USING THE RIGHT TIME

Find someone who.. Present Simple or Progressive? Past Tense Simple or Progressive? Present Perfect Simple or Progressive? Past Perfect Simple or Progressive? F!t!re Tense Simple or Progressive " F!t!re Perfect #reaming the grammar dreams $ stor% (ll tenses mi)ed and *!m+led

2 3 8 19 2 31 &' &1

Find someone who.

chews chewing g!ms.................................................................................................................... has won a race or a contest ............................................... li,es to have ver% hot +aths .............................................. reads more than one +oo, a wee, ....................................... tal,s to plants ................................................................... is tr%ing to +rea, a ha+it ................................................... was +orn on a Th!rsda% ................................................... owns a pet with fo!r legs ................................................. has got more than three +rothers or sisters ....................... will cele+rate his"her +irthda% ne)t month........................ wo!ld go to the moon if invited +% an astrona!t ............... wears soc,s in +ed .............................................................. dreams a+o!t fl%ing ............................................................ !s!all% goes to +ed after midnight ..................................... +elieves in reincarnation .................................................... li,es wor,ing in the garden ............................................... can tell a *o,e in -nglish ................................................... saw a scar% movie last wee, ............................................... goes *ogging ..................................................................... has seen .Swan /a,e. ...................................................... li,es spring +est .................................................................... !s!all% sings in the +ath ................................................... can coo, a ver% good meal. .................................................. wo!ld li,e to +e 10 %ears old again .....................................

SIMPLE PRESENT

a1 2ater consists of h%drogen and o)%gen. +1 3ost animals ,ill onl% for food. c1 The world is ro!nd. d1 5 st!d% for two ho!rs ever% night. e1 3% classes +egin at nine. f1 6e alwa%s eats a sandwich for l!nch. g1 5 have onl% a dollar right now. h1 5 don7t recogni8e that man. i1 6e needs a pen right now.

The simple present sa%s that something was tr!e in the past4 it is tr!e in the present4 and will +e tr!e in the f!t!re. 5t is !sed for general statements of fact. The simple present is !sed to e)press habitual or everyday activity. 9ertain ver+s are not !sed in the progressive tenses. 2ith these ver+s4 the simple present ma% indicate a sit!ation that e)ists right now4 at the moment of spea,ing.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE *1 :ohn is sleeping right now. ,1 5 need an !m+rella +eca!se it is raining. l1 :ohn and 3ar% are tal,ing on the phone. The present progressive e); presses an activit% that is in progress at the moment of speaking. 5t +egan in the recent past4 is contin!ing at present4 and will pro+a+l% end at some point in the f!t!re. <ften the activit% is of a general nat!re= something generall% in progress this wee,4 this month4 this %ear. >ote ?o1= The sentence means that writing a +oo, is a general activit% she is engaged in at present4 +!t it does not mean that at the moment of spea,ing she is sitting at her des, with pen in hand.

m1 5 am ta,ing five co!rses this semester4 n1 :ohn is tr%ing to improve his wor, ha+its. o1 She is writing another +oo, this %ear.

VERBS USUALLY NOT USED IN ANY OF THE PROGRESSIVE TENSES

@-AB be SENSES hear taste smell see MENTAL ACTIVITY know believe think understand recognize remember forget mean POSSESSION possess own have belong ATTITUDES Want prefer need appreciate love like hate dislike seem @-AB ATTITUD ! look appear -C(3P/?a1 5 am h!ngr% ?+1 5 hear a noise. ?c1 This food tastes good. ?d1 5 smell gas. ?e1 5 see a +!tterfl%. Eo! will be hearing from me. ?meaning= 5 will write or phone %o!. The doctor is seeing a patient4 ?meaning= meeting with1 <T6-A DS-S <F T65S @-AB

?f1 5 ,now his phone n!m+er. ?g1 5 +elieve his stor%. ?h1 5 thin, he is a ,ind man. ?meaning= +elieve1 ?i1 5 !nderstand %o!r pro+lem now. ?*1 5 don7t recogni8e him. ?,1 5 remem+er m% first teacher. ?11 5 forget his name4 ?m1 5 mean this +oo,4 not that one. ?n1 ?o1 ?p1 ?F1 r1 s1 t1 !1 v1 w1 )1 %1 81 6e possesses man% fine F!alities4 She owns a ho!se4 6e has a car. ?meaning= possesses1 That +elongs to me. 5 want to leave now. 6e prefers to sta% here. 5 need some help. 5 appreciate %o!r help. 5 love m% famil%. 5 li,e this +oo,. She hates dishonest%. 5 disli,e this +oo,. 6e seems to +e a nice person.

5 am thinking a+o!t this grammar4 ?meaning= 9ertain tho!ghts are going thro!gh m% mind right now.1 5 have been meaning to call %o!. ?meaning= intending1

5 am having tro!+le. 6e is having a good time. ?meaning= e)periencing1

-C(3P/She loo,s cold. ?aa1 ?meaning= seems to +e1 ?++1 6e appears to +e asleep4 ?meaning= seems to +e1

<T6-A DS-S <F T65S @-AB 5 am looking o!t the window. ?meaning= !sing m% e%es to see1 The actor is appearing on the stage. &

EXERCISE I Use either the simple present or the present progressive of the verbs in parentheses.

1. Kathy (sit, usually) _____________________in the front row in class, but today she (sit) __________________ in the last row. 2. Diane can't come to the phone because she (wash) _________________ her hair. 3. Diane (wash) __________________________her hair e ery other day or so. !. "lease be #uiet. $ (try) _____________________________ to concentrate. %. (&oc', you, always) ________________________ the door to your apartment when you lea e( ). &oo'* $t (snow) _______________________________________________. +. ,i'e (-o, not) __________________________________ to school ri-ht now because it is summer. .e (attend) _________________ colle-e from /eptember to ,ay e ery year, but in the summer he (ha e, usually) ____________________ a 0ob at the post office. $n fact, he (wor') ___________________________ there this summer. 1. 2i-ht now $ (loo') _________________________ around the classroom. 3hmed (write) ____________________________ in his boo'. 4arlos (bite) __________________ his fin-er nails.

5 ete!tives at "or#
5om and 6ic' are watchin- the house across the street. /omethin- stran-e is happenin-. "ut the erbs in brac'ets in the present simple or the present continuous to ma'e correct sentences. 57, 8hat are you staring (you stare) at( 6$4K 5here's a man at the 9ohnsons' house. .e doesn't live (not li e) there. $ wonder what he 1________________________________(do) 57, "erhaps he 2 __________________________ ( isit) the 9ohnsons. 6$4K 6o. 5hey're not at home. 5hey both _______________________(wor') in town. 5hey !_____________________________ (catch) the same train as Dad e ery mornin-. $t's stran-e. .e ______________________(watch) the house ery carefully. 57, 6ow he) _______________________ (try) to open the -ate, but it's loc'ed. &oo'* .e+ ________________________ (climb) o er the -arden wall. $ can't see him now. 6$4K &et's follow him. $ want to see what he1 _______________________(do) 57, .e : ___________________________(-o) to the -ara-e. .e 1'_________ _____________ (carry) a ladder. 6ow he 11__________________________(put) the ladder up to the bedroom window* 6$4K .e must be a bur-lar. . . .ey* ;ou* 8hat 12_______________________(you do)( ,36 $t's all ri-ht, boys. $'m an insurance a-ent. 113____________________________ (e<amine) the roof. 5he 9ohnsons 1!______________________ ('now) that $'m here.

SIMPLE PAST a1 5 wal,ed to school %esterda%. +1 6e lived in Paris for ten %ears4 +!t now he is living in Aome. c1 5 +o!ght a new car three da%s ago. d1 5 stood !nder a tree when it +egan to rain. e1 2hen she heard a strange noise4 she got !p to investigate. f1 2hen 5 dropped m% c!p4 the coffee spilled on m% lap. The simple past indicates that an activit% or sit!ation began and ended at a particular time in the past.

5f a sentence contains when and has the simple past in +oth cla!ses4 the action in the "when clause" happens first. 5n ?d1= 1st= The rain +egan. 2nd= 5 stood !nder a tree.

PAST PROGRESSIVE i1 5 was wal,ing down the street when it +egan to rain. *1 2hile 5 was wal,ing down the street4 it +egan to rain. ,1 5 was standing !nder a tree when it +egan to rain. 5n ?i1= 1st= 5 was wal,ing down the street. 2nd= 5t +egan to rain. 5n other words4 +oth actions occ!rred at the same time4 +!t one action began earlier and was in progress when the other l1 (t eight o7cloc, last night4 5 action occurred. was st!d%ing. 5n ?11= 3% st!d%ing +egan +e; fore 8=''4 was in progress at m1/ast %ear at this time4 5 was that time4 and .pro+a+l% attending school. contin!ed. n1 /ast :an!ar%4 while %o! were tr!dging thro!gh snow in 5owa4 5 was l%ing on the +each in Florida. o1 2hile 5 was st!d%ing in one room of o!r apartment4 m% roommate was having a part% in the other room. Sometimes the past progressive is !sed in +oth parts of a sen; tence when two actions are in progress sim!ltaneo!sl%.

p1 5t rained this morning. 5n some cases4 the simple past F1 5t was raining this morning. and the past progressive give almost the same meaning4 as in ?o1 and ?p1.

=<ercise 1

Use the simple past or the past progressive in the follo"ing.

1. $ (read) ____________________________ only two chapters last wee'. 2. $ (read) _________________________ a boo' last ni-ht when you called. 3. $ (call) _______________________ 9ohn at nine last ni-ht, but he (be, not) __________________ at home. .e (study) ____________________________ at the library. !. $ (hear, not) _______________________ the thunder durin- the storm last ni-ht because $ (sleep) _________________________. %. ,y brother and sister (ar-ue) _______________________ about somethin- when $ (wal') _________________________ into the room. ). 8hen $ (open) ______________________ the pac'a-e, $ (find) ______________ _________ a surprise. +. .e (climb) ________________________ the stairs when he (trip) _____________ and (fall) _______________________. &uc'ily, he (hurt, not) __________________ himself. 1. 8hile $ (read) ___________________________ the little boy a story, he (fall) _________________________ asleep, so $ (close) __________________________ the boo' and #uietly (tiptoe) __________________________ out of the room.

E$er!ise % &o" 'eans !ame to (meri!a P)t the verbs in bra!#ets in the past simple or past !ontin)o)s.
&e i /trauss came (come) from a small town in the south of >ermany. 8hen he 1. ___________ (be) a youn- man, he2 __________________ (fall) in lo e with the mayor's dau-hter. 1'

?ut the mayor and &e i's parents 3 _______________________(not want) them to marry. &e i's parents !_____________________ (send) him away to 6ew ;or' where his brothers %________________________ (li e). 5hey) ______________________ (be) tailors and they+____________________ (teach) him to sew. $n 11%@, &e i

_______________________ (ta'e) some sailcloth from 6ew ;or' to /an Arancisco when he _________________________ (meet) some men. 5hey
1

_____________________________ (di-) for -old in the streams and ri ers. 5he

weather was bad. $t ________________________ (rain) and the wind*%

+++__________________________

(blow). 5he men were cold because they (wear)13

___________________________thin trousers. /uddenly &e i *,______________________(ha e) an idea. .e 1% ____________

?!se1 the sailcloth which he*- _____________________ (transport) to ma'e

trousers for the men. 5hen he 1!"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(sew) on metal studs to ma'e them stron-er. 5he men 1# ____________________________ (lo e) the trousers but they
1$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(not

li'e) the yellowB-rey colour. /o when &e i

%1

/trauss %.______________________(open) a tailor's shop in /an Arancisco, he

_______________________ (import) a special thic' blue material from 6imes in Arance. 5hat's how 0eans %% _________________________(become) blue.

E$er!ise / 0here 1i1 he !ome from2

Cse the words in brac'ets to write #uestions about &e i /trauss. .e came from >ermany. (8here ...................from)
#Where did he come from$

11

1 .is parents sent him to 3merica. (8here) ________________________________________________________________ 2 .is brothers tau-ht him to sew. (8hat) ________________________________________________________________ 3 $n 11%@ he set out for /an Arancisco. (8hen) ________________________________________________________________ ! .e met some prospectors on the way. (8ho) _________________________________________________________________ % 5hey were di--in- in a ri er. (8here) _________________________________________________________________ ) 5hey were wearin- thin trousers. (8hat) _________________________________________________________________ + .e was ta'in- sailcloth to 4alifornia. (8hat) _________________________________________________________________ 1 .e made trousers from the sailcloth. (8hat. . from) _________________________________________________________________ : 5he men didn't li'e the colour. (8hy) ________________________________________________________________ 1@ .e imported blue material from Arance. (8here... from) _________________________________________________________________ E$er!ise , P(ST SIMPLE 3 P(ST C4NTINU4US 1. 8hen she ___________________________the dishes she ________________ a bi- plate. (dry D drop) 2. 8hile they _________________________ 5E, a thief _________________ in. (watch D climb)
12

3 ,other _________________________ dinner, while we _______________ our homewor'. (coo' D do) !. 5he pupils ________________ cards, when their teacher _________________ (play D enter) %. ,other _________________ the clothes, when the li-hts _________________ out (iron D -o) ). 5he postman ________________ the parcel, 0ust as they _________________ (brin- D lea e)
+. /usan ________________ her purse, while she _________________________ (lose D shop) 1. 8e __________________a son-, when our headmaster ____________________ (sin- D enter) :. 8hen he ____________________ to town, he __________________________ an accident (dri e D ha e) 1@. ,other ______________________ a ca'e, while we _____________________ in the -arden. (ba'e D play) 11. 3s $ _________________ down the street, a car __________ into the shop. (wal' D crash) 12. 8hile we __________________ 5E, a thief _____________ our car. (watch D steal) 13. 5he bur-lar ________________ the safe, when he _________ some footsteps, (openDhear) 1!. Aather _______________ the newspaper, when the doorbell ______________. (read D rin-)

13

E$er!ise 5

P(ST /$,"&= 3 P(ST C4NTINU4US 5%6

1. 8e ___________________________________5E last ni-ht. (watch) 2. 5he train ___________________________________ at ).3@. (lea e) 3. ,other ____________________________the dishes B (wash) when the phone _____________________________. (rin-) %. 8e ________________________________ a nice party last /aturday, (ha e) ). $n %% ?. 4. 9ulius 4aesar _____________________________to ?ritain. (come) +. Aather ________________________________in his car B (wait) while mother ____________________. (shop) :. $ couldn't come, because $ _________________________________ ill. (be) 1@. 9ust as he ___________________________________to bed, (-o)

the li-hts __________________________out. (-o) 12. 5he car suddenly _________________________________________. (stop) 13. $t ________________________(rain) when he_____________________ out of the window. (loo') 1%. Aather ____________________________ home yesterday. (not come) .e ______________________________ lunch in a restaurant. (ha e) 1). $ ________________________________ throu-h the window. (loo') /ome students _______________________________ on the blac'board, (write) 1+. 8e _____________________________an =n-lish son-, (sin-) when the door __________________________ . (open) 11. ,other _______________________________ the rooms last /aturday. (clean) 1:. 5hey _____________________ that school, (build) when $ _________________ a little boy. (be)

1&

2@. /ome people in the waitin-Broom __________________________ (read). /uddenly the door ___________________ (open) and the nurse ________________ (say), F5he ne<t one, pleaseG. 21. 5he do- ________________________________ the postman (attac'). 0ust as he _________________________ letters into the letterBbo<. (put) 22. .ow ___________you _____________your le-( (brea') $ ________________ off the ladder, (fall) when $ ________________ some apples. (pic') 23. 8e ___________________________much sleep last ni-ht, (not -et) because our nei-hbours ________________________________a party . (ha e) 2!. ;ou are late. 5he train ________________________________ at 1.@@. (lea e) 2%. 5hey _________________________________ to 4anada some years a-o. (-o) 2). $ ___________________________ my homewor' (do) when my friend "eter ____________________. (turn up) 2+. 5hey __________________tea (ha e) when the doorbell __________________ . (rin-) 7R(MM(R 0IT& L(U7&TER P&s' Sim()e * +on'in,o,s +om()e'e 'he -o.es /e)ow /0 ,sin1 'he 2o33e2' 'ense o4 'he 5e3/ in /3&2.e's6 1. #ad. 2hat do %o! call a small +rown thing with ten legs4 and green e%es? 5 don7t ,now4 son. 2h% do %o! as,? 2ell4 one .......................................... along %o!r lett!ce *!st +efore %o! ........... itH %crawl& eat' 2. 6arr% ........................................................ a large grandfather cloc, on his sho!lder4 %carry' 6e was delivering it to a c!stomer. 6e co!ldn7t see what was on his right hand side and he .................................................over an old lad% who ............................... in a shop window4 %knock& look' .57m ver%4 ver% sorr%4 .said the man. .5diotH. sho!ted the old woman. .2h% can7t %o! wear a watch li,e ever%+od% else?. 3. 2hat .............................. %o! .......... in m% apple tree last night4 %o!ng man? %do' 1G

2ell4 one of %o!r apples ................................ down when 5 ............................ %o!r garden so 5......... it +ac, for %o!H %fall& pass& put' &. 3agic Bo+ was a magician on a cr!ise ship. -ach night he too, o+*ects from the passengers and made them disappear4 then reappear in strange places. The captain of the ship had a parrot which alwa%s sho!ted .A!++ishH. at the end of the magician7s act. <ne da% the ship ................................... an ice+erg and . .......... . %hit& sink' The magician and the parrot were the onl% s!rvivors. 2hile the% ............................. on a large piece of wood in the water4 the parrot ............ %lie& say' .<I4 geni!s. 2here7s the ship?. G. ( lifeg!ard ................................................. a %o!ng lad% the ,iss of life when her h!s+and ..................................... %give& arrive'. 2hat are %o! doing to m% wife? 57m giving her artificial respiration. (rtificialH Jive her the real thing. 57ll pa% for it. 0. #octor4 lots of m% hair ........................................... o!t while 5 .................................. it this morning4 %fall& brush' 6ave %o! got an%thing for it? S!re. 6ere7s a +o). . ( %o!ng man was in the middle of a road with his right ear to the gro!nd. (n old lad% as,ed him= 8. 2hat are %o! listening for? ( motor+i,e passed this spot ten min!tes ago. That7s incredi+leH 6ow do %o! ,now that? Beca!se it ................................... me while 5 ............................. the road and it................. m% nec,. %hit& cross& break' 9. 6ow did %o! get that +ig red l!mp on %o!r nose? 5................................a +rose while 5 ............................... in the garden4 %smell& work' B!t there is no 7+7 in rose. There was in this oneH

10

T&). o3 w3i'e &/o,' &22iden's 0o, h&d7 whi)e 0o, we3e doin1 some'hin1 e)se. Fo3 e8&m()e6 I cut (past simple) m0 h&nd /&d)0 whi)e I was peeling (past c ntinu us) some (o'&'oes. I sc!ape" 'he side o4 m0 2&3 whi)e I was pa!#ing in 'own.

UPS 9 DO:NS
1. swim 2. rise 3. come &. drin,4 throw G. fight 0. ,eep . +!% 8. light 9. thin, 1'.find 11. 12. 13. 1&. 1G. 10. 1 . 18. 19. 2'. +ite hear +ring send wear ,now draw4 hide leave ring +egin 21. 22. 23. 2&. 2G. 20. 2 . 28. 29. 3'. +eat do ta,e drive grow tell r!n catch get c!t 31. 32. 33. 3&. 3G. 30. 3 . 38. 39. &'. la% teach have sell show +!ild let +low spend read &1. &2. &3. &&. &G. &0. & . &8. &9. G'. ma,e sh!t sit hold win lose fall sing meet weep

1''
FINISH

99 #<2> 82 9 02 G9 DP &2 &9 %% DO:N 19 2

01. 02. 03. 0&. 0G. 00.

98 83 8 03 G8 &3 38 23 18 3
fl% +rea, go forget sa% feel

9 8&

$; DO:N 8G 0

9G 80 DP G 00 GG &0 3G 20 DP 1G 0
spea, see p!t +e choose dig

9& 8 & 0 G& & DP 3& 2 1&

93 88 !< DO:N 08 G3 &8 33 28 13 DP 8

92 89 2 09 =% UP &9 32 29 12 9
91. 92. 93. 9&. 9G. 90.

91 9' 1 ' G1 G' 31 3' 11 1'

tear spit spring spin !nderta,e !nderstand

81 8' 01 0' &1 &' 21 2' 1 START

G1. G2. G3. G&. GG. G0. give eat lie shine wa,e write

0& G && 3 2& 1! UP &

1. 2. 3. &. G. 0.

0G DP G0 &G 30 DP 2G 10 G

DP

81. 82. 83. 8&. 8G. 80.

sleep for+id spread sha,e4 lend shrin, forgive

G . G8. G9. 0'.

feed free8e4sweep pa% stri,e

0 . 08. 09. '.

ride mean +ecome stand

. 8. 9. 8'.

,nee lead sew hit

8 . 88. 89. 9'.

steal cost4 h!rt swing shoot

9 . 98. 99.

swear stic, sin,

I33e1,)&3 5e3/s
1. 2. 3. &. G. 0. . 8. 9. 1'. 11. 12. 13. 1&. 1G. 10. 1 . 18. 19. 2'. 21. 22. 23. 2&. 2G. 20. 2 . 28. 29. 3'. 31. 32. 33. 3&. 3G. 30. 3 . 38. 39. &'. &1. &2. &3. &&. &G. &0. & . &8. &9. swim ; swam ; sw!m ?schwimmen1 rise ; rose $ risen ?erhe+en1 come ; came $ come ?,ommen1 drin, ; dran, $ dr!n, ?trin,en1 throw ; threw $ thrown ?werfen1 fight ; fo!ght $ fo!ght ?,Kmpfen1 ,eep ; ,ept $ ,ept ?halten1 +!% ; +o!ght $ +o!ght ?,a!fen1 light ; lit $ lit ?le!chten1 thin, ; tho!ght $ tho!ght ?den,en1 find ; fo!nd $ fo!nd ?finden1 +ite ; +it $ +itten ?+eiLen1 hear ; heard $ heard ?hMren1 +ring ; +ro!ght $ +ro!ght ?+ringen1 send ; sent $ sent ?schic,en1 wear ; wore $ worn ?tragen1 ,now ; ,new $ ,nown ?wissen1 draw ; drew $ drawn ?8eichnen1 hide ; hid $ hidden ?verstec,en1 leave ; left $ left ?verlassen1 ring ; rang $ r!ng ?la!ten1 +egin; +egan $ +eg!n ?anfangen1 +eat ; +eat $ +eaten ?schlagen1 do ; did $ done ?t!n1 ta,e ; too, $ ta,en ?nehmen1 drive ; drove $ driven ?len,en1 grow ; grew $ grown ?wachsen1 tell ; told $ told ?er8Khlen1 r!n ; ran $ r!n ?rennen1 catch ; ca!ght $ ca!ght ?fangen1 get ; got $ got ?+e,ommen1 c!t ; c!t $ c!t ?schneiden1 la% ; laid $ laid ?legen1 teach ; ta!ght $ ta!ght ?lehren1 have ; had $ had ?ha+en1 sell ; sold $ sold ?ver,a!fen1 show ; showed $ shown ?8eigen1 +!ild ; +!ilt $ +!ilt ?+a!en1 let ; let $ let ?lassen1 +low ; +lew $ +lown ?+lasen1 spend ; spent ; spent?ver+ringen1 read ; read ; read?lesen1 ma,e ; made $ made ?machen1 sh!t ; sh!t; sh!t ?schlieLen1 sit ; sat $ sat ?sit8en1 hold ; held $ held ?halten1 win ; won $ won ?gewinnen1 lose ; lost $ lost ?verlieren1 fall ; fell $ fallen ?fallen1 sing ; sang $ s!ng ?singen1 meet ; met $ met ?treffen1 G'. G1. G2. G3. G&. GG. G0. G . G8. G9. 0'. 01. 02. 03. 0&. 0G. 00. 0 . 08. 09. '. 1. 2. 3. &. G. 0. . 8. 9. 8'. 81. 82. 83. 8&. 8G. 80. 8 . 88. 89. 9'. 91. 92. 93. 9&. 9G. weep ; wept $ wept ?weinen1 give $ gave ; given ?ge+en1 eat ; ate ; eaten ?essen1 lie ; la% ; lain ?liegen1 shine ; shone ; shone ?scheinen1 wa,e ; wo,e ; wo,en ?a!fwachen1 write ; wrote ; written ?schrei+en1 feed ; fed ; fed ?f!ttern1 free8e ; fro8e ; fro8en ?frieren1 sweep ; swept ; swept ?,ehren1 pa% ; paid ; paid ?+e8ahlen1 stri,e ; str!c, ; str!c, ?schlagen1 fl% ; flew ; flown ?fliegen1 +rea, ; +ro,e ; +ro,en ?+rechen1 go ; went ; gone ?gehen1 forget ; forgot ; forgotten ?vergessen1 sa% ; said ; said ?sagen1 feel ; felt ; felt ?fNhlen1 ride ; rode ; ridden ?reiten1 mean ; meant ; meant ?meinen1 +ecome ; +ecame ; +ecome ?werden1 stand ; stood ; stood ?stehen1 spea, ; spo,e ; spo,en ?sprechen1 see ; saw ; seen ?sehen1 p!t ; p!t ; p!t ?set8en1 +e ; was"were ; +een ?sein1 choose ; chose ; chosen ?wahlen1 dig ; d!g ; d!g ?gra+en1 ,neel ; ,nelt ; ,nelt ?,nien1 lead ; led ; led ?f!hren1 sew ; sewed ; sewn ?nahen1 hit ; hit ; hit ?schlagen1 sleep ; slept ; slept ?schlafen1 for+id ; for+ade ; for+idden ?ver+ieten1 spread ; spread ; spread ?ver+reiten1 sha,e ; shoo, ; sha,en ?schNtteln1 lend ; lent ; lent ?leihen1 shrin, ; shran, ; shr!n, ?schr!mpfen1 forgive ; forgave ; forgiven ?verge+en1 steal ; stole ; stolen ?stehlen1 cost ; cost ; cost ?,osten1 h!rt ; h!rt ; h!rt ?verlet8en1 swing ; sw!ng ; sw!ng ?schwingen1 shoot ; shot ; shot ?schieLen1 tear ; tore ; torn ?reiLen1 spit ; spat ; spat ?sp!c,en1 spring ; sprang ; spr!ng ?springen1 spin ; sp!n ; sp!n ?spinnen1 !nderta,e ;!ndertoo, ;!nderta,en ?!nternehmen1

18

90. 9 .

!nderstand ; !nderstood ; !nderstood ?verstehen1 swear ; swore ; sworn ?schworen1

98. 99.

stic, ; st!c, ; st!c, ?,le+en1 sin, ; san, ; s!n, ?sin,en1

19

PRESENT PERFE+T a1 The% have moved into a new apartment. +1 6ave %o! ever visited 3e)ico? c1 5 have alread% seen that movie. d1 5 have never seen snow. The present perfect e)presses the idea that something happened ?or never happened1 before now& at an unspecified time in the past. The e)act time it happened is not important. 5f there is a specific mention of time4 the simple past is !sed= I saw that movie last night. e1 2e have had fo!r tests so The present perfect also e); far this semester. presses the repetition of an f1 5 have written m% wife a activity before now. The letter ever% other da% for e)act time of each the last two wee,s. repetition is not important. g1 5 have met man% people since 5 came here in :!ne. h1 5 have flown on an airplane man% times. i1 5 have +een here since seven o7cloc,. *1 2e have +een here for two wee,s4 ,1 5 have had this same pair of shoes for three %ears. The present perfect also4 when !sed with for or since& e)presses a sit!ation that began in the past and continues to the present.( 5n the e)amples4 notice the 2'

l1 5 have li,ed cow+o% movies ever since 5 was a child4 m15 have ,nown him for man% %ears.

difference +etween since and for) since O a particular time for * duration of time

The present perfect has this meaning primaril% for those ver+s that are !s!all% not !sed in an% of the progressive tenses. This meaning is e)actl% the same as the meaning of the present perfect progressive tense.

21

PRESENT PER8ECT PR47RESSI9E

Aight now 5 am sitting at m% des,. ?a1 5 have +een sitting here since seven o7cloc,. ?+1 5 have +een sitting here for two ho!rs. ?c1 Eo! have +een st!d%ing for five straight ho!rs. 2h% don7t %o! ta,e a +rea,? ?d1 6e has +een watching television since nine o7cloc, this morning. ?e1 5t has +een raining all day. 5t is still raining right now. f1 5 have +een thin,ing a+o!t changing m% ma*or. g1 (ll of the st!dents have +een st!d%ing hard. h1 :ohn has +een doing a lot of wor, on his thesis. 6e sho!ld +e finished +% 3a%. i1 3% +ac, h!rts4 so 5 have +een sleeping on the floor latel%. The +ed is too soft. *1 5 have lived here since 19 G. ,1 5 have +een living here since 19 G. l1 6e has wor,ed at the same store for ten %ears.

This tense is !sed to indicate the duration of an activit% that began in the past and continues to the present. 2hen the tense has this meaning4 it is !sed with time words s!ch as for& since& all morning& all day& all week.

2hen the tense is !sed witho!t an% specific mention of time4 it e)presses a general activity in progress recently& lately.

2ith certain ver+s ?most nota+l% live& work& teach' there is little or no difference in meaning +etween the two tenses when since or for is !sed.

22

E8e32ise 16 Dse the sim()e (&s' o3 'he (3esen' (e34e2'. 5n some sentences either tense is possi+le +!t the meaning is different. 1. 5 ?not attend1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP an% parties since 5 came here. 2. 5 ?go1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPto a part% at Sall%7s apartment last Sat!rda% night. 3. Bill ?arrive1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPhere three da%s ago. &. Bill ?+e1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPhere since the 22nd. G. Tr% not to +e a+sent from class again for the rest of the term. Eo! ?miss4 alread%1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP too man% classes. Eo! ?miss1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP two classes *!st last wee,. 0. /ast :an!ar%4 5 ?see1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP snow for the first time in m% life. . 5n her whole lifetime4 she ?see4 never1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPsnow. 8. 5 ?,now1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Jreg (dams for ten %ears. 9. So far this wee,4 5 ?have1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP two tests and a F!i8. 1'. Dp to now4 Professor 2illiams ?give1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP o!r class five tests. 11. The science of medicine ?advance1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a great deal in the 19th cent!r%. 12. Since the +eginning of the 2'th cent!r%4 medical scientists ?ma,e1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP man% important discoveries. E8e32ise %6 Dse the (3esen' (e34e2' (3o13essi5e in the following. 1. The +o%s are pla%ing soccer right now. The% ?pla%1 have been playing for almost two ho!rs. The% m!st +e getting tired. 2. (le) is tal,ing on the phone. 6e ?tal,1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPon the phone for over a half an ho!r. 6e sho!ld hang !p soon. /ong distance is e)pensive. 3. 57m tr%ing to st!d%. 5 ?tr%1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPto st!d% for the last ho!r4 +!t something alwa%s seems to interr!pt met 5 thin, 57d +etter go to the li+rar%. 23

9omplete the following +% writing two sentences. Dse the present perfect progressive in the first sentenceQ then ma,e another sentence that might t%picall% follow in this sit!ation. &. The +a+% is cr%ing. She +as been crying for almost ten minutes. I wonder what#s wrong. G. 5t7s raining. 5t PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 0. 57m st!d%ing. 5 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP . 57m waiting for m% friend. 5 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 8. Bo+ is sitting in the waiting room. 6e PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP E8e32ise <6 Dse the (3esen' (e34e2' o3 'he (3esen' (e34e2' (3o13essi5e. 5n some sentences4 either tense ma% +e !sed with little or no change in meaning.

1. 5t ?snow1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPall da%. 5 wonder when it stops. 2. 2e ?have1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPthree ma*or snowstorms so far this winter. 5 wonder how man% more we will have. 3. 5t7s ten p.m. 5 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP?st!d%1 for two ho!rs and pro+a+l% won7t finish !ntil midnight. &. 5 ?write1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP them three times4 +!t 5 still haven7t received a repl%. G. 5 ?live1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP here since last 3arch. 0. The telephone ?ring1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP fo!r times in the last ho!r4 and each time it has +een for m% roommate. 2&

. The telephone ?ring1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP for almost a min!te. 2h% doesn7t someone answer it? 8. The little +o% is dirt% from head to foot +eca!se he ?pla%1 PPPPPPPPPPPP in the m!d. E8e32ise >6 Same as the preceding e)ercise. 1. (= ?Be4 %o!1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a+le to reach Bo+ on the phone %et? B= >ot %et. 5 ?tr%1PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPfor the last twent% min!tes4 +!t the line ?+e1 PPPPPPPPPP+!s%. 2. (= 6i4 :enn%. 5 ?see4 not1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP%o! for wee,s. 2hat ?do4 %o!1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP latel%? B= St!d%ing. 3. (= 2hat are %o! going to order for dinner? B= 2ell4 5 ?have4 never1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPpi88a4 so 5 thin, 57ll order that. &. (= 2hat7s the matter? Eo!r e%es are red and p!ff%. ?9r%4 %o!1PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP? B= >o. 5 *!st finished peeling some onions. &. (= #r. :ones is a good teacher. 6ow long ?+e4 he1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPat the !niversit%? B= 6e ?teach1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPhere for twent%;five %ears.

E8e32ise =6 :h&' h&5e 'he0 /een doin1? 9omplete the sentences with the present perfect simple or the present perfect contin!o!s. :ane has been writing ?write1 a letter to a maga8ine. She hasn7t finished it %et. 1. Ben PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP?loo,1 for his pen;,nife4 +!t he hasn7t fo!nd it %et. 2. :enn% PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ?wait1 for the +!s for half an ho!r4 +!t it hasn7t arrived %et. 3. >ic, PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ?pla%1 a comp!ter game for two ho!rs and he7s still pla%ing. &. 3i,e hasn7t finished painting his car %et. 6e PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ?wor,1 on it for two wee,s. G. (manda PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP?not come1 home %et. She has +een shopping in town since 1' o7cloc,. 2G

0. 3i,e7s car PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP?ma,e1 strange noises. >ic, and :ane have cleaned all the parts. . Ben has +een drawing cartoons for two ho!rs. 6e PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ?not finished1 %et. 8. (manda has +een waiting for :enn% in town. :enn% PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ?not arrive1 %et. 9. :ane has +een ,nitting a p!llover. She PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ?*!st finish1 it. 1'. 5t PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ?rain1 all da% and it hasn7t stopped %et. 11. 3r Bla,e has +een mar,ing tests all evening +!t he PPPPPPPPPPPPPP ?not find1 a perfect one %et. 12. Trig PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP?practise1 the present perfect4 +!t he hasn7t got it right.

Thin, of a *o+ or activit% that %o! have started +!t have not finished4 for e)ample4 something that %o! are ma,ing4 reading or drawing. 2rite a short paragraph a+o!t it. Sa% how long %o! have +een doing it. GRAMMAR :ITH LAUGHTER P3esen' Pe34e2' * P&s' Sim()e Dsing the Present Perfect or the Past Simple4 complete the following *o,es= 1. . ................. %o! .................................. %be' to (merica +efore? >o. This is m% first time. #id %o! ,now that 9hristopher 9ol!m+!s .................................................. %find' (merica? Aeall%? 5 never ,new it was lostH 2. 2hen %o! ........................... %sell' me this car this morning4 %o! .............................. %say' it was tro!+le;free. Since then4 the +ra,es ........................ %fail' and the door ................... %fall' off. 2ell4 sir4 5 did sell %o! the car +!t the tro!+le was freeH 3. #octor4 5 ............................... %have' a sore stomach ever since 5 ......................... %eat' three cra+s last wee,. ....... the% .................................. %smell' +ad when %o! ............................ %take' them o!t of their shells? 2hat do %o! mean ; too, them o!t of their shells? &. >ow4 ......................... ever%one ......................... %read' the chapter on /ord >elson for homewor,? Ees4 sir. 20

Ievin4. in which +attle ................................ /ord >elson ..................................... %die'$ -r4 his last one4 sir? G. 5 ............................... %buy' this diamond ring from a man in the street. 5t7s for m% girlfriend. (re the% real diamonds? 5 hope so. 5f not4 the man ................................... *!st.......................... %cheat' me o!t of RG. 0. 6ow7s %o!r sister? She .......................................... %go' on a ver% strict diet to lose weight. (nd how is she getting on? Fine. She .................................................................. %disappear' last wee,. . 3rs Smith is ver% !pset. She thin,s she .............................. %lose' her cat. 2hen ................................... she last............................. %see' it? Fo!r da%s ago. 2h% doesn7t she p!t an advertisement in the newspaper? #on7t +e sill%. 6er cat can7t read. 8. 3% dad ....................... never ................................ %visit' the dentist. 3% dad will never go +ac, to the dentist. 2h%? 2hat happened? The dentist.................................................... %take' all his teeth o!t. 2hat........................... %o!r dad ......................... %say'$ >ever againH >ever againH 9. Ao+ert was fishing in a private la,e. (n old man came !p to him and as,ed= .......... %o! ........ %catch' an%thing? Ees. Three +ig fish since 5 ........................................... %start' this morning. 3% name is /ord (rton and 5 own this la,e. <h. 3% name is Ao+ert and 57m a terri+le liarH

Past Perfe!t
A beggar stopped me the other day and said he $a"n%t $a" a bite for days. What did you do$ I bit him,

-eter had a very large garden and he $a" &een "igging it for about five hours when .rs. /urns came along. 0h& hello& -eter. What are you growing$ The sweat was running down -eter1s face. +e looked up and said& 2Tired,3

28

PAST PERFE+T
a. 3% parents had alread% eaten +% the time 5 got home. +. Dntil %esterda%4 5 had never heard a+o!t it. c. The thief simpl% wal,ed in. Someone had forgotten to loc, the door. d. 6e had arrived before we got there. e. 6e arrived before we got there. f. After the g!ests had left4 5 went to +ed. g. After the g!ests )e4'7 5 went to +ed. The past perfect e)presses an activit% that was completed before another activity or time in the past. 5f either before or after is !sed in the sentence4 the past perfect is not necessar% +eca!se the time relationship is alread% clear. The simple past ma% +e !sed instead of the past perfect4 as in ?e1 and ?g1.

PAST PERFE+T PROGRESSIVE h. The police had +een loo,; ing for the criminal for two %ears +efore the% ca!ght him. i. The patient had +een waiting in the emergenc% room for almost an ho!r +efore a doctor finall% treated her. *. 6e finall% came at si) o7cloc,. 5 had +een wait; ing for him since fo!r; thirt%. ,. 6er s,in was s!n+!rned +eca!se she had +een l%ing on the +each all afternoon. l. 2hen :!d% got home4 her hair was still wet +eca!se she had +een swimming. m. 6er e%es were red +eca!se she had +een cr%ing. The past perfect progressive emphasi8es the duration of an activit% that was in progress before another activity or time in the past.

This tense also ma% e)press an activit% in progress recent to another time or activity in the past.

29

-)ercise 1= Dse Simple Past or the Past Perfect (re there some sentences where either tense is possi+le? 11 6e ?+e1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a newspaper reporter +efore he ?+ecome1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPa +!siness man. 21 5 ?feel1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a little +etter after 5 ?ta,e1 PPPPPPPPPP the medicine. 31 5 was late. The teacher ?give4 alread%1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPa F!i8 when 5 ?get1 PPPPPPPPPPPP to class. &1 The anthropologist ?leave1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPthe village when she ?collect1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP eno!gh data. G1 5t was raining hard4 +!t +% the time class ?+e1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPover4 the rain ?stop1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. 01 3illions of %ears ago4 dinosa!rs ?roam1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP the earth4 +!t the% ?+ecome1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPe)tinct +% the time h!man,ind first ?appear1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. 1 9lass ?+egin4 alread%1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP +% the time 5 ?get1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP there4 so 5 ?ta,e4 F!ietl%1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a seat in the +ac,. 81 5 ?see4 never1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPan% of Picasso7s paintings +efore 5 ?visit1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP the art m!se!m. 91 5 almost missed m% plane. (ll of the other passengers ?+oard4 alread%1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP +% the time 5 ?get1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP there. 1'1Eesterda% at a resta!rant4 5 ?see1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Pam #onnell%4 an old friend of mine. 5 ?see4 not1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPher in %ears. (t first4 5 ?recogni8e4 not1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPher +eca!se she ?lose1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPat least fift% po!nds.

3'

GRAMMAR :ITH LAUGHTER The P&s' Pe34e2' Use h&d o3 h&dn@' 'o 2om()e'e 'he 4o))owin16 11 2hen her da!ghter arrived home from a part%4 3rs Thompson as,ed her if she ?than,1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPP her hostess. .>o4. she said. .The girl in front of me than,ed her and the lad% said 7#on7t mention it7 so 5 didn7t.. 21 6ere7s %o!r coffee4 madam ; it7s a special coffee all the wa% from Bra8il. <h4 5 was wondering where %o! ?go1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. 31 ( stressed managing director went to his doctor for help in getting to sleep. The wor,ers at his factor% ?go1 PPPPPPPPPPPP on stri,e. The% wanted +etter pa% and conditions. The director ?tr%1 PPPPPPPPPPPP sleeping pills +!t the% ?not wor,1 PPPPPPPPPPPP. The doctor as,ed the director to lie F!ite still in +ed at night and to co!nt sheep. The following da% the director ret!rned to the doctor7s s!rger%. 2ell4 said the doctor. (n% s!ccess? 57m afraid not4 he said. B% the time 5 ?co!nt1 PPPPPPPPPPPP the thirt%;first sheep the% ?all go1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPP on stri,e for shorter ho!rs and lower fences. &1 Ienneth is so st!pid. 6e phoned his teacher at school %esterda% to sa% he co!ldn7t come to school +eca!se he ?lose1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP his voiceH G1 ( doctor ?*!st give1 PPPPPPPPPPPPP a +o% an in*ection in his arm. 6e was a+o!t to p!t a +andage on his arm when the +o% said4 2o!ld %o! mind p!tting the +andage on m% other arm4 doctor? 2h%? 57m p!tting it over %o!r vaccination so that the other +o%s will ,now not to +ang into 5t. Eo! don7t ,now the +o%s in m% school4 doctorH 01 3!mH 3!mH #ad7s fallen over a cliff. 5s he o,a%? 5 don7t ,now. 6e ?not stop1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP falling when 5 left. 1 ( +eggar stopped me the other da% and said he ?not have1 PPPPPPPPPPPP a +ite for da%s. 2hat did %o! do? 5 +it himH 81 5t was m% grandmother7s +irthda% %esterda%. 5s she old? 2ell4 +% the time we lit the last candle on her +irthda% ca,e4 the first one ?go1 PPPPPPP o!tH 91 6arr% Smith was sent to 9entral (frica +% his compan%. 6e sent a postcard to his wife as soon as he arrived. Dnfort!natel% it was delivered to another 3rs. Smith whose h!s+and ?die1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP the da% +efore. The postcard read= (AA5@-# S(F-/E T65S 3<A>5>J. T6- 6-(T 5S T-AA5B/-. 31

32

SIMPLE 8UTURE : ;E GOING TO a. 6e will finish his wor, tomorrow. +. 6e is going to finish his wor, tomorrow. c. 5 will wash the dishes later. d. 5 am going to wash the dishes later.

Will or be going to is !sed to e)press f!t!re time. !hall ma% +e !sed with 5 or we& +!t wil l 4be going to is more commonl% !sed.S 5n speech4 going to is often prono!nced .gonna.. ( cla!se is a grammatical str!c; t!re which has a s!+*ect and a ver+. ( .time cla!se. +egins with s!ch words as when& before& after& as soon as& until& These words ma% +e followed +% a s!+*ect and ver+= When he comes& we will see him. When * sub7ect O verb 8 time cla!se ( f!t!re tense is not !sed in a time cla!se. The meaning of the cla!se is f!t!re4 +!t the simple present tense is !sed. <ccasionall%4 the present perfect is !sed in a time cla!se4 as in ?,1. -)amples ?*1 and ?,1 have the same meaning. The present perfect stresses the completion of the act in the time cla!se +efore the other act occ!rs in the f!t!re.

e. Bo+ will come soon. When /ob comes& we will see him. f. /inda will leave soon. /e5 fore she leaves& she is going to finish her wor,. g. 5 will get home at G=3'. After I get home& 5 will eat dinner. h. The ta)i will arrive in less than five min!tes. As soon as the ta6i arrives& we will +e a+le to leave for the airport. i. The% are going to come soon. 5 will wait here until they come. *. 5 will go to +ed after I finish m% wor,. ,. 5 will go to +ed after I have finished my work.

!haIl is !sed m!ch more freF!entl% in British -nglish than in (merican -nglish.

33

USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE AND THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EAPRESS FUTURE TIME
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE a. 3% wife has an appointment with a doctor. She is seeing #r. >orth ne6t Tuesday. +. Sam has alread% made his plans. 6e is leaving at noon tomorrow. c. (= 2hat are %o! going to do this afternoon? B= After lunch 5 am meeting a friend of mine. 2e are going shopping. 2o!ld %o! li,e to come along? d. (= 3% car is in the garage for repairs. B= 6ow are %o! going to get to wor, tomorrow? (= 5 am ta,ing the +!s. SIMPLE PRESENT e. The m!se!m opens at ten tomorrow morning. f. 9lasses +egin ne6t week. g. :ohn7s plane arrives at 9):; ne6t .onday. The present progressive ma% +e !sed to e)press f!t!re time when the idea of the sentence concerns a planned event or definite intention. ?9<3P(A-= ( ver+ s!ch as rain is not !sed in the present progressive to indicate f!t!re time +eca!se rain is not a planned event.1 ( f!t!re meaning for the present progressive tense is indicated either +% f!t!re time words in the sentence or +% the conte)t.

Sometimes the simple present is !sed in sentences that contain f!t!re time words. The simple present is !sed primaril% with ver+s s!ch as open4close& begin4end& arrive4leave and e)presses an esta+lished fact. ?>ote= 5n e)pressing f!t!re time4 the present progressive is !sed in a m!ch wider range of sit!ations than the simple present.1

3&

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

a. 5 will +egin to st!d% at seven. Eo! will come at eight. 5 will +e st!d%ing when %o! come. +. Aight now 5 am sitting in class. (t this same time tomorrow4 5 will +e sitting in class.

The f!t!re progressive e)presses an activit% that will +e in progress at a time in the future.

c. #on7t call me at nine +eca!se The progressive form of be 5 won7t +e home. 5 am going going to) to +e st!d%ing at the li+rar%. be going to * be * 5ing ?d1 #on7t get impatient. She will Sometimes there is little or no +e coming soon4 ?e1 #on7t get difference +etween the f!t!re impatient. She will come soon. progressive and the simple f!t!re4 especiall% when the f!t!re event will occ!r at an indefinite time in the f!t!re4 as in ?d1 and ?e1.

FUTURE PERFE+T
a. 5 will grad!ate in :!ne. 5 will see %o! in :!l%. B% the ne)t time 5 see %o!4 5 will have grad!ated. +. 5 will have finished m% homewor, +% the time 5 go o!t on a date tonight. The f!t!re perfect e)presses an activit% that will +e completed before another time or event in the future. ?>otice in the e)amples= by the time introd!ces a .time cla!se.Q the simple present is !sed in a .time cla!se..1

FUTURE PERFE+T PROGRESSIVE

c. 5 will go to +ed at ten P.3. 6e will get home at midnight. (t midnight 5 will +e sleeping. 5 will have +een sleeping for two ho!rs +% the time he gets home. d. 2hen Professor :ones re; tires ne)t month4 he will have ta!ght for &G %ears. e. 2hen Professor :ones re; tires ne)t month4 he will have +een teaching for &G %ears. The f!t!re perfect progressive emphasi8es the duration of an activit% that will +e in progress before another time or event in the future. Sometimes the f!t!re perfect and the f!t!re perfect progressive give the same meaning4 as in ?d1 and ?e1. (lso4 notice that the activit% e)pressed +% either of these two tenses ma% +egin in the past. 3G

Ds!all% there is little or no difference in meaning +etween will and be going to. Will and be going to indicate inevita+ilit% ?i.e.4 the% e)press a simple fact!al statement a+o!t a f!t!re activit% or sit!ation14 +!t be going to is !sed more freF!entl% than will in spo,en -nglish when the spea,er is e)pressing a definite plan or intention. The present progressive is also sometimes !sed to e)press a f!t!re meaning. The f!t!re intention e)pressed +% the present progressive is !s!all% stronger than that e)pressed +% be going to. EAER+ISE 1 Dse the simple future4be going to( or the simple present.

1. 57m going to leave in half an ho!r. 5 %finish' will finish " am going to finish all of m% wor, +efore 5 %leave' PPPPleavePPPP. 2. 57m going to eat l!nch at 12=3'. (fter 5 %eat' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP l!nch4 5 %take'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< a nap. 3. 57ll get home aro!nd si). 2hen 5 %get' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP home4 5 %call' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Sharon. &. 57m going to watch a T@ programme at nine. Before 5 %watch' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP that programme at nine4 5 %write' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a letter to m% parents. G. Jar% will come soon. 5 %wait' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP here !ntil he %come' PPPPPPP 0. 5t will stop raining soon. (s soon as the rain %stop' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP4 5 %walk' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to the dr!gstore to get some film. . The seasons are predicta+le. For e)ample4 when spring %come' TTTTTTTTT PPPPPPPPPPP the weather %get' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP warmer. This happens ever% %ear. 8. Aight now it is winter. 57m tired of cold weather4 +!t spring %come' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP soon. 2hen spring %come' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP this %ear4 5 %go' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to the par, ever% da% to en*o% the good weather. 9. (t a dinner part% in the Dnited States4 people !s!all% sit in the living room and %talk' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP for a while +efore the% %go' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP into the dining room. 1'. Tomorrow 57m going to give a dinner part%. 5 have planned it ver% caref!ll%. Before 5 %ask' PPPPPPPPPPPPPP m% g!ests to come to the dining room4 5 %serve' <PPPPPPPPPPPP drin,s and hors d7oe!vres in the living room. 11. (= 6ave %o! mailed %o!r application %et? B= >ot %et. 5 %fill'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< it o!t later
this evening. Then 5 %mail'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< it on m% wa% to class

tomorrow. 30

12. (= %/e& =ouise' <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<at the meeting tomorrow? B= >o. She %be& not' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP there. 13. Aight now 5 am a *!nior. (fter 5 %graduate' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP with a B.(.4 5 %intend' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to enter grad!ate school and wor, for an 3.(. Perhaps 5 %go'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< on for a Ph D. after 5 %get' <<<<<<<<<<<PPPPPPPPPPPPP m% 3aster7s degree. 1&. (= 6ow long %stay& you' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPin this co!ntr%? B= 5 %plan'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< to +e here for a+o!t one more %ear. 5 %hope'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< to grad!ate a %ear from this :!ne. (= 2hat %do& you' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPafter %o! PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP %leave' B= I %return' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP home and %get' .<<<<<<<<<<<<<< EAER+ISE % Use 'he 'utu!e p! g!essi(e o3 'he simple p!esent) a *o+.

11 Aight now 5 am attending class. Eesterda% at this time4 5 was attending class. Tomorrow at this time4 5 %attend'PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP class. 21 Tomorrow 57m going to leave for home. 2hen 5 %arrive' PPPPPPPPPPPP at the airport4 m% whole famil% %wait'PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP for me. 3. 2hen 5 %get' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP !p tomorrow morning4 the s!n %shine' PPPPPPPPPPP4 the +irds %sing' PPPPPPPPPPPP4 and m% roommate %lie& still' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP in +ed fast asleep. &. (= 2hen do %o! leave for Florida? B= Tomorrow. :!st thin,. Two da%s from now 5 %lie' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP on the +each in the s!n. (= 6ave a good time. 5 %think' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a+o!t %o!. G. (= 6ow can 5 get in to!ch with %o! while %o!7re o!t of town? B= 5 %stay' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP at the Pilgrim 6otel. Eo! can reach me there. 0. >e)t %ear at this time4 5 %do' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP e)actl% what 5 am doing now. 5 %attend' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP school and %study' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP hard ne)t %ear. . /oo, at those dar, clo!ds. 2hen class %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP over4 it %rain& probably' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. 8. (= (re %o! going to +e in town ne)t Sat!rda%? B= >o. 5 %visit' <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< m% a!nt and !ncle in 9hicago.

EAER+ISE <= Dse an% appropriate tense. 11 (nn and (nd% got married on :!ne 1st. Toda% is :!ne 1&th. (nn and (nd% %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPmarried for two wee,s. B% :!ne th4 the% %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP married for one wee,. B% :!ne 28th4 the% %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP married for fo!r wee,s. 21 This traffic is terri+le. 2e7re going to +e late. B% the time we %get' TTTTTTT PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to the airport4 Bo+7s plane %arrive& already' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP4 and he will +e wondering where we are. 31 The traffic was ver% heav%. B% the time we %get'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< to the airport4 Bo+7s plane %arrive& already' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. This morning 5 came to class at 9=''. Aight now it is 1'='' and 5 am still in class. 5 %sit' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP at this des, for an ho!r. B% 9=3' 5 %sit' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP this des, for a half an ho!r. B% 11='' 5 %sit' <<<<<<<<<<<<<PPPPPPPPPPPPP at m% des, for two ho!rs. &1 57m getting tired of sitting in the car. #o %o! reali8e that +% the time we arrive in Phoeni)4 we %drive' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP for twent% straight ho!rs? G1 3argaret was +orn in 19G'. B% the %ear 2'1'4 she %live'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< on this earth for 0' %ears. 01 Jo ahead and leave on %o!r vacation. #on7t worr% a+o!t this wor,. B% the time %o! %get' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP +ac,4 we %take' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPcare of ever%thing. 1 5 don7t !nderstand how those marathon r!nners do itH The race +egan over an ho!r ago. B% the time the% reach the finish line4 the% %run' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP steadil% for more than two ho!rs. 5 don7t thin, 5 can r!n more than two min!tesH 81 2hat? 6e got married again? (t this rate4 he %have.<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< a do8en wives +% the time he %die' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. 91 2e have +een married for a long time. B% o!r ne)t anniversar%4 we %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPP married for &3 %ears. EAER+ISE * BORAL6 #isc!ss= 2hat do %o! thin, the twent%;first cent!r% will +e li,e? !uggestions for discussion topics) 1. 3eans of transportation? 2. So!rces of energ%? 38

3. Pop!lation growth? &. Food so!rces? G. -)tinction of animal species? 0. 2eapon technolog%? . -)ploration of the oceansQ e)ploration of the earth7s interior? 8. Space e)plorationQ contact with +eings from o!ter space? 9. Aole of comp!ters in dail% life? 1'. /ong;term sol!tions to toda%7s political crises? 11. (rchitect!re? 12. 9lothing st%les? 13. 5nternational lang!age? 1&. 5nternational world government? 1'11G. 5nternational televisionQ international comm!nication via comm!nication satellites? E8e32ise =6 :h&' wi)) 'he0 h&5e done? 2rite a4 + or c in the gap and read the completed sentences. B% the wee,end the% PPPPcPPPPPP their newspaper. a will have +een completing 1 2 a will have interviewed a will +e written a will wor, a will +e sold G 0 a won7t +ecome + have completed c1 will have completed B% 2ednesda% afternoon4 Tom PPPPPPPPPPPPP fo!r people. + will interview c will +e interviewed B% tomorrow night :enn% PPPPP fo!r articles. + will have written c won7t have +een writing c won7t have +een wor,ing c won7t have sold

3 2hen the newspaper comes o!t4 the% PPPPPP on it for si) wee,s. + will have +een wor,ing + will have sold + +ecame & The% hope that +% the end of ne)t wee, the% PPPPP 24''' copies. >ic, hopes that +% the end of the %ear the% PPPPPPPPP rich and famo!s. c will have +ecome c will write B% ne)t month4 (manda PPPPPPPP articles.

a will have written + will have +een writing

39

E8e32ise ;6 A/o,' 0o, 2rite the answers in f!ll sentences. Dse for O length of time. 6ow long will %o! have +een learning -nglish +% the end of this school %ear? /y the end of this school year& I will have been learning nglish for three years. 1 2 3 & G 6ow long will %o! have +een living in %o!r town +% ne)t s!mmer? 6ow long will %o! have +een living in %o!r ho!se or flat +% ne)t %ear? 6ow long will %o! have ,nown %o!r -nglish teacher +% the end of this school %ear? 6ow long will %o! have ,nown %o!r +est friend +% ne)t s!mmer? 6ow long will %o! have +een watching %o!r favo!rite T@ programme +% the end of this %ear? PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 0 6ow long will %o! have +een attending %o!r present school +% the end of the school %ear? PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

&'

DREAMING THE GRAMMARBDREAMS

#o %o! dream? /et me tell %o! a+o!t a dream 5 had two nights ago. 5 hadn7t +een dreaming for a long long time4 in fact since last 9hristmas. 6ave %o! noticed m% !se of &1o7 4o3 &nd sin2e? Send me a message for help if %o! don7t !nderstand the !se of the Past Perfect 9ontin!o!s tense in the third sentence. (n%wa%4 it was a terri+le nightmare. Terri+le things were done to me= 5 was ro++ed4 then 5 was +eaten4 and finall% 5 was ,illed. B!t then the nightmare changed into a +ea!tif!l dream= 5 seemed to +e in some sort of paradise4 where all the people were ver% +ea!tif!l and nice4 and 5 was constantl% +eing h!gged and ,issed. 6ave %o! spotted all the ver+s in the passive voice? 5 was ta,en to their leader4 who loo,ed a +it li,e -li8a+eth Sh!e ?have %o! seen /eaving /as @egas?1 and as,ed me a+o!t a million F!estions= who 5 was4 where 5 came from4 etc.Q and after 5 had told her what had happened to me4 she as,ed me whether m% attac,ers had stolen an%thing from me4 what the% loo,ed li,e and how 5 had +een ,illed. 9hec, the !se of tenses in these indirect F!estionsH Then onl% 5 noticed that this was a comm!nit% of women and that 5 was the onl% man there. Their leader told me that if 5 had +een a woman 5 co!ld have sta%ed with them and +ecome a mem+er of their comm!nit%. B!t since 5 was a man4 5 had to go +ac, to m% own co!ntr%. (nd 5 remem+er wa,ing !p with these tho!ghts on m% mind= 2hat wo!ld it +e li,e if 5 were a woman? 2o!ld 5 have completel% different tho!ghts and feelings? >ote the !se of tenses in the if;sentences. (nd now it7s %o!r t!rn. Please tell !s a+o!t a dream of %o!rs4 +!t ma,e s!re %o!r acco!nt incl!des e)amples of at least & grammatical str!ct!res that we have practised in this co!rse ?*!st as m% little essa% contains e)amples of sentences with &1o7 4o3 &nd sin2e4 passive constr!ctions4 indirect F!estions and if;sentences1.

&1

&2

E8e32ise 1= (nswer the F!estions in complete sentences= 1. 2hat places have %o! visited since %o! came to Feld,irch? 2hen? 2. 2hat co!ntries have %o! +een to? 2hen? 3. 2hat programmess have %o! seen on television? 2hat did %o! watch last night? &. 2hat are %o! doing right now? 2hat is ?. ...1 doing? 2hat am 5 doing? G. 2hat ,ind of shoes is ?. ...1 wearing? 0. 2hat are %o! wearing toda%? . 2hat will %o! +e doing tonight at midnight? 2hat were %o! doing last night at midnight? 8. 2hat are %o! going to +e doing at this time tomorrow? 9. 2hat time are %o! coming to class tomorrow? 1'. 2here will %o! +e living three %ears from now? 11. 6ow long have %o! +een going to school? 12. 2hat have we +een doing for the last five min!tes? 13. 6ow long have %o! +een sitting in that chair? 1&. 6ow long will %o! have +een sitting in that chair +% the time class is over? 1G. 2here are %o! living? 2here were %o! living five %ears ago? 10. 6ow long are %o! going to +e living in @orarl+erg? 6ow long will %o! have +een living here +% the time %o! leave? 1 . 2hat have 5 +een doing? 18. 2hat have we +een st!d%ing in class? EAER+ISE % Dse an% appropriate tense for the ver+s in parentheses. 11 :ohn is in m% -nglish class. 6e %study' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP -nglish this semester. 6e %take& also' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a co!ple of other classes. 6is classes %begin' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP at 9='' ever% da%. 21 Eesterda% :ohn ate +rea,fast at 8=''. 6e %eat& already' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP +rea,fast when he %leave' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP for class at 8=&G. 6e %eat& always' <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+rea,fast +efore he %go' PPPPPPPPPP to class. 5 %eat& not& usually' <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+rea,fast +efore I%go' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to class. B!t 5 %get& usually' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP h!ngr% a+o!t midmorning. Tomorrow +efore 5 %go' <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< to class4 5 %eat' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP +rea,fast.

&3

31 :ohn is in class ever% morning from 9='' to 12=''. Two da%s ago4 5 %call' PPPPPPPPPPPP him at 11=3'4 +!t 5 co!ld not reach him +eca!se he %attend' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP class at that time. &1 #on7t tr% to call :ohn at 11=3' tomorrow morning +eca!se he %attend' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPat that time. G1 Eesterda% :ohn too, a nap from 1='' to 2=''. 5 came at 1=&G. 2hen 5 %get' PPPPPPPPPPPP there4 :ohn %sleep' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. ;6e %sleep' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP for &G min!tes +% the time 5 came. 01 Aight now :ohn %take' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a nap. 6e %fall' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP asleep an ho!r ago. 6e %sleep' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP for an ho!r. 1 Three da%s ago4 :ohn %start' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to read >arewell to Arms& a novel +% -rnest 6emingwa%. 5t is a long novel. 6e %finish& not' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP reading it %et. 6e %read' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP it +eca!se his -nglish teacher assigned it. 81 Since the +eginning of the semester4 :ohn %read' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP three novels. Aight now he %read' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP A >arewell to Arms. 6e %read' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPthat novel for the past three da%s. 6e %intend' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to finish it ne)t wee,. 5n his lifetime4 he %read' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP man% novels4 +!t this is the first 6emingwa% novel he %read& ever' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. 91 Tomorrow4 after he %eat' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP dinner4 :ohn %go' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPto a movie. 5n other words4 he %eat' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP dinner +% the time he %go' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to the movie. EAER+ISE <= Dse an% appropriate tense for the ver+s in parentheses. 1. ?. (= There is something 5 have to tell %o!. B= Jo ahead. 5 %listen' TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. (= 6i4 (nn. %.eet& you' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP m% friend4 Jeorge Smith? (= Then let me introd!ce %o!. 3. (= StopH 2hat ?%o!4 do1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP? B= 5 ?tr%1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to get this piece of toast o!t of the toaster. 5t7s st!c,. (= 2ell4 don7t !se a ,nife. Eo! %electrocute'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< %o!rselfH && B= >o4 5 %have& never' <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< . the pleas!re.

B= 2hat do %o! s!ggest 5 do? (= Dnpl!g it first. & (= There7s :ac,. B= 2here? (= 6e ?lie1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP on the grass !nder that tree over there. B= <h %es. 5 %see' <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< him. 6e %Iook& certainly' <<<<<<<< PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP comforta+le. /et7s go tal, to him. G. (= ?Ta,e4 %o!1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP -con 12' this semester? B= >o4 5 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. (= ?Ta,e4 %o!4 ever1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP it? B= Ees4 5 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. (= 2hen %take' <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<%o! PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPit? B= /ast semester. (= 2ho %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP %o!r professor? B= #r. /ee. (= <h4 I have the same professor. 2hat %be& he' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP li,e? B= +e %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ver% good. 0. (= 2hat7s wrong with 9hris? B= 2hile he ?%awn1TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT4 a fl% ?fl%1 PPPPPPPPPPPP into his mo!th. (= I %believe& not' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP thatH Eo! %kid' <<<<<<<<<<< (= I %go' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to a pla% last night. B= %/e& it' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP an% good? (= I tho!ght so. I %en7oy' <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< it a lot. B= 2hat %be& it' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP? (= Arsenic and 0ld =ace. I %see& never' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP it +efore. B= <h4 5 %see' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP that pla% too. 5 %see' PPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP it a co!ple of %ears ago. 5t %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP good4 %be& not' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP it? 8. (= 5 was in %o!r hometown last month. 5t loo,ed li,e a nice town. 5 %be& never' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP there +efore. B= 2hat %do& you' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP in that part of the co!ntr%?

&G

(= 3% wife and 5 %drive' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to 2ashington to visit her fol,s. 9 (= 3a% 5 +orrow some mone%? 3% chec, %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPs!pposed to arrive %esterda%4 +!t 5 still %receive& not' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP it. 5 %need' PPPPPPPPPPPPP to +!% a +oo, for one of m% classes4 +!t 5 %have& not' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP an% mone%. B= S!re. 57d +e happ% to lend %o! some. 6ow m!ch %need& you'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<$ (= Five +!c,s @beA PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP eno!gh. Than,s. 5 %pay'<<<<<<<<<<<< PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP %o! +ac, as soon as 5 %get' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP m% chec,. 1'. (= 6ello? B= 6ello. 3a% 5 spea, to S!e? (= She %be& not' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP in right now. 3a% 5 ta,e a message? B= Ees. This is (rt <7Brien. 2o!ld %o! please as, her to meet me at the li+rar% this afternoon? 5 %sit' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP at one of the st!d% +ooths on the second floor. EAER+ISE &= 1 2 3 & Dse an% appropriate tense for the ver+s in parentheses. 3% grandfather %fly& never' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP in an airplane4 and he has no intention of ever doing so. :ane isn7t here %et. 5 %wait' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP for her since noon4 +!t she still %arrive& not' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. 5n all the world4 there %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP onl% 1& mo!ntains that %reach' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a+ove 84''' meters ?2042& feet1. 5 have a long trip ahead of me tomorrow4 so 5 thin, 57d +etter go to +ed. B!t let me sa% good;+%e now +eca!se 5 won7t see %o! in the morning. 5 %leave& already' PPPPPPPPPPPPP +% the time %o! %get' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP!p. G 0 Aight now we %have' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a heat wave. The temperat!re %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP in the !pper 9'7s for the last si) da%s. /ast night 5 %go' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to a part%. 2hen 5 %get' PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP there4 the room was f!ll of people. Some of them %dance' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP and others %talk' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. <ne %o!ng woman %stand' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP +% herself. 5 %meet& never'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< her4 so 5 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP %introduce' m%self to her. (+o!t three %esterda% afternoon4 :essica %lie'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< in +ed reading a +oo,. S!ddenl% she %hear' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP lo!d noise and %get' PPPPPPPPPPP &0

!p to see what it was. She %look' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP o!t the window. ( tr!c, %back& 7ust' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP into her new carH 8 >e)t month 5 have a wee,7s vacation. 5 %plan' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to ta,e a trip. First4 5 %go' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to 3adison4 2isconsin4 to visit m% +rother. (fter 5 %leave' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 3adison4 5 %go' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to 9hicago to see a friend who %study' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP at a !niversit% there. She %live' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP in 9hicago for three %ears4 so she %know' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP her wa% aro!nd the cit%. She %promise' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to ta,e me to man% interesting places. 5 %be& never' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP in 9hicago4 so 5 %look' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP forward to going there. 9 Eesterda% while 5 %sit' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP in class4 5 %get' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP the hicc!ps. The person who %sit'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ne)t to me told me to hold m% +reath. 5 %try'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< that4 +!t it didn7t wor,. The instr!ctor %lecture'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< and 5 didn7t want to interr!pt him4 so 5 *!st sat there tr%ing to hicc!p F!ietl%. Finall%4 after 5 %hiccup'PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP for almost five min!tes4 5 %raise' <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< m% hand and %e6cuse' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP m%self from the class to go get a drin, of water. 1' The weather has +een terri+le latel%. 5t %rain'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< off and on for two da%s4 and the temperat!re %drop'PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP at least twent% degrees. 5t %be'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< in the low &'7s right now. :!st three da%s ago4 the s!n %shine' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP and the weather was pleasant. The weather certainl% %change' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP F!ic,l% here. 5 never ,now what to e)pect. 2ho ,nows? 2hen 5 %wake' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP !p tomorrow morning4 ma%+e it %snow' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. EAER+ISE = Dse an% appropriate tense.

11 <n :!ne 2'th4 5 ret!rned home. 5 %be' <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 21 awa% from home for two %ears. 3% famil% %meet' <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 31 me at the airport with ,isses and tears. The% %miss'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< &1 me as m!ch as 5 had missed them. 5 %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ver% G1 happ% to see them again. 2hen 5 %get' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP the 01 chance4 5 %take' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a long loo, at them. 3% little 1 +rother %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP no longer so little. 6e %grow' 81 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP at least a foot. 6e %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP &

91 almost as tall as m% father. 3% little sister %wear' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 1'1a green dress. She %change' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP F!ite a +it4 too4 +!t 111she %be& still' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP mischievo!s and inF!isitive. She 121 %ask' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP me a tho!sand F!estions a min!te4 or so 131it seemed. 3% father %gain' PPPPPPPPP4PPPPPPPP some weight4 and 1&1 his hair %turn' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a little +it gra%er4 +!t otherwise 1G1 101 1 1 he was *!st as 5 had remem+ered him. 3% mother %look' PPPPPPPPPPPP a little older4 +!t not m!ch. The wrin,les on her face %be' PPPPPPPPPPP smile wrin,les. EAER+ISE ;6 11 21 31 &1 G1 01 1 81 91 1'1 111 121 131 1&1 1G1 101 1 1 181 191 Dse an% appropriate tenses.

<n :!ne 2'th4 5 will ret!rn home. 5 %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP awa% from home for two %ears +% that time. 3% famil% %meet' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP me at the airport with ,isses and tears. The% %miss' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP me as m!ch as 5 have missed them. 5 %be' TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT ver% happ% to see them again. 2hen 5 %get' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a chance4 5 %take' PPPPPPPPPP a long loo, at them. 3% little +rother %be& no longer' PPPPPPPPPPP so little. 6e %grow' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP at least a foot. 6e %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP almost as tall as m% father. 3% little sister %wear& probably' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a green dress. She %change'PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP F!ite a +it4 too4 +!t she %be& still' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP mischievo!s and inF!isitive. She %ask& probably' <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< me a tho!sand F!estions a min!te4 or so it will seem. 3% father %gain& probably' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP some weight4 and his hair %turn' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a little gra%er4 +!t otherwise he will +e *!st as 5 remem+er him. 3% mother %look1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP *!st the same. Perhaps she %look' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a little older4 +!t not m!ch. The wrin,les on her face %be' <<<<<<<<<<<PPPPPPPPPPPPP smile wrin,les.

EAER+ISE ! 11 #ear (nn4

Dse an% appropriate tenses.

21 5 %receive' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP %o!r letter a+o!t two wee,s &8

31 ago and %try' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to find time to write %o! +ac, &1 ever since. 5 %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ver% +!s% latel%. 5n the past G1 two wee,s4 5 %have' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP fo!r tests4 and 5 have 01 another test ne)t wee,. 5n addition4 a friend %stay' PPPPPPPPPPPPPP 1 with me since last Th!rsda%. She wanted to see the cit%4 so we %spend' 81 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a lot of time visiting some of the interesting 91 places here. 2e %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to the 8oo4 the art 1'1 m!se!m4 and the +otanical gardens. Eesterda% we %go' PPPPPPPPPPPP 111to the par, and %watch' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a +alloon race. 121Between showing her the cit% and st!d%ing for m% e)ams4 5 %have& barely' 131TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTeno!gh time to +reathe. 1&1Aight now it %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 3 (.3. and 5 %sit' 1G1PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP at m% des,. 5 %sit' PPPPPPPPPPPP 101here five ho!rs doing m% st!d%ing. 3% friend7s plane %leave' 1 1PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP at 0='G4 so 5 %decide' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 181not to go to +ed. That7s wh% 5 %write' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP %o! at 191s!ch an earl% ho!r in the da%. 5 %get' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a little 2'1 sleep%4 +!t 5 wo!ld rather sta% !p. 5 %take' PPPPPPPPPPPPPP a 211nap after 5 %get' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP +ac, from ta,ing her to the 221airport. 2316ow %get& you' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP along? 6ow %go& your 2&1 classes' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP? Please write soon. Eo!rs tr!l%4 EAER+ISE # Dse an% appropriate tense. (= 6i4 m% name is :ose. B= 6i4 m% name is (li. 11 :ose= %Bou& study' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP at this !niversit%? 21 (li= Ees4 5 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP %o!? 31 :ose= Ees4 5 %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP here since last Septem+er. Before that 5 %study' PPPPPPPPPPPPPP -nglish at another school. &1 (li= 2hat %you& take' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP? G1 :ose= 5 %take' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP chemistr%4 math4 ps%cholog%4 and (merican histor%. 2hat %take& you' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP?

&9

01 (li= 5 %study' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP -nglish. 5 %need' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to improve m% -nglish +efore 5 %take' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP reg!lar academic co!rses ne)t semester. 1 :ose= 6ow long %you& be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPhere? 81 (li= 5 %be' <<<<<<<<<<<<PPPPPPPPPPPPP here since the +eginning of this semester. (ct!all%. 5 %arrive' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPin the Dnited States si) months ago4 +!t 5 %study' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP -nglish at this !niversit% onl% since :an!ar%. Before that 5 %live' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP with m% +rother in 2ashington4 #.9. 91 :ose= Eo! %speak' TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT -nglish ver% well. %Bou& study' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a lot of -nglish +efore %o! %come' PPPPPPPPPPPPP PP to the Dnited States? 1'1(li= Bes. I %study' TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT -nglish for ten %ears in m% own co!ntr%. (nd also4 5 %spend' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP some time in 9anada a co!ple of %ears ago. 5 %pick' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP !p a lot of -nglish while 5 %live' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP there. 111 :ose= Eo! %be' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPl!c,%. 2hen 5 %come' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to the Dnited States4 5 %study& never' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP an% -nglish at all. So 5 had to spend a whole %ear st!d%ing nothing +!t -nglish +efore 5 %start' PPPPPP school. 121(li= 6ow long %you& plan' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to +e in the D.S.? 131:ose= 5 %be& not'PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP s!re. Pro+a+l% +% the time 5 %return' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP home4 5 %be' PPPPPPPPPPP here for at least five %ears. 6ow a+o!t %o!? 1&1(li= 5 %hope' PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPto +e finished with all m% wor, in two and a half %ears.

EAER+ISE $= .P,' 'he 5e3/s in /3&2.e's in'o 'he 2o33e2' 'enses. 11 The% PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP %o!r lessons. ?not li,e1 21 2hile we PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to the station it PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPto snow4 ?drive1 ?+egin1 31 2atch this r!nner. 6e PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ?win1. &1 (fter the centre forward PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP the first goal the fans PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP mad ?score1 ?go1 G1 5 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a shooting star ? never see1 G'

01 2e PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP the res!lts tomorrow. ?,now1 1 #iana PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Beethoven7s moonlight sonata last night. ?pla%1 81 She PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP %o! are an old fool. ?thin,1 91 Bo+ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP three letters since +rea,fast. ?write1 1'1Iate PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP in /ondon ?not live1 111She PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP me an answer when 5 as,ed her. ?not give1 121(fter :ane PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a fashion maga8ine she PPPPPPPPPPPP the piano4 ?read1 ?practise1 131<!r landlad% PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP !s a c!p of tea last night. ?give1 1&13r Brightwell PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP?phone1 his secretar% all da% long . 1G15 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP an% dressma,ing since 5 left school4 ?not do1 1013r Bellows PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP from the DS(. ?*!st arrive1 1 13r Brown PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a letter ever% da%. ?write1 1813rs 3a!ldling PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP the letter immediatel% after she PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPit ?post1 ?finish1 191The Smiths PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP %et. ?not come1 2'15 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP two e)ercises4 wo!ld %o! li,e to do the third? ?correct1 211Aichard !s!all%PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a p!llover +!t when 5 PPPPPPPPPPPPPP him last night he PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a coat. ? wear1 ? see1 ?wear1 221PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPto 3e)ico? ?%o!4 ever4 +e1 2315 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to :ane since last 3onda%. ?not write1 2&1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPto phone %o! last night? ?Bo+ tr%1 2G15 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP this pla% +efore. ?not see1 201 :effre% than,ed his father for what he PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP for him. ?do1 2 13ar% and /i88% PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP the poem all afternoon. ?learn1 281Bo+ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP foot+all all the afternoon. ?pla%1 291The%Ud +etter come in. 5t PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to rain ?+egin1 3'1Bettie PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP his coat last night. ?tear1 311The Second 2orld 2ar PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP in 1939. ?+egin1 321Eo!r coat PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP there the whole afternoon. ?lie1 331The postman PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP the post ever% da%. ?+ring1 3&1She PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP %o! ?soon forget1 G1

3G15 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a coat +eca!se it7s too hot toda%. ?not wear1 301/i88ie and #oll% PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP at si) this morning4 ?wa,e !p1 3 12e PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP an answer last night. ?not get1 3813% parents PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP in Berlin since 198'. ?live1 391.6owPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP at school? ;5 PPPPPPPPPPPPPP ver% well ?Bo+ get on1 ? +elieve1 &'1:aF!eline PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP wh% 5 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP earlier. ?wonder1 ?write1 &11 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP the film last night? ?%o! see1 &212e need not r!n. PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP the +!s ? %o! see1. 5t PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP the +!s station ?*!st leave1 &315 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a letter ?write1 when Fred PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP the room ?enter1 &&1Peter PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP his +est now. ?tr%1 &G15 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP the wor, tomorrow. ?do1 &015 co!ldn7t answer the phone +eca!se 5 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP a shave. ?have1 & 15 can7t !nderstand what %o! PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. The traffic is too nois%. ?sa%1 &813athews PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP an interesting pla% most of the evening. ?watch1 &91Peter s!ddenl% PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP that he PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP his cap in the train4 ?reali8e1 ?leave1 G'16e PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ne)t wee,. ?not come1 G11Before he PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP awa% he PPPPPPPPPPPPP a letter. ?go1 ?write1 G21Bo+ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP tennis ver% well. ?not pla%1 G312hen 5 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPhim hePPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP to 6elen4 ?tal,1 G&1Eo! need an !m+rella. 5t PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ?rain1 GG1She PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP sta% !p later than nine %esterda%4 ?m!stn7t1 G015 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP finish m% wor, last night. ?m!st1 G 12e PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP this letter +efore he PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP home ?can translate1 need1 ? go1 G81:ohn PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP do it now. 5 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP it later4 ?not ?do1 G2 ?see1