachonethetypeof voice thatthey have. 4. Write a sentence which links these2 names: PaulRobeson, George Gershwin. 5. Finish thissentence, Breathing you exercises train to... 6. Howcanrelaxation andthewayyouholdyourbodyimprove yoursinging? 7. Howcantheability to readmusic helpyoursinging?. 8. Describe thestyleof singing popsinger. of yourfavourite Saywhyyoulikeit. Thenchoose a singer whoyoudo notlikeandexplain why.

BALLET
Traditional balletis a dance spectacular with music, exciting costumesand lavishscenery. lt tellsa story through the movement of the dancers.Musicis often specially composed for ballet. The melody,rhythm and instruments used will all help to tell the storyor expressthe mood. The Rrteof Springballettellsthe story of a girl who has to dance herselfto death because she has beenchosen to be sacrificed. Thus Stravinsky's musicfor this soundsbarbaric to match the rather brutalstoryline. An earlytype of balletwas performed at the court of King Louis XIV of France (1643-1715\. The performerswore heavy dresses, high heels and enormous wigs. Consequently, movement was restricted and dancingwas ratherstiff and formal. However,the ballerinaLa Camargo(1710-1770) shortened her skirtsso that she couldjump and leap aboutto the music.In 1814,Marie Taglioni beganto danceon the tips of hertoes. The introduction of the tutu and f rilly skirt gave the dancers even more f reedom of movement and the ability to display more intricate steps. These changeswere reflectedin the kind of music that was composed for ballet. At the end of the 19th

Bullet Dancers by Degas

century, Tchaikovsky, the Russian composer, wrote threepieces which arestillpopular today.SwanLake, Sleeping Beautyand TheNutcrackerallowed livelyand expressive dancing withfull sweeping movements gestures. and powerful Someof the greatest composers havewritten musicto be performed as ballet. Theseinclude Bartok, Copland, Shostakovitch, Debussy, Raveland Prokofiev. The firstlargescalemodern ballet scoreby a British composet wasJob by Vaughan Williams.OtherBritish composers who haveworked in thisstyle include Bliss, Britten andWalton.Sometimes purposes music thatwaswritten for other hasbeenadapted performances. for ballet WorkbyChopin, Rossini, Handel, Brahms, Berlioz, Elgar andMahler hasallbeen usedin thisway. Today, traditional ballet is stillverypopular. However, modern ballet is verydifferent fromthis. lt hasbeen influenced byjazz,Latin American music andAfrican tribal dances. lt tends to express emotions or suggest a moodbutoftendoesnottella story.Electronic peromances music is common.Somemodern usefilm, slideshows andelectronically controlled machines instead of realdancers. Exercises 1. ExDlain whattraditional ballet is. 2. Finish thissentence, Traditional ballet triesto tella story by.... 3. Whywastheballet at thecourt of Louis XIVso formal? 4. Write1 or 2 sentences to showwhata) La Camargo b) Marie Taglioni didfor ballet. 5. Describe the kindof ballets which Tchaikovksy composed. 6. Writea listof a) British and b) othercomposers whowrotemusicfor ballet. 7. Sortoutthetollowing letters to showthenames ot 3 composers whose music hasbeenusedin ballet: NSIRSOI, RZIBOLE, ALHRME. 8. Explain howmodern ballet is diflerent fromtraditional ballet. 9. Write a summary of a story lor a ballet in oneparagraph. Thensuggest somepopsongs andthesortof dance steps which could beusedto illustrate it. E.g.a sadstory might needa slowmelody withsubdued dancing etc.
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THESYNTHESIZER
The development of the synthesizer has brought a wholenew worldof soundsto popularmusic. Thisinstrument separates intotheirbasicpatterns. sounds lt canthenchange themin various ways. It may leaveout somesounds by filtering these patterns or add to t h e mb y m i x i n g t h e mu p . I n t h i s way, the synthesizer can imitate anyinstrument or natural sound.lt can also produce totally new s o u n d s . T h u s t h e s o u n do f t h e clarinet, crashing wavesor weird electronic noises can all be heard on the synthesizer. The first modernsynthesizer was produced by RobertMoog in the 1960s. Synthesizers have usually a keyboard likea pianoor organ. Builtinto it is a smallcomputer.

Preset Synthesizer

Thismeans thatit canstore certain information in itsmemory which theperformer cancallupat any ifyouareplaying time.Forinstance, a tune youcanaccompany onthekeyboard using single notes, pressing thisby simply a switchlYoucanadda bassline, chords or drums. Youcanalsochoose youwanttheaccompaniment whether to be in a rockor reggae rhythm. Preset synthesizers have upto 128setsounds intheir memory. Youcanplayanyof these sounds butyoucannot alter them.Nowadays, themost common typeof synthesizers areprogrammable. Thismeans thattheyhavepreset sounds but thesecan be altered or newsounds created by instructing the computer inside the synthesizer. Thesenewsounds can thenbe storedin the computer memory andcalled up anytimetheyarerequired. programmable Many synthesizers alsohave a "sequencer". Thisenables thesynthesizer to store parts number musical a of suchasthebasslineor drumaccompaniment in its memory. Youcan thenplaythemelody onthekeyboard whilst thesynthesizer accompanies witha basslineor drum section thatyourecorded earlier. Notall synthesizers aremadein theshape of a keyboard. There guitar arealsodrum, andwind synthesizers. A drum synthesizer consists oi a series of pads connected to a synthesizer box.The preset notes have been tothesound pitch, of real drums buttheir length andvolume canbealtered. Exercises 1. Finish thissentence, Thefirstmodern synthesizer wasdeveloped by ... 2. Write a listof some of thesounds a synthesizer canmake. 3. Describe howa synthesizer works using thefollowing keywords:separate sounds, filtering, mixing, imitating sounds. 4. Whatkindof information doesthecomputer inside a synthesizer allow theperformer to store? 5. Explain preset thedifference between a anda programmable synthesizer. 6. Howdoesa seouencer work? 7. Whatis thedifference between a keyboard anda drumsynthesizer? 8. Write an advertisement fora newsynthesizer. Encourage customers to buythe instrument by pointing outthedifferent tasks it canperform. 9. Draw a poster witha caption to helpsellthenewsynthesizer.

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13

Mrx AND MATCH(1)


Thispuzzle is a testo1yourknowledge of different types of music.A listof compositions is given below. You haveto complete the tableby choosing the typeof musicwhichyou associate witheachof the compositions. Thelirstonehasbeendoneforyou. COMPOSITION Hallelujah Chorus Oh HappyDay T Y P EO F M U S I C Choral music

Nessun Dorma
B l u eD a n u b e Swan Lake Radetsky March AbideWith Me The Lordls My Shepherd The FloralDance

Cats Ghostbusters
Thetypesof music gospel, to enterare:musical, psalm, hymn, opera, ballet, film,military, waltz, brass band.

Mlx ANDMATCH (2)


Thispuzzle is a testof yourknowledge of musical compositions andwhocomposed or performed them. You haveto complete the tableby choosing lhe composer or performer that you associate with each piece of music.ThefirstonehasbeendoneforVou. COMPOSITION Messiah BlueDanube Sleeping Beauty MadameButterfly Mikado Phantom Of The Opera The Graduate O l ' M a nR i v e r The LastWaltz The,names of thecomposers andperformers are:Handel, Tchaikovsky, Gilbert andSullivan, Simon and Garfunkel, Johannstraussthe Younger, Engelbert Humperdinck, Andrew Lloyd weber, George Gershwin, Puccini. Whenyou havefinished try making puzzle up a similar for yourfriends using the names of popgroups andtheirsongs.
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COMPOSER OR PERFORMER Handel

Rockandrollwasformed froma mixture of white gospel,country,Afro-American blues and rhythm and bluesstyles of music. lt wasthe American disc jockeyAlan Freedwho first usedthe term rockand rollto describe a particular typeof music.Since then hasstuck. the name Oneof the firstrockand rollsingers to takeAmerica by storm was Elvis Presleywho released the hit single'That'sAlrightMamma'in 1954. This was followed by a stringof hitsand by 1956he had sold morethan20 million records.Presley's spectacular stage performance with his arrogantsneer and thrusting hipscreated a sensation. In 1955LittleRichard exploded onto the music scenewith 'TuttiFruitti'. He screamed the words, pounded the pianoand shookhis hair. A seriesof othersingers followed including ChuckBerry,Jerry Lee Lewis,Carl Perkins and BuddyHolly. lt was BuddyHollywho tookthe development of rockand roll furtherthan anyoneelse by usingmultitracking recording techniques to producecomplexstudio arrangements. Thelate1950s andearly1960s brought success to a number of rockand rollgroups.Theseweremale vocalgroupssuch as The Drifters and femalevocal groups such as The ShangriLas who released 'Leaderof the Pack' in 1964. The Beach Boys combinedthe rhythmsof Chuck Berry with the harmonies of Afro-Amrican vocal groupsto producetheir own distinctive sound in numberssuch as 'Surfin' Safari'. group'BillHaleyand the British teenagers tooklittlepartin the rockand rollcrazeuntilthe American Comets', created a sensation withths rsleaseof the film 'RockAroundthe Clock'in 1955. This had youngsters dancing in theaisles in thecinemas where thefilmwasshowing, muchto the horror of their parents! BothTommySteeleand CliffRichard weremadeto looklike Presley imitations and achieved some CliffRichard's firstrecording,'Move succss. lt'in 1958,hada certain rawenergy aboutit. Howsver, thy soontoneddowntheirrockingimageand concentrated on films,pantomimes and variety shows. lt was 'LoveMe Do' in 1962thatwe had Britishstarswho not untilThe Beatles released wereableto createtheir individual own sound. Exercises 1. Namethe four different musical styleswhichwere mixedto createrockand roll. 2. Sortout the wordsin this sentence aboutrockand rolland writethemout in the correctorder: AIan,music, the, 1952,describe,Freed,used,in, was, to, term, of, a, style,first, by, rock and roll. 3. Nameone songplayedby eachot the following artists:ElvisPresley, LittleBichard, The Shangri Las, TheBeach Boys,BillHaley, The Beatles. 4. In whatway did ElvisPresley createa sensation on stage? 5. Howdid LittleRichard createa stir in the musicworld? 6. Copyout the following sentence, fillingin the blankswithwordsfromthe passage:BuddyHollydeveloped music morethananyoneelse by usingm_ t_ t_ _ produce t_ to c_ s_ 7. Whichof the following is a malevocalgroupand whicha femalevocalgroup?a) Shangri Las.b) Drifters 8. Whichfilm started the Britishrockand roll movement? 9. Name twoearlyBritish rockandrollstars.
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SAMPLING
A synthesizer can imitate instruments or prosoundsby usingvariouselectronic cesses.However, thesealways sounded rather a r t iifc i a l . S o d u r i n g themid1980s was developed. the sampler lt can record r e a ls o u n d s .T h e s es o u n d s might beany number o f m u s i c ailn s t r u m e n t sO . r they m i g h t b e n o i s e s l i k e s w o r d sc l a s h i n g , d o o r s b a n g i n ga n d d o g s b a r k i n g . T h e samplerhas a very powerfulcomputer i n s i d ei t . T h i s m e a n s t h a t i t c a n a l s o store,alterand play back thesesounds. Once the sound is stored,it can be alteredin manydifferent ways. The computer can constantly repeatthe s o u n d ,s p e e d i t u p , s l o w i t d o w n o r r e verseit. Alsoit can makeit echoor turna s i n g l es o u n di n t oa m u l t i p l e one. lt can lengthen or shorten the sound. Thusa played matchstruck in shorter timewillbe l i k e a g u n s h o t , i n l o n g e rt i m e l i k e a t h u n d e r b o l t .T h i s i s v e r y u s e f u li n r e Fairlight Instruments founders Kim Ryrie (left) and Peter Vogel, cording f o rf i l m s . s o u n dt r a c k s with Series III Fuirlieht C.WI.
Photograph by ki ndpermi ssi on of Fai rl i ght E S PP ty,Ltd.A ustral i a

Samplers areottenusedin combination withplaybackkeyboards. A greatvariety of sampled sounds fed into can be the keyboard's memory.lt can then playthemback. Thiscan produce somevery youcould strange effects.Forinstance, playthetune"Yesterday" bythe Beatles to the sound of a dog barking!However, a playbackkeyboard can onlyreproduce sounds whichhavebeenstoredin its memory froma sampler.lt cannot alterthemin the waythata sampler can. Thisproblem wasovercome in the 1980s when produced theFairlight Company theComputer Musical (CMl).Thiswasa sampler Inslrument andplaybackkeyboard combined. lt hadtwobuiltin computers andsucha largememory thatit couldrecord a complete filmsound trackl Suchgroups as Yazoousedthe CMIto write, playand record theirsongs.SomeMusicians usedthe CMIto playsounds on stagethathadbeenrecorded previously. Thismeant thattheywerenot really playing live,just loading disksintotheircomputers! During the 1990s CMlswerereplaced by much morecompact andcheaper versions of the combined sampler and keyboard. Exercises 1. Write a listof someof thesounds a sampler canrecord andstore. 2. Choose a songandthenan unusual noise which could be used to playitsmelody. 3. Whatdo the letters CMIstand for? 4. Which produced company theCMI? paragraph, Describe, in a 5. someof thedifferent ways thata sampler canalter sounds. 6. Finish t h i ss e n t e n c e T :h - eg r o u p which used a C M Iw a s. . . 7. Explain the difference between a synthesizer, a sampler, a playbackkeyboard anda CMl. group B. Doesit matter playpre-recorded if a music during a liveperformance instead of real instruments? Givea reason foryouranswer. 9. lmagine thatyouarecomposing thesound track fora horror film. Suggest someof the youwould noises record on to yoursampler andhowyouwould alter them.
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12

WORDSEARCH
you haveto find the namesof ten typesof popular In this wordsearch music and two pop singers.The namesyou haveto find are'- JAZZ, ROCK AND ROLL, SOUL, FOLK, COUNTRY, HEAVY BLTJES, METAL, GLAM ROCK, PUNK, REGGAE,BOB DYLAN andPAUL SIMON.

M B E R O C K A N D R O L L U K R

E A J S E I G X T W A L L N A R Y W Z Z A J S T W E L D K M N E E L W J A V S B B H D J R H J G E S B M H E A V Y M E T A L A G S S V P W P S I M A N W I R I A D Y K A N C H I A N G K I N L E J U M C O T T Z E C P A U J W I N C F F O L K X I P A U L S I M O N N F N R T O I M V N R S O T M J A S B P M S I T { T K A D S P U N K R L B H J A T R O S W K L P L E F G Y W E T L O R X M A J T E L A Z T D A E C G O T C O I { P S R W I { O N B T E Z M I V Y U P E O C R A C C O U N T R Y S I N U C A M G A J T B R I N O D H A L N S D Y L A M B L U E Z B A E O C C J O A N R E G G A L A B B A

Finished? Good,nowdesigna wordsearch using12 or morenamesof popgroups or singers.Nowswapwithyour partner and see who canfinishthe other's wordsearch first.
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RAVE
Rave musicfirst appeared in Britainaround 1988. lt was developed froma typeof house music known as acid house in Chicagoby such DJ's as Marshall Jefferson and DJ Pierre. Acid housemusicusedan oscillator to createa weirdand warpedkind of electronic sound. This reminded listeners of the drug inducedpsychedelic musicof the 1960shencethe nameacidhouse. Ravemusic usesallthetechniques of house music - the electronic drum machine, the synthesizer, the twin track variablespeed turntable, mixingand sampling.However, the musicproduced is muchfaster withup to 180 beats per minute! The overwhelming feature of thissoundis its powerful rhythm there is virtually no melodyand the vocals are minimal. A sampleris used to take soundsand alterthem usingcomputer technology and a synthesizer. Sounds are distorted. Voices are speeded up, sloweddownor sometimes electronic like the Daleks fromDr Who. The result is a far off sounding typeof electronic musicwhichhas something of a spacefantasyatmosphere to it. Like housemusic,raveis essentially musicto danceto at larqe gatherings ratherthanfor listening in the privacy of yourown home. Eachweekend ravers collectin disused warehouses and aircraft hangars to dancethe nightaway. Up 4,000 to enthusiasts may gatherat any one venueand dancefor up to 12 hours. Hightechnology lighting suchas strobes and lasers addsto the atmosphere. generate Computers abstract and colourful images in timeand in tunewiththe music. The noiseis deafening, the lights are glaring andthe dancing frantic. lt is suspected thatthe longterm effects of suchhighlevels of noiseand lightwillbe harmful.Someravers, but by no meansall,takethe drug ecstasy. Regrettably this has led to a number of deaths. In 1990Orbital, one of Europe's top ravebandshad a No. 17 hit in the UK charts with'Chime.'Other popular ravebands to achieve a placein the charts are Moby, HumanResource, ToxicTwo,Altern 8 and Prodigy.However, ravemusiclikehousemusicis primarily produced for the danceclubmarketnotfor the charts.Evenwhenrecords are produced, thesearethenoftenmixedand sampled by DJsto create theirown individual music. Exercises 1. When did ravemusicfirstappear? 2. Copyout thissentence and fill in the blanks fromthe passage:A---h----musicusedan ---------to createa -----and ------kindof sound. 3. What is the difference between houseand ravemusic? 4. Writea paragraph describing in yourown wordswhatravemusicsoundslike. 5. Writea paragraph describing a raveparty. 6. Describe howyouthinkthe noise, lights and prolonged dancing your at raveparties mightdamage health. 7. Sortout the following letters to produce the names of threeravebands:-UNMHA, ARBTLOI. RIYPDGO ,ORSREUC. E B. Namethe single whichthe grouporbitalhada hitwithin 1g89. 9. A fan of ravemusic and the Beatles are having a heated discussion of the merits of theirrespective typesof music.Writeout theirdiscussion. You mayusethe following ideasto helpyou:-lyrics, paceof music, melody, electronics and instruments, the danceexperience.
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FUNK
Funkis a styleof pop musicperformed mostly by Afro American musicians. lt developed in thelate1960s, more .. as a kindof dancemusicrather thansomething to be ii listened to. lt mixedelements of earlysoulwithwhite rock musicto produce a fast and furious soundper,i formed on stage withmuchenergetic movement.
One important influence on the development of funk ,'* was the music of the soul singer, Otis Redding. .:' Leaping aboutthe stage,he couldwhipup tremendous ;t' excitement amongst his audiences withsuchstorming numbers (1965)and 'Shake'(1967). as 'Respect' The real creatorof modernfunk was James Brown. He had developed a powerful stageact with incredible footwork.His 1965hit,'Papa'sGot A BrandNew Bag' showed thisfeverish sideof funk. ln 1970,he released 'SexMachine' whichsoonbecamea dancefloorclassic. FollowingBrown's lead, a number of f unk groups achieved considerable chart successin the 1970s. Sly and The Family Stoneachieved a No.1 hit in America in 1970with 'ThankYou'. Other groupsfollowed such as Kool and the Gang, the Ohio Playersand War. The vocals and melodytook a back seat in this new funk sound,comparedwith the overwhelming drivingdance beat. Miclrael Jackson Duringthe 1970sthe first synthesizers and electronic drum machines started to appearon the market. StevieWonderbeganto experiment with theseto producean electronic versionof funk. lt wasfromtheseearlybeginnings that Prince and Michael Jackson developed the electro funksounds of the 1980s. Princebeganhis careerin earnestwith the release of his successfut single'LittleRed Corvette' in 1983. Thiswas followed by a string of hitsand sellout tours.His musicwas fast and forcef ul witha throbbing beat. His lyricswere provocative and his stageperformance outrageously sexual. Michael Jackson's experiments in electro funk beganin 1979with his 'Off the Wall' albumwhich soldoverB million copies withinmonths of its release. Thiswasfollowed by the 'Thriller' albumwhich achievedsales of over 40 millionworldwide. Jackson'sbrilliant dancingwas demonstrated to stunning effectby the videoswhich he usedto markethis records. Electro funk has had a majorimpacton all rockmusicincluding performers suchexperimental as Bowie,lggy Pop and Siouxsie as wellas moremainstream groups suchas DuranDuranand INXS. Exercises 1. When was funk developed and whichmusicians performed usually it? 2. Copyout thissentence and fill in the blanks fromthe passage:Funkis a blendof and-|tismoreakindof--'ratherthansomethingtobe-to. 3. Who was the creator of modernfunk? 4. Writea paragraph describing funk musicusingthe following headings to helpyou:-speedof music,stageperformance, beat,vocalsand melody. 5. Writea listof someof the funkgroups of the 1g70s. 6- Writeout the nameand date of one recordreleased by eachof the following performers:Otis Redding, JamesBrown,Princeand Michael Jackson. 7 - Lookat the picture of Michael Jackson. Describe his clothes and stageperformance. Say why you thinkhe has sold so manyrecords. B. Writea listof someof the groupswhichhavebeeninfluenced by electro funk. 9. Do you likeor dislike the musicof Michael Jackson?Writea paragraph your opinion discussing usingthe following key wordsto helpyou:-melody, lyrics, rhythm, instruments, backing
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CALYPSO
is a formof folkmusic Calypso in Trinidad which developed andotherparts of Caribbean. lts origins go backto the "griots" of WestAfrica. Theywere professional musicians whomade gossip. to spread news up songs andlocal During the 18thand 1gthcenturies manyWest Africans weretakenfrom their homeland to workas slaves on the sugarplantations of the Caribbean islands. There theyusedworksongs to spread localnewsandgossip in the samewaythatthe griotshad. Theseoftencriticised and poked funat theirmasters.
The traditional instruments for accompanying the songs were scrapers, rattles, drums,bottlesand bamboo sticks. However, in the 1930smore sophisticated instruments guitar, such as the bass and violin were used as a s resultof the influenceof jazz. The 1940s saw the i"'ii" formation of steel bandsusingdrumsmade out of 55 gallon oil barrels. From then on, steel bands have been one of the most common accompanimentsof calypsomusic. They produce a soft metallic soundratherlike a xylophone. Throughout the Caribbean calypsois very much part of Carnival.Peopledress up in dazzling and extravagant costumesand paradedown the street o the accompaniment of steel bands and calypso

musrc. As calypso developed it often dealt withtopical issues in a humorous butcritical way. Thisdidnot meet always with the approval of the authorities. Manycalypso singers were prevented from speaking theirmindsrightup intothe 1940s.However, during the 1970sa lesscritical typeof partly calypso developed, as a result of theinfluence of thesinger Harry Belafonte. Thiswascalled "soca" was and a mixture soulfeeling andcalypso rhythms. lt wasa morelaidbacksound.This wasa commercially successful typeof music andin 1978LordKitchener achieved an international 'Sugar hitwiththesong, BumBum'.Other successful calypso singers include suchartists as the Mighty Sparrow, Calypso Roseand DavidRudder. Today calypso is a bright, mellow andtuneful sound withstrong rhythms andoften undemanding lyrics.lt creates a happy atmosphere you in which candream of partying, sunshine and sand! Exercises 1. Whowerethe "griots" andwhere weretheyfrom? 2. Copyoutthefollowing sentence andfillin the blanks fromthe passage:In theC----the s---usedtheirw----s---to criticise andp---f---at theirmasters. 3. Writetwo listsof instruments usedin calypso under thefollowing headings:Traditional instruments. Jazzinstruments.
4 . Sort out the wordsin this sentence aboutsteeldrumsand writethem out in the correctorder:Drums, fifty,sound,steel,xylophone, from,gallon, are,drums,like,and, a, five.o i l , m a d e . 5 . Explain what a Caribbean Carnival is like. 6 Why do you thinkthe authorities did not likecalypso? 7 . Sortoutthejumbled letters to spell the names of fourcalypso singers:-DRREUD, E R S O ,D L R O , W S R A O R PV , DIDA, HKNTIECRE , G M Y T IP H , CYLOAS. B. Describe the soundof calypso usingthe following wordsto helpyou:-melody. rhythm, lyrics, atmosphere. 9. Writethe wordsto yourown topical songaboutan eventat home,at schoolor one from the national or localnews.
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T H EE L E C T R I C GUITAR
guitaris one of the most popularinToday the electric struments available. Beforethe 1930sall guitarswere acoustic.This meansthat the soundwas amplified, or increased, by a hollowbody. Electric guitars havea solid body.The sound is passedfrom pick-ups on this body, throughan amplifier, to loud speakers.This processnot only makesthe guitarlouderbut alsochanges the typeof soundproduced. In 1932AdolphRickenbacker fittedspecialmicrophones, pick-ups, called inside the bodyof a Spanish guitar.Soon afteruvards, the Americanguitar manufacturers Gibson produced guitar. This increased a similar the volumeof the guitarbut othenruise the soundwas not altered. ]n 1944Leo Fender builtthe f irsttrulyelectric guitar.lt had a solid body. Ten years later Fenderproduced the pioneeringStratocaster which is still made today. lt had a doublecut away body which made it easierto play the high notes. Thus high pitched guitarsolosbecamethe hallmarkof the electric guitar sound.lt hada tremolo arm whichbentthe notesand 3 picks-ups whichchanged the sound in other ways. lts clean,cuttingsound made it popular withsuch rockguitarists as Jimi Hendrix.

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ln 1952 the guitarist Les Paul designed a solid bodied guitar electric for Gibson. Likethe FenderStratocaster, thismodelhas proved so popular thatit is stillmadetoday with very few changesin design. lt producesa heavy Fender Stratocaster Guitsr sound,appreciated by blues based musicians such as Picture by kindpermission of Arbiter GroupPLC EricClapton.

jncreased. Gradually, the range of sounds thatcould be produced Duringthe guitars 1960s weremade whichcouldproduce distortion, wah-wah and othersounds. Betwe en 1977and 19g5Roland, the Japanese synthesizer maker, builta number of guitar produce synthesizers which could manydifferent sounds.However, thesehavenot soldwell. Mostguitarists seemto prefer to produce complicated froma relatively sounds simple instrument by using theirskillrather thanadvanced electronlcs. From timeto timeunusually guitars shaped havebeenmade.Themostlamous of these wasthesoace looking guitar. age Gibson Flying V However, guitars theseodd shaped havenot beenpopular with musicians because theywereso awkward to play. Exercises 1. Whatis an acoustic guitar? 2. Sort9utthe lollowing letters to spellthe names guitarists of 2 famous mentioned in the passage: IIJM OTPCNAL RHDXNIE CRIE. 3. Match up thesesounds withthe correct guitar: Clean sound, heavy sound, Gibson, Strarocasrer. 4. Writea paragraph describing someof the newsounds thatwereadded to the electric ouitar. guitars 5. Why did unusual shaped failto become popular? 6. Why haveguitar synthesizers failed to be accepted by guitarists? 7. Drawa labelled diagram to showhowan electric guitar worKs. you havejust bought 8. lmagine a Fender Stratocaster. Writea letter to a friendexplaining whyyou prefer it to yourold acoustic guitar. I' Construct a timecharton the development guitar.Dates of the electric on the lefthandsideand important events on the otherside.
'Fender', 'Stratocaster' and 'Gibson' are all registered trude marks

l0

HOUSE MUSIC
Housemusicfirst appearedin the mid 1980sin the clubs of Chicagoand New York. The music was namedafterthe Chicago Warehouse Clubwherethe sound was first heard. Amongstthe first DJ's to producehouse music in that city were Frankie Knuckles and Farley Jackmaster Funk. ,, House music was developed by DJ's who wantedto createtheirown form of dancemusic,ilj to replace the commercialised disco musi whichhadbeensweeping the chartsin the wake# of the successof the film SaturdayNightFever:,'iiil It was cheapto produce- much housemusicfi was put togetherusinga simplefour track re corder.

taking snatchesof sound from records,dogs barking,doors shutting, taps running, windrushing etc.and putting themthrough a computer whichwaslinked to a synthesizer. The synthesizer couldthenbe usedto change the sounds intosomething completely newby slowing down, playing speeding up, repeating, backwards, fadingand warping etc.The soundproduced was fast,full of electronic noises withAn overwhelming beatbut virtually no melody. Vocals wereflatsounding and consisted of shortphrases, repeated overand overagain. Theseoftenincluded the word"House".A favourite devicewas to use a samplerto take part of a word and repeatthis severaltimes to produce a stuttering effect. Mosthousemusicis clubbasedand doesnot usually hitthe charts.lt is issuedin smallquantities (500 - 1000at a time)in 12 inchsingle format.However, therehavebeenexceptions. The firsthouserecord 'JackYour to reachthe British chartswas SteveHurley's Body'in 1987. In the sameyear,the British groupM.A.R.R.S. scoreda No.1 hit with their record'PumpUp the Volume.' During1988 the 'RokDa House' Beatmasters released whichgotto No.Sin the UK charts. In orderto get intothe charts the rawsoundof housemusicwas commercialised andthesetracksareslightly moremelodic thanthe clubbasedmusic. Sinceits beginning in the mid 1980s, housemusichas splitintoa number of sub groups suchas dark house,hip houseand acid house. lt was from acid housethat ravemusicwas to develop. Exercises 1. Howdid housemusicget its name? 2. copy out this sentence and fill in the blanks fromthe passage:H m_ firstappeared in the mid_. 3. Sortoutthe following wordsintothe correct orderso thattheymakea sentence:A, recorder, house, together, much,is, track,using, put,music, four. 4- Writea paragraph describing the technique of sampling in your own words.Drawa diagram to yourdescription. illustrate 5. Writea paragraph whathousemusicsoundslikein yourownwords. describing 6. Nametwo examples of housemusicwhichgot intothe British charts. 7. Howwerethesetracksdifferent fromclubbasedhousemusic? B. Writea sentence abouthousemusicusingthe following keywords:Mid 1980s, sub groups, acid house, ravemusic. yourfavourite 9. Choose popstaror group andsaywhyyoulikethem. Usethe following wordsto help you.-melody, lyrics, instruments, vocals, rhythm, stageperformance.
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A musician can connectvarious electronic instruments such as synthesizers, drum machines, samplers, sequencersand computerstogetherand controlthem from one place. This is done by using a Musical Instrument DigitalInterface or MlDl. An interfaceis a piece of electroniccircuitry which enables one pieceof equipment to be connectedto and work with another. lt takes the signal f rom one machine and it intoa formthatcan changes be understood by the other. Thef irstMlDlswerebought as
Picture courtesy Dawsons MusicLimited

separate unitsbut now theyare usually builtintoan instrument suchas a keyboard.The MlDl is connected to the otherelectronic gadgets using a series of leads. The MlDl can be usedto linka computer witha synthesizer. Withthe correct software or comourer programme the musician will be able to use her computer to alterthe soundscomingout of the synthesizer. Music canbecomposed or altered onthecomputer andthenthecomputer caninstruct the synthesizer to playthefinished result.Whenthesystem is playing music whichhasbeenstored in the partcan be played computer, a "live" piece. along withthe recorded lf a synthesizer is linked to a rhythm machine via a MlDl,the musician can programme and playthe drumaccompaniment fromthe synthesizer and alterit as shegoesalong. Two synthesizers can be connected by the MlDlallowing oneto control the other. Onesynthesizer mightbe playing a clarinet melody, the othera fluteaccompaniment. All this is possible because electronic devices suchas the keyboard, MlDl and the compurer pass tnformation to eachotherby a digital process. Thismeans thattheydo nottransmit actual sounds but information aboutwhichnotesto play,theirpitchand length and so on. This informatton is communicated in the form of numbers whichcan be understood and workedon very quickly. This information is stored inside thesemachines on smallmicro chips. TheMlDlhastransformed themusic business. Onceit tookyears to learn to playan instrument. Now, with a MlDl, a keyboard and a few otherelectronic you can createthe soundof all the devices, instruments ol the orchestra. Exercises 1. Whatdo theletters MlDlstand for? 2 . E x p l a iw n h a ta M l D ld o e s . 3. Sortthejumbled letters to show 4 electronic gadgets thatcanbe connected by a MlDl: E Q R S N E U CM EL , RAEPS Y,R E S I N H Z S T EU , PTRCEO. M 4. Write a paragraph explaining howa computer canbe usedin music. 5' Explain howdigital information passed is between electronic gadgets. musical 6. Howhasthe MlDltransformed themusic business? 7. Explain thedifference between thefirstmidis andthose used today. B.Write an advertisement to helpsella newMlDl. 9. Design a poster foryouradvertisement.
P&l Ltd., P.O.Box 62 ,Yew,ron-le-Willott,s ,yA3 2RF Tet. 01942 728303

11

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of froma mixture music wasformed of styles Country fromthe music.Theseincluded folksongs American musicsuch as the rural south and Afro-American and dulcimer 5 stringbanjo, blues.At firstthe fiddle, guitar wereusedto accompany country songs.After 1900, however, the mandolin, string bassand Hawaiian wereadded. steelguitar

In the earlydayscountry musicwas performed largely at home, in the church however, and for localfunctions.During the 1920s, the record for it. In companies decided therewas a widermarket popular 1923 . J<-w, Fiddlin' I lLlVlll | ll I \ -rGll D\/I I C with one of John \ rvl Carson achieved ltvl llEYVL| success P\/F \ 'The LittleOld Log first recordings music, the of country called ,\ in the Lane'.At thesametimeradio suchas WSM stations I \ Cabin Nashville beganplaying countrymusic. ln 1926one of the L \ most famouscountrymusic programmes calledthe 'Grand OleOprey' began broadcasting on WSM. ln 1927earlystarsof country music,such as JimmyRodgers By and the Carterfamily,beganmaking theirfirst recordings. had sold over 20 the time he died in 1933Jimmy Rodgers million records, including Blues'. suchhitsas 'Yodelling Cowboy Duringthe 1930sand 1940s countrymusic became popular the U.S.A. and,indeed, the world. As the throughout music spread so it became smoother and more with more complex accompaniments and commercialized drumsand backings.Instruments such as the steelguitar, wereadded. Musicians like MerleTravis evenhornsections quite a sophisticated style of and Hank Williamsproduced musicprogramme, wasthe mostlistened to radioshow OleOprey', thecountry music.By 1950the 'Grand music industry. wasthe centre of thecountry in America and Nashville George of a number ot country superstars suchas GlenCampbell, The1960s sawthe emergence increasingly complicated Lynnand DollyParton.Theyadopted lV, Johnny Cash,Loretta Hamilton guitar was more instruments wentoutof fashion andthe electric for theirsongs.Acoustic arrangements verytraditional mother and home, of country songshaveremained thethemes widely used. However, man,loveandreligion the rambling Exercises music. musicwhich weremixed to formcountry 1. Name ol American two styles play country music. usedto 2. Writea listof instruments musicians:-JohnCarson, JimmyRodgers, country abouteachoi thelollowing 3. Writea sentence HankWilliams andJohnny Cash was m_ daysc andfillin theblanks;- In theearly 4. Copy thefollowing sentence performed in c_ and at l_ at h_ music:- WSMNashville, keywordsto writea senten@ of country 5 . Usethefollowing aboutthe history OleOprey. Grand music in the 1930s andthe 1940s? 6 . Howdidcountry change musicians writeabout? 7. Whatthemes did country lelters to spellthe names singers tromthe 1960s:- YNLN, 8. Sortoutthejumbled of threecountry BPAMCLEL. YDLOL. TLRTOAE. NGEL. TPNAOR. - dateson the left,events music 9 . Construct a timecharton the history of country on the right.
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Soul music has been written and performed Afro-Americans.lt began in Americain the early 1960sas a chflby styleof gospelmusicandthe moreworldlythemes mixture of the preaching of the blues. Soul musictriesto movethe audiene by the strongly felt emotions of the communicating styleof performer.This is done by a dramatic sobs, sighs,and high singingwhich includes .t pitched shouts. was One of the first soul recordings fF 'l Got a Woman'by Ray Charles. His heartrendingstyledid muchto shapethe patternof early soul music. Another pioneer of soul music was James 'Please, Brown. His version of the in 1956brought Please' Please, passionof a prayerto a love song. His explosive live performallce, brilliant dancing and hysterical screaminghave ensuredthat he has playedto capacityaudien@sall over the world. James Brown has achieved almost50 Top 40 hits in the U.S.A.and is stilfa majorforcein soulmusic. has ottenbeendescribed TamlaMotown as a soul record @mpany. Whilst Tamla has recorded some soul artistssuch as GladysKnight pop market. Althoughhits by The Supremes, international

MUSIC SOUL

Wonder andTheTemptations TheFourTops,Stevie watered dorilnbythe theemotion of soultheyweresubstanthlly 1960s 1970s contained the and during pop. melodies of mainstream andsimple bright recorded styleof suchsoulgreats as Arstha howsver, the raw,undiluted Becord Company, TheAtlantic Flack.Aretha Franklin's'Respect, wilsonPickett,'Percy Sledge andRoberta Franldin, OtisRedding, of hervoice andexciting stage No I in theUShitparade. Theshserpower reached released in 1967 performance soulartist. hasmadehera highlysuccessful suchas Paul Young, George a number of mainsteam singers soulintlugnced During the | 980s Anita Baker haw Lisa Stansfield and Phil Collins. Soul singers such as Annie Lnnox and Michael, heard in music ofwhite Theinfluence ol soulcanalsobe the in the1990s. to achieve su@ess continued Palmer. suchas Robrt singers Exercises. liveperformances. of JamsBrown's 2. Listthrescharacteristics jumble into listof artistsrecordsd label:following of names a onlhe TamlaMotorvn 3 . Sortoutthe in yourownwords. describing soulmusic 1. Write three or foulsentences

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VMRNAI, DOWNER YGEA,GKNHTI, TOTMSNPEAIT, STPO, SMPRUESE, YLSGDA, EVTSEI, RFUO,

fromtfiat of TamlaMotovn? 4. Howwasthestyleof the Atlantic Record Company differnt popmusicians influenced 5. Write a listof mainstream bysoul wrib a sntence which dateson thelefthandsideof yourpage. Alongside 6. Wdtedownthetollowing - | Gota Woman, gotogether which follow intotwogroups which 1956, James Bown, 7. Sortthewords 1955, RayCharles. Please, Plsass, Please,
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goeswitheachdate. 1955, 1956, 1967, 1980s, 1990s.

IRISH FOLK MUSIC


lreland has a proudtradition of folk music stretching back centuries. During the Middle Ages songs were often perf ormed solo and unaccompanied by instruments. - the Theywerealsosungin Gaelic language of the native lrish. However, f romthe 1500sonwards increasing number of songs an weresungin English as a result of the influence of English and ScotThe subjects tish settlers. covered came to include love, disasters, murders,executionsand songs about the struggle for independencefromthe British.Therewere also many sad songs about the lrish being forced to leave their land.

Manylrishsongs wereballads. Otherlrishpieces havebeenwritten to accompany dances In a variery of stylesand tempos. Amongst thesewerejigs,reelsand hornpipes. Theywereusually fast and furious. Performances of thesepieces was oftenimprovised. This meansthat musicians decided whatto playas theywentalong. exactly lrishfolk musicwas altered by the revival of English and American foik musicduringthe 1950sand 1960s.Accompaniment was addedand groupperformances of bothvocaland instrumental pieces became morecommon. Also,the popularity of folk musicin lreland grew. Despite fiercecompetition from pop and rock music,it is still playedextensively in the bars and clubsof lreland. younger musicians haveamplified instruments andaddednewones. Also,newsongshavebeenwritten with modern themes. Traditional instruments usedwerethe harp, pipes, the Uillean pennywhistle the fiddle, and the bodhran. Nowadays, the accordion, the banjoandthe guitar played. arealso The air bag of the Uillean pipesis inflated by pumping a bellows rather thanblowing as in the Scottish bagpipes. Thisproduces a soft,haunting sound.Oneof the mostpopular instruments is thefiddle whichis played withdazzling speedandcreativity. The bodhran is a smallhandhelddrumplayed witha stick. Sincethe 1960slrishfolk groups suchas the Chieftains haveachieved international success. More groups commercial likethe Dubliners andthe Fureys havescored hitsin the British pop charts.The Pogues reached No.2in the British charts in 1987withtheirsong,"A Fairy Taleof Newyork.,, Both Clannad and Enyahavebeenverysuccessful withtheirmixture of Gaelic musicand otherstvles. Exercises 1. Writeout 3 phrases aboutearlylrishsongs. 2. Whatchange occuned in lrishsonglromthe 1500s onwards? 3. sort outthefollowing letters to makethe names of 3 lrishdances :ESRLE, RlospNHpE,GJSI. 4. Describe piecewilldiffer howan improvised fromthe moreusualsongsin the British Hit parade. 5. Writea paragraph explaining howthe revival ol English andAmerican folk musicinfluenced lrish music. 6. Describe the difference between the Scottish bagpipes pipes. andthe Uillean 7. Writea listof someof the morewellknownlrishoerformers. 8. Whydo youthinklrishfolk musichasbeenableto compete withpop music? I' Writea paragraph showing the differences between lrishfolkmusic andTopTwenty music today. use the following keywordsto helpyou:traditional, instruments, themes, improvisaiion.
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Pictureby kind permission of Bord Failte-lrishTouristBoard.

MIX AND MATCH


Thisworksheet is a testof yourknowledge of thehistory of popular music. A listof songs is given below. Youhaveto complete thetableby choosing group a musician or of musicians whorecorded eachsono fromthe second list. Thefirstone hasbeendonefor vou.
SONG She LovesYou Dancing Queen H o u n dD o g All Alongthe Watchtower I FeelGood God SaveThe Queen N o W o m a nN o C r y T hr i l l e r Tutti Frutti T h e J e a nG e n i e Bohemian Rhapsody I Got You Babe My Generation Another Brick O n T h eW a l l Layla EveryBreathYou Take SweetChildof Mine PeggySue Living Doll In The Mood MUSICIAN The Beatles

The musicians to enterare:Michael Jackson, sonnyandcher,Abba,BuddyHolly, BobMarley, Elvis pink Floyd, Presley, Guns N' Roses, The sex Pistots, GlenMiller, Jimi nenorix,DavidBowie, The Police, JamesBrown, The Who,LittleRichard, eueen,CliffRichard and EricClapton. Whenyouhavefinished trymaking puzzle upa similar foryourfriends popstars using modern andtheir songs.
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REVISIOP NU Z Z L E
Fillin thiswordpuzzle by finding thewords thatfit in the blanks.Thefirstonehasbeendonefor vou. DOWN guitaris the F--D-R 0. A wellknown electric S--A--C-S--R. ACROSS 1. lrishfolksongsare oftenaccompanied by the F-D-L-. 2. A MlDl is a Musical lnstrument Digital l-T-F--E. 3. A pentatonic scaleuses5 musical N-T-S. 4. MostNorthAmerican l-D-N musicis accompanied by rattles anddrums. madeout of bamboo 5. Flutes arepopular instruments in C-|-ESmusic. 6. The rlaz is an -R-Brhythm whichimitates the sound of camel's hooves on the sand. 7. A S-M-LEgadget is an electronic whichcan record realsounds. 8. Thedidgeridoo is an instrument played by the Aborignes of A-TR-L--. 9. A CMIis a C-M--T-R Musical Instrument. 10.Manylrishand Scottish folksongs aresungin -A-L-C. 'I1. -A-T-N-Tare sometimes usedin flamenco music. .l2. Bagpipes areoftenplayed by S-O-T--H folkmusicians. '13. F--M-NCis a typeof music fromSpain. 14.Manylrishfolksongsare-A-L-D-. 15.Gamelan music is played allover|-D-N-S--. 16.S-NT--S-Z--canimitate anyinstrument or natural sound. 17.The NorthAmerican Indian M-D-C--E manwould danceandshakerattles. -L--TR-C 18. Gibson guitars are stillmaking today.

Finished? Good. Nowtry to makeup yourownpuzzle, similar to the one above, withthe namesof mustcians lrom the Top Twenty.lf you get sluckon a particular letter, thenchoose a moregeneral word. Whenyou havefinished swapwithyourpartner andseewhocanfinish puzzle the other's first.
P & l L r t l . . f ' . O . B t . r6 2 , \ ' e w r o t t - l a - I I ' i l l o v U .;'. -t 2RF Tei.0lg1:7lE-10-l

15

ABORIGINA LU S I C M
Aborigines are the nativepeopleof the Australian continent.Theirmusichas always had a highly individual and distinctive sound. lt was performed by all the tribe. They did not write their musicdownbut passedit on by wordof mouth. Most Aboriginal music consisted of songs accompanied by inwhichwere performed struments to go in groups. withdancing Some songs were purely for entertainment. Others handed down the
wisdomandbe|iefsofthetribetothe-=-]::i:].:l::::.-.:ii::..i\.i..i

praver on right) nextsenerationrhey 'night'-gi"" {i"ffi:;Xi:r':"::,::,:";' "l?5,?:'gl,.'i practical advice on howtohuntanimals andavoid plants. dangerous Ortheymightpasson thelegends
and history of thetribe. Someof thesesongshadonlya fewwords which wouldbe chanted overand overagain.Others contained hundreds of verses.

Socialoccasions like birthsand deathswerecelebrated by singing. Songsand danceswere also performed at gatherings ol the clans calledCorroborees. Aboriginal instruments arenearly allusedfor percussion. TheBultRoarerwas a flatpiece of woodtied on to a length of ropewhich wasspunroundin the airto makea roaring noise.Boomerangs werehit together or beaten on theground.Rattles, pads, skinbeating drums, handclapping andbodyslapping wereall usedto accompany singing.In thiswayquitecomplicated rhythms wereachieved. Oftentwo or morerhythms wereproduced at once.Thisis called polyrhythmic music. Thebestknown Aboriginal instrument wasthe didgeridoo. lt wasa wooden pipe,about4 or S feetlong and blownlikea trumpet.The musician blewintoit making a buzzing, vibrating sound. lt wasa very instrument dillicult to play,requiring a complicated pattern. breathing Aboriginal produced instruments rhythm only,theycouldnot playa melody. Thiswas donewiththe voice.Aboriginal singing wasverycomplex indeed. A mixture of hissing, grunting, shouting, wailing and chanting allcombined to produce clever anddramatic melodies. Usually, allthesingers sing theiame notes at thesametime. However, in parts potyphonywas of Australia practised. Thisis where different notesaresungat the sametimeto produce pattern a complicated of tuneswhichblendtogether. years In recent Aboriginal music hasbeenblended withmodern rockstyles by groups likeyothuyindi. Thesemusicians haveachieved considerable chartsuccesss in Australia withsongssuchas lreaty andDiapana. Thishas meant thatall Australians havebecome moreaware of Aboriginal music. Exercises 1. Wheredo the Aboriginal people live? 2. Finish thissentence, MostAboriginal music.... 3. Writea listof the different typesof Aboriginal songs. 4. were mostAboriginal instruments a) string b) woodwind or c) percussion instruments? 5. Writea listof the different instruments thatthe Aborigines used. 6. Whatwasa BullRoarer? 7. Describe the soundmadeby the didgeridoo. 8. Explain whatthesewordsmean:corroborees, polyphony, polyrhythm. 9. Writea paragraph whichshows the differences between nOoiiginat andwestern classical music. clues:instruments, melody, singing, whoperforms music, whereit is performed andwnv.
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LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC


The musicof LatinAmerica(Southand Central Amer- American ica) is a mixture of threetraditions Indian, European and African.The original lndianinhabitants wereconquered by the Spanish and Portuguese. Later cameotherEuropeans such as the British and French who importedlargenumbersof Africanslavesto work the plantations. lt was from this mixturethat Latin American musicwas to develop. Latin Americanmusic has a strongrhythmwhich is syncopated. This is a complicated effectin whichthe beatsin the bar are slurredor misplaced to produce a rathersurprising sound. You may haveheardthejazz musicknown as the Charleston. Thisis an example of a syncopated sound. A wide variety of percussioninstruments such as bongos, congadrums,clavesand maracas are usedin LatinAmerican music. Bongosare two smalldrums which are joined together and tuned to different pitches.They are playedwiththe fingers.Clavesare piecesof hardwoodtappedtogether and maracas are a kind of rattlemade from a dried plant knownas a gourd. The Spanish and Portuguese settlersbroughtwith them a number of stringinstruments such as the lute * and the guitar whichare widelyusedtodayin LatinAmerican musiC.' Carnival Duncer The most well known LatinAmerican music is that of Brazil. There is a very stronglink in Brazil between the musicand dance. One popular danceis the Conga. This has now spreadall overthe worldand is veryoftenseenat parties wherethe revellers dancethreestepsand a kickin a longsnaky line. Perhaps the mostwidelyknownBrazilian danceis the Samba. lt is one of the mainfeaturesof the annual carnival in the cityof Riode Janeiro in Brazil.At thesefestivities it is generally dancedin groups forming a circle.A modernversion of the Sambafor dancing couples was popularised throughout the United States and Europe by the Edmundo Rossorchestra during the 1940s and 1950s. AnotherLatinAmerican dancewhichhas spreadthroughout the westernworld is the Rumbafrom Cuba. ln 1989a new dancefrom Brazil calledthe Lambada was a smashhit acrossEurope. Many of thesedancesare stillpopular todayamongst formation dancing teamsand ballroom dancingenthusiasts. Exercises 1. Copyout thissentence and fill in the blanks fromthe passage:L_ A--musicis a of threetraditions l_, E__and A_. 2. write a listof the Europeans whichsettledin LatinAmerica. 3. Why did Africans come to settleLatinAmerica in largenumbers? 4. Explain whata syncopated rhythmis. 5. Writea listof the percussion instruments usedin LatinAmerican music. "TheSpanish 6. Finish thissentence, and Portuguese settlers brought withthemsuchstring instruments as ...." 7. Matchthe dances on the lefthandsidewitha phrase on the righthandsideto makea complete sentence Conga - is a dancefrom Cuba Samba - was a hit in Europe in 'l9Bg Rumba is a dancepopular at parties - is a feature Lambada Brazilian of carnival B. Sortout the following wordsintothe correct orderso thattheymakesense: The, Ross,a, samba, throughout, Edmundo, States, modern, popularised, United, was,version, and,by, Europe, of, the. you are a musician 9. lmagine who cannot afford to buy any instruments. Writea listof the youwouldmakeyourself. instruments Explain howyouwouldmakethemand whatsortof sound theywouldproduce.For example, a glassbottle, an oil drumetc.
P&l Ltd., P.O.Bor 62, Neu'ton-le-Il'illott,.s H/A3 2RF Tel 01942 72830_l

The name ABBA was formedfrom the first

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Theydecided to perform theirsongsin English so theycouldselltheirrecords to the much larger marketsof Britain and America. ABBAwerethefirstactfroma non Englishspeaking countryto achievethe statusof superstars.Their nine yearsof fameproduced nineNo.1singles andeight chart topping in the UK. Theywere, albums however, muchlesssuccessful intheUnited
States. ln 1973 ABBA represented Swedenin the Europeansong contest with the bouncy number'Waterloo'. Thiswas an immediate No.1hit in Britain and manyotherEuropean

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countries. In 1975theirsong'S.O.S.'was to be thefirstof a staggering eighteen consecutive UKTop 'Fernando', 'Dancing you'and TenHits.Such numbers as'Mama Mia', Queen','Knowing Me, Knowing 'Money, Money, Money'achieved tremendous salesfigures.By 1978ABBAwereearning 916 million year. a During their1979 European tourtheygavesix selloutperformances to a combined audience of 48,000 at Wembley Arena. Theyowedtheir success to a numberof factors. Bennyand Bjornproduced well writtenand cleverly arranged songswithcatchy melodies, up beatrhythm and bright lyrics.The female provided singers skilful harmonies. Guitar, synthesizer and highpitched vocals wereperfectly blended together.lt all made for a very middleof the road and highlycommercialised sound. Each recordwas carefully marketedby some of the finest promotional videosof the period. Abba's stage performance was magnificent with flashing lights, elaborate powerful sets, backing glittering, musicians, a soundand outlandish costumes. Theywerefamous for theirextremely platlorm high,silver leather boots! However, the pressure of superstar statusbeganto causepersonal problems. The two coupleswho hadmanied in the 1970s nowdivorced group andthe fellapart in 1982.Despite these difficulties ABBA 'TheWinner continued to produce TopTenhitsright up until theendwithsuchnumbers as Takes lt All', 'Super Trouper' and 'LayAll YourLoveOn Me'. Exercises 1. Howwasthe nameABBAcreated? 2. Finish thissentence, ABBAdecided to singin English because .... 3. Listthreeo{ ABBA's achievements. 4. Howdo youthinkthe Eurovision songcontest mayhavehelped the group's career? 5. Writedownan ABBAsongthatbegins witheachof the following letters: MKTSLFD. 6. Writea paragraph explaining in yourownwords whyABBAwereso successful. 7. Usethesekeywords to makeup a sentence aboutABBA:pressure, divorce, splitup 8. Writeout a timecharton lhe career of ABBA, dateson the leftandevents on the right. 9. Thesongs of ABBAwereverymelodic andsuccessfulHowever, thewordshavebeencriticised for being toomushy, withnothing to sayabout thedeeper, sadder sideof life. Doesthismatter?Givevour opinion, referring groups to modern or popstarsto support yourviews.
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NEW WAVE
NewWavemusicdeveloped out of Punkin the late1970s. Punkwas an angryand harshsound. New Wave,on the other hand, was a gentler,more sophisticated and more commercial kindof music. The guitarwork was impressive producing a clear sound mixed with echo techniques. Electronic drum machines createda simple,repetitive beat. By the early1980sNew Wavebandsweremaking use of synthesizers as a result of the influence of the Germansynthesizer band, Kraftwerk. Melodies were not strong.Vocalswere oftenhighpitched, rathertoneless and sounded a longway off. This all combinedto produce a wellcrafted but rather desolate sound. ln America such New Wave bandsas The Cars,Talkingj Heads, Devo, The B-52s and Blondie wereformed.Unlike S the Punkgroups, were these ableto workquite happily with S the musicbusiness and achieved considerable chartsuc- 5! cess.Perhaps themostpopular of theAmerican NewWave $ groups was Blondie. Their'Parallel Lines' album, releasedE in 1978,sold 20 million copies. Debbie Harrythe lead S with her leopard singer, skin outfitand ruffled hair,had a i provocative stageactwhichhinted at the punkroots of the ii group. ln Britain NewWavebandssuchas Dexy's Midnight Runners, Debilie'Harry Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, TheHuman League, TheJam,TheCure, Simple Minds, U2 andThe Police became verypopular during the late 1970sand early1980s. Theseweregroups with a social conscience who oftenwrotemeaningful lyricson suchthemesas the environment and humanrights. Therewas a gloomy, rather depressed atmosphere to manyof theirsongs. The lrishbandU2 wereone of the mostpopular groups to comeout of the NewWaveera. Theirhighly individual sound,with its impassioned vocalsand skilfulguitaraccompaniment, brought them consid'NewYear's erable success.ln 1983, theirsingle, Day'climbed intothe UK Top Ten HitParade.In the 'War'reached sameyear,theirrecord, No.2in the British platinum albumchartsandachieved sales. Towards the end of the 1980sNewWavemusicbeganto losepopularity in the face of the demandfor various typesof dancemusic. Supergroups suchas TheCure,Simple Minds and U2 havecontinued to release regular hitsbut onlyby moving awayfromtheirrootsand adapting to new musical tastes. Their musichas become morecomplex and lessgloomy thantheirearlier output. Exercises 1. Whendid NewWavemusicdevelop? 2. Describe the differences between Newwave musicand punk. 3. Usethe following headings to describe the sound of NewWavemusic:Guitar, drums, synthesizer, melody andvocals. 4. Writethe headings BritishandAmerican on either sideof yourpageandthenlistthe correct NewWave bandsunder eachheading. 5. Usingboththe passage andthe picture to helpyoudescribe the appearance of Blondie. Tryto explain any similarities withthe Punkmovement. 6. Copyoutthissentence andfillin theblanks:NewWavegroups wrote about the and
jumbleof namesintoa listof New Wave bandswhichsurvived 8. Sort out the following intothe 1g90sand t h e n e x p l a i nh o w t h e y m a n a g e dt o d o t h i s : -H E T R C E U ,2 U , L P S M E ID M N S I . 9. Write the wordsof a song with a messageabouta modernday problemsuch as the environment, war, homelessness etc. Thinkcarefully aboutthe chorus. lt needsto have lyricswhich are catchybut also carrythe meaningof the song.

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CHINESE MUSIC
music Chinese sounds strange to us. Thisis partly because of the different sounding instruments it uses.lt is alsobecause music Chinese uses a scale with 5 notesas opposed to the I found in most Western music. The earliestmusic was connectedwith religious ceremonies. Stone chimes,bronze gongsand wooden bells, clapperswereusedto beatout the rhythm of sacred chants. This music was often loud and piercing.

Chinese Musiciuns P i c tu re b y k i ndpermi ssi on of Mr & MrsA . H urst

The Chinese developed an enormous range of instruments. A verypopular instrument wasthe zither whichmight haveas manyas 25 strings. There werealso2 shortnecked lutes with4 strings. Onehad a pearshaped bodyandwascalled a ppa. Thiswaslater developed as a spectacular sotolnstrument lor orchestral music. Flutes madeoutof bamboo werealsopopular. Thedr2a wasplayed sideways andhada holecovered with rice papernext to the mouthpiece. This produced a buzzing soundwhen played. Another inslrument wasthe mouthorgan whichwas madeoutof bamboo pipes.Thiscouldplaycnoros. Percussion played hasalways partin Chinese an important music.An enormous variety of percussion inslruments weredeveloped suchas cymbals, gongs,drums, clappers, wood blocks, scrapers and bells.Single headed drums weremuchusedin opera piercing to produce a dramatic, sound.pairsof gongsstruck against eachotherwereoftenplayed in folkmusrc. Music wascomposed forfestivals parades andmilitary at thecourt of the Emperor of China.Thepieces wereoflenslowanddignified. Fromthisa tradition of soloandorchestral music developed. However, muchmusic wasalsowrilten for the opera which wasverypopular in China withbothrichand poor. lt wasa mixture of dance, singing andtheatre andthemusic waslively.Percussion instruments suchas played cymbals andclappers partin this. an important Sincethe Communist Revolution of 1949marching musicglorifying the achievements of the government havebeenencouraged. In recentyearstherehas also beenthe development of oooular musicby artists suchas CuiJianwho haveproduced a blendof traditional instruments withwestern rhythms. However, traditional folk,opera andorchestral music hasremained popular in manypartsof China. Exercises 1. WhydoesChinese music soundstrange to us? 2. Write3 sentences aboutearlyChinese music. 3. Writea listof all the instruments mentioned in the passage. 4. Havea) percussion b) brassor c) electronic instruments llways beenan important partof Chinese music? 5. Describe what thesewordsmean:pipa anddiza. 6. Whatkindof music waswritten afterthe Revolution of 1g49? 7. Whatwerethe maindifferences between music written for the courtandthatproduced for opera? 8. NameoneChinese musician anddescribe the kindof musiche plays. 9. Copythe pictures of Chinese instruments shown on thisworksheet.
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FLAMENCO
Flamenco is a type of song and dance,often accompanied by the guitar. lt can be performed by a singleperson,a coupleor a largergroup. Most flamencomusic is improvised. Thismeansthatperformers decide howtheyaregoingto sing,danceand exactly playas theygo along.lf a singer, dancer and guitarist are workingtogether, they have to listenverycarefully so that they can blendin with each other'sperformance. Flamenco is a veryexpressive and energetic type of music. Dancinginvolveselaborate with much toe and heel and skilfulfootwork rhythms. This is clickingto complicated particularly true of the male dancers. The womentend to concentrate on flowinghand, arm and bodymovements. As the flamencopiece progresses the listeners encourage the performers with loud handclapping, finger and energetic snapping grows,the pace and shouting. Excitement increases and the wholeperformance comes in a breathtakingly together fast and thrilling Flsmenco Dancer finish. ll l ustrati on permi ssi on
by ki nd

P i cture Li brary of JustE urope

Flamenco musicis oftendivided intotwo basictypes- the cantehondoandthe cantechico. fhe cante hondodeals withserious andpainful themes suchas anger, death, betrayal anddespair. Thesesongs in anintense aredelivered andmoving style often combined withsobsandexpressive handmovemenrs. Thecantechicodeals withhappier andmore light hearted lt isgenerally themes. a more commercialised typeof music whichis popular withtourists. played lt is usually in bars, theatres and night clubs. Hand heldcastanets areoftenused. Showbiz clothes suchas lrillyshirts for the menandlongtrained dress for thewomen arepopular. Thesearecut highat thefrontto showtheirfastmoving ankles andfeet. Flamenco firstdeveloped amongst the gypsy families of Andalusia, in southern Spain. Thesepeople originally lromIndia came andtraces of Hindu dance canbeseeninthehand, armandbodymovements of flamenco. Arabinfluences canalsobe seenin the music.Theguitar itself wasdeveloped froman Arablute. Manyflamenco pieces usea number of rhythms during theirperformance and muchof the quality singing hasa certain nasal to it. BoththeseJeatures probably comefromArabmusic. Exercises 1. Whatis tlamenco? 2. Finish these2 sentences: Maledancers .....Female dancers..... 3. Usethesekeywordsin a paragraph about flamenco dancing: handandfeetmovements, shouts, fastandexciting. 4. Describe the difference between the cantehondoandlhe cantechicoin oneor two sentences. 5. Writea list of topicsfromyour lile whichcouldbe covered by cantehondosongs. 6. Writea similarlist fot cantechlcosongs. 7. use thesekey wordsin a paragraph aboutthe cantechico'.clothes, played, castanets, tourists. 8. WhatHindu andArabinfluences can be foundin flamenco music? 9. Describe the differences between flamenco music popgroup.whichdo you andyourfavourite preler?Givereasons for yourchoice.
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J A P A N E SM E USIC
The soundof Japanese music and the instruments used have considerably beeninfluenced by the older tradition of Chinese music.lt hasalsobeenshaped movements by the religious of Buddhism and Shintoism. Most musiccontains Japanese some improvisation. This meansthat makeit up as they the musicians go alongrather thanfollow a set patternas in Westernclassical music.As in Chinesemusic, there was f requentuse of the
pentatonic or 5 note scale. topiiii
However, as the notes used were Photograph by kindpermission of Japanese National Tourist Organisarion

Musiciuns

produced different, thesound wasquitedistinct. Although theJapanese hada system forwriting music it wasmostly learnt down, andplayed by ear. Japanese music triedto arrange oldsongsin newways rather thancreate completely newmelodies. Courtmusic, or gagaku as it was called, developed as an entertainment for the Japanese emperors. Thismusic wasperformed in a relaxed andgracefulstyle. ltwasplayed byan orchestra whichincluded plucked flutes, singers, bamboo instruments suchas the banjolike samisen, a zithercalled a koto,a pearshaped lute,large hanging gongs.Samisen drums playing andsmall quiteinvolved became with chords andsliding fromone noteto anolher as in modern day bluesor rockmusic. Alltypesof Japanese theatre madeextensive useof music.lt accompanied the action andintroduced andendedthe scenes of the plays. A typeof religious music developed which wasplayed in the ceremonies and rituals of Buddhism and shintoism.Instruments suchas the reedpipemouthorgan, highpitched flutes, stickdrums, gongs, chimes andbellswereused.Buddhist monks werefondof chanting shorttunesoverand overagain. This can sounda littlerepetitive to weslern ears! Traditional musicis still performed in Japanat religious festivals throughout the country. Thereis alsoa strong popular music scene which hasproduced itsownblend of western rockandlocal styles. This is calledkayokyoku or fusion music. ShangShang Typhoon is at the forefrontof this process. Theirwork is a unusual mixture of traditional Japanese music withLatin, reggae andChinese rhythms. Exercises jumbled 1. sortthefollowing letters into3 influences on Japanese music:INEHECS, DMSHDBIu, MNIHSOTSI. 2. Finish thissentence: A pentatonic scaleof music is.... 3. Writea paragraph aboutJapanese musicusing thesekeywords: improvised, by ear,new arrangements, old melodies. 4. Explain whatthe following wordsmean:gagaku, samisen, kotoand kayokyoto5. Writea paragraph aboutJapanese courtmusic. 6. Writea listof the instruments usedin Japanese religious music. 7. Why mightwe findsomeBuddhist religious musicralherrepetitive? 8. Finish lhissentence, Music was usedin Japanese theatre ro .... 9. Explain whatfusionmusicis. Tryto thinkof examples poo charts of fusion music fromthe British e.g.Paul Simon.
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NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN MUSIC


Music was part of almost every aspect of lndian life. Dance, games, hunting, religious ceremonies and tribalcustoms wereall performed withmusic.Mostof thisconsisted of songs accompanied by rattlesand drums. Some songstold the legends of the tribe. The religious leaderof the tribewas called the medicine manbecause he wouldperform healing ceremonies whichtriedto cure the sick. He would dance, chant words and shake rattlesin an attemptto driveout the evilspirits whichthey believed were making theperson sick. The Indians sometimes went intotrancelike statesand composed songs whichtheybelieved had comefromthe spirit world. There weredances for all kinds of occasions - to celebrate in Indiansociety war or welcome peace,to encourage rain in times of drought and to prayfor a goodharvest.The "lightning sticks" held by the dancers in the picturewere an importantpart of such a dance. Theywereintended to bringrainfor the cropsandthushelpthetribeto continue. Thesedances wereusually accompanied by singing and playing instruments. The throbbing rhythmof the voice and instruguided ments the stepsof the dancers.
lYorth Americun Indiun Dancer Picture permission bykind of Seventh Generation Music, Chadds Ford, PA19317

repeated a fewwords over andover again. These chants didnotalways contain words butmight contain a variety of sounds suchas grunts andhighpitched wailing. Singing might betense, dramatic andloudor it could relaxed be more andsubdued. lt depended on theoccasion.

Song and dancewere almostalwaysperformedby men alone. Some songs told stories,others were simple chants which

Thestyle of music varied fromregion to region. However, in general, rhythm wasfeltto be more important Theonlyinstruments thanmelody. capable of producing melody werethefluteandwhistle. These were usedonlyoccasionally. The North American Indians had no string instrumenls. Music was usually accompanied by percussion instruments suchas drums, rattles, shakers andscrapers. The Indians of the GreatPlains useda double headed drumsuspended froma frame which made a greatbooming sound. Rattles weremadeout of deerhooves, seashells, birdbeaks and animal horns. Manyof thesewere attached to the bodyandshaken during dancing. Others weremadeoul of animal hideandcontained pebbles or seeds andweredesigned to be heldin thehand andshaken. Exercises 1. Write a listof thesortof activities which wereaccompanied by music. 2. Finish thissentence, Indian musrc conslsted of .... 3. Write 2 or 3 sentences about theNorth American Indian medicine man. 4. Writea listof the sortof occasions thatwerecelebrated bv oance. 5. Howdidmusic help theperformance of dance? 6. Write a paragraph describing thesinging style of theNorth American Indians. 7. Wasmelody or rhythm partof themusic? themore important 8. Whatmaterials werepercussion rattles made outof? 9. writea description of themusrc of theNorth American Indians. clues:singing style, melody and rhythm, instruments used, activities accompanied by music, oance.
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F O L KM U S I C SCOTTISH
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Folkmusicis the traditional musicof the people, performed n t h e i ro w n c o m m u n i t i e sI.n t h e H i g h l a n d s b y t h e m s e l v eis ; of Scotland songswere usually sung in Gaelic, whereas in {:* the Lowlands theywere in English. Manysongswere composed to helpgroupsof workers do such jobs as cloth pounding, corn grindingand oyster whichrequired dredging themto worktogether. The songs helpedthem work at the same pace and in the same rhythm.Bothyballads describe the grimliving and working conditions of manyfarm labourers during the late19thand early20thcenturies. Traditional Scottishsongs were usuallyunaccompanied. However, in the Gaelicregions the wordsof the songwere sometimes accompanied by the voiceimitating the sounds of instruments such as the bagpipes This was called "mouth music." The Highland w a s o r i g i n a l lu bagpipe ysedas a solo instrument to accompany dancetunes knownas reelsand hornpipes. As the bag,or bellows, was inflatedby blowing it had a ratherloud and harshtone. The fiddlewas also to accompany usedmainly dancemusic. Duringthe late 1gth centurycollectors such as Francis JamesChildswrotedown manyof the traditional songsin

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theCorries. Theirmusic wasa blend of oldandnewsongs which wereperformed in a traditional style. groups Since thenother suchas the Battlefield Bandhaveamplified theirvoices andinstruments. This hasmeant thatbagpipes canbe usedas partof thegroup without drowning outthe sound of the other instrumentsl Theyhavealsoexperimented withallkinds ol keyboard andstring instruments to produce a powerful andexciting newsound. Traditional songsin Gaelichavebeenpopularised by groups suchas Capercaille. Theyhavealso written newsongswhichtheyperform with moremodern arrangements. Theyhaveachieved considerable commercial success during the 1990s. Exercises 1. Whatis folkmusic? 2. Usethe following wordsin a sentence aboutScottish folkmusic: Gaelic. Lowlands. sonos. Highlands, English. howsongs 3. Explain could helptheperformance of certain tasks. 4. Firrish thissentence, Bothy ballads were.... 5. Wasmouth music a) instrumental music b) group music c) vocal music? 6. Describe thesound of thebagpipes. 7. Name onecollector of traditional Scottish songs. B. Howdidthe useof amplification make it possible to usethebagpipes as partof a group? 9. Write a listof thefolkgroups mentioned in thepassage andthenwrite a sentence about eachof
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performed solo but inow 1960s. Folk music had 'sv v been vv" l v Y Y it r L was YYC{\) Scottish s cottish P Piner iper :^':^'l:",-":1"-";L p l a y e db y g r o u p s s u c h a s t h e Y l a n C a m p b e l lF o l k G r o u p a n d p i c t u rn eyt r n o p e r m i s s io ofn M r& M r sD .A u t d

figures in the history of pop is oneof the mostimportant BobDylan Elvis Presley and music. He grewup withthe rockand roll musicof singer-songwriter, and the folk songs of the American LittleRichard Guthrie. Woody ln 1961Bob Dylanmovedto NewYorkand madea folk songs in the coffee traditional livingperforming village. Soon after,he signeda bars of Greenwich Records and in 1962 withColumbia contract recording he releasedhis first album. This album contained ballad such as the anti-war songshe had wriilenhimself 'Blowin' year Peter, Pauland in the Wind'. The following the hit parade. of this songreached coverversion Mary's songsby otherartistswere oftenmore of Dylan's Versions himself. popular thanthoseby Dylan His performer was oftenunremarkable. Dylan As a guitar voice was harsh and nasal and his acoustic as a songwriter very ordinary.However, accompaniment word play,sneering Dylan's brilliant he was outstanding. of the attacks on politiciansand his championship all made him the hero of the 1960s protest downtrodden movement. This movementspoke out against war and racial and speakout tor a wholegeneration to havec<jnfidence workencouraged Dylan's discrimination. themselves. with electrification and his 1965hit 'Likea RollingStone'was a rock number Dylanbegantb expsriment and drums. Hisfolk fansfelt he had soldout to the worldot pop with electricguitar,keyboard complete his records continued to sell and his Newport Folk Festival.However, he at the and booedwhen appeared performers including The Beatles and The Rolling of writersand a wholegeneration songsinfluenced Stones. he a motorcycleaccidentin which,it was rumoured, trom publiclife following ln 1966Bob Dylanretired produce him a music album called country to experiment and 1969saw brokehisneck. He continued 'Nashville with a voice. He endedthe seventies deeperand morerelaxed an altogether Slryline'with his albumin 1979 whichpreached and released the'SlowTrainMoving' to Christianity dramatic conversion message Christian to his tollowers. to tour and to turnout a streamot records. Hiseffortsas a In recentyearsDylanhas continued histechnique as a writerhas spread his earlierwork. However, do not seemto havematched songwriter gneration such as BruceSpringstein influence new ot songwriters 1 960s to a ths bandsof th beyond popular music owesan enormous debtto theworkof Bob day DireStraits.Modern and MarkKnopflerof Dylan.

BOB DYLAN

Exercises order: andwritethemout in thecorrect aboutBobDylan 1. Sortoutthewordsin thissentence Dylan, Little,folk, influenced,Presley,by, Woody,was,and, Elvis, rock, the, of, and, music,Richard, songs,Guthrie,of, by, and, roll, the. is situated? village 2. In whichcitydo youthinkGreenwich songs. 3. Name at leasttwo Dylan performer because........ a) Dylan wasan unremarkable 4. Finish thesesentences: because..-..... b) Dylan wasan outstanding songwriter influenced fourindividual or groups by Dylan's songwriting. 5. Name artists folkfansdislike abouthis musical styleafter1965? 6. Whatdid Dylan's message? music a Christian albums was in a country styleandwhichcarried 7. Which of the following Skyline. a) SlowTrainRunning b) Nashville of Dylan'smusical career- dateson the lett,eventson the 8. Writeout a time charton the development right.
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of basicrockand Glamrockwas a mixture pre film Hollywood glamour war of rollwith the lt was a reaction against the stars. music of bands like Pink Floyd sophisticated By contrast, veryseriously. whotooktheirmusic glamwas meant to be fun. but The musicwas simpleand repetitive, Performers were outstanding. stage shows with platform complete wore'overthe top' outfits andmakeuP. shoulder boots, Pads ln 1971MarcBolanand T Rex scoreda 'Getlt On'. The group went No.1U.K.hit with in two years. 11 Top 10 singles on to achieve greats Theirstageact was basedon Hollywood West. Sweet like Fred Astaire and Mae teenybopper a hit withtheirsimplistic achieved number 'Wig Wam Bam' in 1972, More which was their stageperformance impressive wearing a one of theirmalemusicians included dress! longflowing

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the fun, almostcomic reflected GaryGlitter threeNo.1s.His out 11 U.K.Topten hits,including 1972and 1975he turned sideof glamrock. Between He tottered fullof sexual boasting. songssuchas'Do YouWannaTouchMe'were andmonotonous basic suits' platform lurex and shimmering boots in huge abouton stage iump stageshowswith'overthe top' showman.He put on elaborate EltonJohnwas alsoan outrageous Man'and suchas 'Rocket ability andhissongs he hadstriking manyof the glamstars, Unlike costumes. 'YourSong'havestoodthe test of time. that of manyof the glamrockers. ln 1972he the workof DavidBowiehas outlasted Similarly jumpsuit slashed orangehair,a silverish with short spit<y public on stage by appearing the astounded year made it intothetopten of of that Stardust'album redboots.His'Ziggy opento thewaistandbright personality he had of characters the the albumcharts. Duringmanyof his stageshows,Bowieassumod Dogs. AlladinSaneandthe Diamond created suchas ZiggyStardust, of punkrockin 1976sawthe end of the glamrockera. Thoseartistswho The risein popularity musical style. to a moresophisticated did so by changing Johnand DavidBowie, suchas Elton survived, Exercises 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. of glamrock. Describe the key elements sound? Howdidthe music of glamrockmusicians. Describe the stageclothes of GaryGlitter. the musicand stageperformance describing Writetwo or threesentences of glamrock? Whatkilledott the popularity the end of the fashionfor glamrock? Howwere EltonJohnand DavidBowieableto survive performers:MarcBolan& T Rex,Sweet, Nameand datea singleby eachof the tollowing GaryGlitter,EltonJohn,DavidBowie. pieceof paper you ars a performer who is attempting to reviveglamrock. On a separate 8. lmagine performance your you wear for stage or writetwo or would to showthe clothes makesomesketches your ideas. describing threeparagraphs
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Heavy metal is a mainly British and American style of rock music. lt usually consists I loud, distorted of very 'powerchords'playedon the electricguitar, high guitar pitched solosanda stompingbeat. Vocals are often deliveredin a screeching or barking style. Heavymetal'sappealis largelyto a white teenagemale who see it as a way of defying their parents. Hence audience with rebellion, sex,violence and the lyricsare oftenconcerned even satanism. Performersand fans often wear heavily studdedleatherjackets,ripped tight jeans, long hair and withdeathand devilworship. associated accessories The stage performance of heavy metal bands is often lights,exploding in the extreme. Flashing smoke theatrical posturing produce gripping all combine to liveshows. andarrogant bombs

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in th late1960s HeaW metal developed fromBritish rhythm andblues.Theguitar heroes of thetime produced began to expsrimsnt at the very edgeof the instruments' ability. JimmyHendrix all kindsof guitar sounds fromhisguitar.EricClapton wentin forlongexperimental twisted solos, a rolentlsss bass drumming. accompanirnnt andthunderous In 'l968LedZeppelin, thefirstrealheawmetal band, wasformed. Their combination of explosive power produced lyrics drumming, chords andsatanic a series of albums which eachsoldmore thana groups million copies. Theearly1970s sawtheformation of other successful suchas Black Sabbath, Deep Purple Heep. andUriah 'Thrash' groups Bythelat| 980s hsaw metal hadsplitup intomany subgroups. metal suchas played Metallica, Megadth andAnthrax a tastandfurious style of music withaggrssivs lyrics screamed 'Death' gloritying at theaudienc. metal likeNapalm Death lyrics sang death, torture andviolence. Every nowandthenheavy metial is merged popto score withthemore melodic sounds of mainstream a 'n' Boses chart success. Thusin 1988 Guns achieved a No.1in thecharts with'Sweet Child Mine'. of Exercises
Describe the sound of HeavyMetal music. you Whydo thinkheavymetal appeals to teenagers? Copyoutthefollowing sentence andfill in the blanks: The lyrics of h m areoften concerned with s_, v_ and even s , Useyou ownwordsto describe HeavyMetalfashions. Listsomeof the elements of HeavyMetallive prformances. Showthe connection between the guitarexperiments of JimmyHendrix and EricClapton and the development of HeavyMetal. Usethe following wordsto writs a senten@ powerchordsand lyrics. aboutLedZeppelin:drumming, Whatis a) ThrashMetal b) DeathMetal? Whydo you thinkthatthe musicof Guns'n' Rosesis moretunefulthan lesscommercialised heavy metalbands?
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PUNK ROCK
By the mid 1970s the rockstarsof the 1960ssuch as the Beatles and the Rolling Stones werewealthy men in their30s. They had littleto say to the new generation of teenagers facing the grim world of unemployment and risingprices. Equally, the sugary lyrics of the newglitzy likeAbbadid notappeal. bands Fromabout1976 the punkrockmovement emerged to challenge thesebands. Punkwas an attempt to reclaimrock musicfor teenagers.lt set out deliberately to shockthe older generation. Punkfashion, pinsthrough with its safety the ear and nose,tornjeans,spiked or mohican hair was intentionally styles, outrageous. Punkmusicwas similarly shocking.lt was a raw, amateurish style ot music playedat high speed. Negativeand often obscenelyrics were shoutedto melodies.Thesewerealmostcompletely tuneless drowned out by distorted instrumental backing. During the mid 1970s punkbands in America suchas Blondie andthe Ramones wereformed.ln punkgroup Britain the mostnotorious wasThesex pistols formed in 197s. Members of thegroup adoptd outragsous names likeJohnny Rotten and SidVicious.In 1977 theysigned a record dealwith EMl,onlyto be sacked afterswearing on a livetelevision show. Finally they signed up with Virgin Becords 'GodSavethe and released Queen'in 1977. Manystoresrefused to stockthe recordbecause of its obscene lyrics. Thosethat did werethreatened with legalaction. The recordwas bannedbv the BBCand the groupwas attacked In the streets. Nevertheless, theywerepopular withteenagers andhad11 hitsingles in 3 years.SidVicious 'pogo' punk invented a dancecalledthe in whichthe dancers iumpedin the air at everybeatof the music. was moreor lessover. Punkgroups suchas The lhe bald splitup in 1978. By 1979the punkmovement Clash,The Damned, The Jam and The Stranglers did continue to perform for someyeais. ln orderto survive, however, theydeveloped a moresophisticated styleof musicthanthat of theirearlierpunkdays. Punkshookup the entiremusicbusiness, givingbirthto a number of smallindependent recordlabels whichweremorein touchwithwhat the fansreallywanted. Evenoldermusicians like MickJaggerand cliff Richard responded to punkby bringing a newtreshness and excitement to theirwork. Exercises 1. Explain whygroups likethe Beatles andthe Rolling Stones did notappeal to teenagers in the mid 1970s. 2. Write six sentences aboutpunkfashion andpunkmusic to showhowit triedto shock theolder generation. 3. Name two American ounkbands. 4. Construct a sentence whichincludes thefollowing words:punk,EMl. Sexpistols, pistols:5. Fillin the remaining lettrs to namtwo members of the Sex s_D v_c_ _ _s, J__N__ R_T__N. 6. Name the single whichthe SexPistols released in 1977. 7. Writea listof British punkgroups. 8. Whateffectdid the PunkRockmovement haveon the musicindustrv? 9. Construct a timecharton the history of punkrock- datson the left,eventson the right.
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whilst Art Garfunkel, up with his partner, PaulSimon teamed performing at local they were both still at school They began parties dances. Theirrockand roll styleof and highschool
by the EverleyBrothers. ln musicwas heavilyinfluenced

SIMON

had a hit witha PaulSimon 1957Simon& Garfunkel Schoolgirl'. called'Hey composition away theirstylemoved the early1960s During and fromrockand rollto folkmusic. ln 1965Simon 'The Soundsof of acoustic recording Garfunkel's hard Simon's wasgiven a folkrockbacking. Silence' fine voice hittingbut poeticlyricsand Gaffunkel's proveda popular and the recordwas to combination wide. world copies sellover2 million for the the songs In 1968the duowroteand recorded with in which DustinHoffman starred film 'The Graduate' 'Mrs Robinson' from the film Anne Bancroft. The single No 1 in the U.S. chartsand Simon& Garfunkel reached ,-1 international stars. became L-, approach to their a painstaking adopted Bothmusicians period songs overa of several work polishing andrepolishing released to the public.Thiscan months before theywerefinally Water' be seen in their 1972 album,'BridgeOver Troubled produced perhaps work & finest ever by Simon was the which melodies lyrics, attractive and subtle Garlunkel.The beautiful in madeit one of the biggest selling albums harmony singing - more weresoldworld wide. copies history than9 million Simon & Gadunkel allthesuccess, Rather surprisingly, after on his actingcareer wanted to concentrate splitup. Garfunkel in new musical to experiment directions. whilstSimonwished with jazz, Thus his 1972'PaulSimon'albumsaw him dabbling withGarfunkel in 1981in NewYork's a reunion concert Central reggae and latinstyles of music.However, fans. Parkattracted 500,000 a staggering hasbecome increasingly interested in worldmusic.His'Graceland' thenPaulSimon album of Since his writing with rhythms African music. His 1986 wasa succssful blend of ownsong technique the of 'Rhythms American of the Saints' sawexperimentation withSouth music. 1990 album throughout his recording career because of PaulSimonhasremained successful of his unique blend lyrics melodies new. thoughtful andstrong andthe never ending desire to try something

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Exercises partner, keywordsto writea sentence 1. Usethefollowing aboutPaulSimon:- PaulSimon, Art Garfunkel, highschool. groupheavily 2. Which influenced the music of Simon andGarfunkel? 3. Whatchange in the musical styleof Simon andGarfunkel cameaboutin the 1960s? 4. Rearrange thetollowing words to torma sentence whichmakes voic, sense:- Paul, a, hardhitting, had,and. Garfunkel, lyrics, Simon,fine, wrote, in thedevelopment 5. Howdidthefilm'TheGraduate'help of thecareers of Simon andGarfunkel? threeor foursentences the'Bridge 6. Write about OverTroubled Water'album. 7. WhydidSimon andGarfunkel splitup in '1972? wasinfluenced 8. Which of the tollowing albums by African music andwhichby South American? a) Rhythms of theSaintsb) Graceland the sentence,'Paul hasremained 9. Finish Simon successful throughout hisrecording career because.....'
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MUSIC E N G L I SF HO L K
music is thetraditional Folkmusic of thepeople in theirown for themselves whichtheyperformed in Britain Folksongs datebackto communities. pre-Christian times. Manywereconcerned lifesuch / withthe ceremonies of farming harvest Day spring and May and the as festivals. was Muchof the traditional singing style unaccompanied. However,instruments penny whistle concertina, suchas the fiddle, pipes wereused with small andNorthumbrian some ballads. During the 1950s, the popularity folk musicin Britain of American guitar to thislist. the andbanjo added The industrial revolution of the 18thand the settled life of 1gth centuriesdestroyed many communities and with them many of the were madeto collect songs. Attempts traditional for ever. In beforethey disappeared theseballads published folk 1907 a collection of English Cecil Sharp which it hadtakenhima lifetime music to collect. folkmusic During the 1950s a greatrevival of English beganlargely as a resultof the workof AlbertLloydand EwanMacColl.In the early1950s thesetwo programmes tsamed up to make a series of BBC radio featuring folk musicians fromall ovr enthusiasts grew The programme's Britain. audience to a staggering 14 million andthefolkrevival waslaunched. folkclubssprang up all overBritain. Gradually By thistime two very different styleshaddeveloped withinfolk music. The traditionalists, suchas the performed. family, reproduce music it was Copper triedto the as traditionally Thiswas often unaccompanied. Othermusicians triedto createmoremodern and commercial versions of the old songs. Manyalsowrotenewsongsin thefolkstyleaboutmodern issues homelessness suchas drugs, andrace. was Ralph McTell whoshotto famein 1975 Onesuchwriter withhis hitsong,'Streets of London'. During the 1970s electric folkbands andfolkrockgroups withnewtechnology experimented andthe rhythms of rockmusic to produce a blend of traditional music.Suchgroups andmodern as Steeleye Span TopTwenty hits. However, fromthe older andLindistarne achieved thisdeparture tormsof tolkmusic traditionalists. outraged thenEnglish folkmusic hasdeclined in popularity haslivedon through Since butits intluence itsetfect on musicians suchas TheBeatles and PaulSimon. Exercises. 1. Write describing folkmusic using words threesentences thefollowing to helpyou:-traditional, performed, farming, communities, ceremonies, unaccompanied, instruments. 2. Writea listof someof the instruments usedby English folkmusicians. sentence andfill in the blanks words fromthe passage:3. Copythetollowing using The industrial of the I Bthand 1gth manyof the destroyed and their Cecil triedto collectthembeforethey_. _ howAlbert 4 . Explain Lloyd helped andEwanMacColl revive folkmusic in Britain. go wordsintotwoseparate 5 . Sortoutthefollowing listsof words which together: RalphMcTell, new songs, traditional, unaccompanied, drugs,Copperfamily. 6 . Describe the music of folkrockbands. 7 . Givetwoexamples of folkrockbands. influenced 8. Givetwoexamples of rockartists by English folkmusic.
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American folk music was formedprimarily froma re of traditional British songsandAfrican lesof performan@. The British settlers introduced traditional, unaccompa.nied songssuchas Barbara Allen. Afro-American musicians developed the blues. This was a wailingsingingstyle,accompanied by guitarpatterns whichconsisted of slurring, bending andsliding the notes. Earlyinstruments thatwereusedwerehomemade /r-<' fiddlesand dulcimers. Afro-Americans whistles, developed the banjofrom a primitive African instrument. The guitarwas introduced fromMexico 1890and 192O. between _*/
As industrlalisation spread

AMERICAN FOLK MUSI

throughout America during the 1gthcentury, manyof the traditional communities and theirsongs disappeared. ln 1928the Archive of FolkSongwas established at the Library of Congress to preserve collections of folksongin America.Manyof these recordings werecollected by JohnandAlanLomax.During the 1930sand 1940smanywere

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issued as records or broadcast ontheradio.Thisbegan therevival of folkmusic in America. Oneof theleading figures of theAmerican songrevival wasWoody Guthrie. Hwrot suchsongs as 'SoLong'.Hisdirect guitar lyrics andsimple styleinfluenced many laierperformers such as BobDyian.ln addition, Pete Seeger almost single handedly rescued thefi\ string banio fromobscurity. In 1958 the Kingston Triohada hitwith"TomDooley' andtheiolkrevival began in earnest. During ths late1950sandearly1960s folkmusic popular was\rery witr cotlege students folk ancl regularly singers achieved success inthehitparade. Among these wereJoanBaez, Peter Paul andMary, sirnon & Garfunkel and,above all,BobDylan.Many ol theirsongs spoke outagainst war,racial discrimination andpoverty. 'MrTambourine Man'byTheByrds didmuch to pop_Ularise folkmusic.Howevsr, thetraditionalists didnot
likethe changes madeto the folksound.
Exercises. G ^.,r

1965saw a seriesof folk artistsexperiment with the rhythms and technology of rockmusic. Folkrock numbers suchas 'Likea Rolling Stone'by BobDylan,The SounG of Silence' by Simon& Garfunkel and

1. Copyoutthe following sentence fifling in the blanks:Americanf_ m was formedfroma mixtureof u British songsand Afro-American b_. 2. Writea sentence describing the blues. 3. Writea listof someof the instruments usedin early American folk music. 4. Howdid JohnandAllanLomaxhelpthefolk revival in America? 5. Describe the musicof WoodyGuthrie. 6. Whatinstrument play? did PeteSeeger 7. Sortout thisfistof iumbled up letters to formthe namesof popular folk musicians of the 1960s: ZBEA, FKLGRNEUA, OBB,NDA,ANJO, YNLDA, MNOSI. B. Namethreefolk rocknumbers.
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