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CHEMISTRY
A PROJECT FILE SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF MKGM SCHOOL, KANDARI FOR THE FULFILLMENT OF AISSCE, SESSION 2013-2014
Certificate
Name: Mukesh NayakClass: XII Science Roll No: Institution: Manav Kendra Gyan Mandir School Date:/
/
This is certified to be thebonafide work of the student in the Investigatory Project during the academic year 2013-2014.
. Principal . Internal Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I feel happy to present my Investigatory project in Chemistry on the topic Determination of Contents of Cold Drinks. It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude to my chemistry teacher - Mr. Abneesh Jhafor his valuable support, constant help and guidance at every stage of the project, without which it would not have been possible to complete this project. I would also like to thank my family for helpingme and giving motivation for making my project creative. I also register my sense of gratitude to Mr. Mahendra Vihol, our principal, for his immense encouragement that has made this project successful.
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled Determination of Contents of Cold Drinkssubmitted to the department of chemistry, Manav Kendra Gyan Mandir School is a record of original work done by me under the guidance of my chemistry teacherMr.AvneeshJha.
*Contents*
1. Introduction.1 2. Aim.2 3. Apparatus....3 4. Chemicals Required....4 5. Theory..5 6. Detection of pH....6 7. Test for Carbon Dioxide.....7 8. Test for Glucose....8 9. Test for Phosphate...10 10. Test for Alcohol..11 11. Test for Sucrose..12 12. Result....13 13. Precautions....14 14. Conclusion......15 15. Bibliography...16
*Introduction*1
A soft drink is a beverage that typically contains water, usually a sweetener, and a flavouring agent. The sweetener may be sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, fruit juice, sugar substitutes or a combination of these. Soft drinks may also contain caffeine, colorings, preservatives and other ingredients. Soft drinks are called "soft" in contrast to "hard drinks" (alcoholic beverages). Small amounts of alcohol may be present in a soft drink, but the alcohol content must be less than 0.5% of the total volume if the drink is to be considered non-alcoholic. Nowadays, it is observed in general that majority of people viewed Sprite, Fanta, Limca and Mirindato give feeling of lightness, while Pepsi and Thumps Up to activate pulse and brain.
*Aim*2
Comparative Study and Qualitative Analysis of different Brands of Cold Drinks available in market.
*Apparatus*3
Test Tubes Test Tube Holder Test Tube Stand Stop Watch Beaker Bunsen Burner pH Paper Tripod Stand China Dish Wire Gauge Water Bath
*Chemicals Required*4
Iodine Solution Potassium Iodide Sodium Hydroxide Lime Water Fehlings A & B Solution Concentrated Nitric Acid Benedict Solution Ammonium Molybdate
*Theory*
Cold drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol, carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc. These soft drinks give feeling of warmth, lightness and have a tangy taste. Cold drinks are made by mixing dry ingredients or fresh ingredients (for example, lemons, oranges etc.) with water. Production of cold drinks can be done in factories or at home. Cold drinks can be made at home by mixing either syrup or dry ingredients with carbonated water. Carbonated water is made using a soda siphon or a home carbonation system or by dropping dry ice into water. Companies such as Soda-Club commercially sell syrups. Drinks like ginger ale and root beer are often brewed using yeast to cause carbonation. Carbon dioxide is responsible for the formation of froth on shaking the bottle. The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water to form carbonic acid, which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic compounds and are major source of energy to our body. General formula of carbohydrates is (C6H12O6 )n. Cold drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can be measured by finding their pH value. The pH values also depend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and phosphoric acid.
*Detection of pH*
Experiment Small samples of cold drinks of different brands namely Thumps up, Coca-Cola, Sprite, Limca, Fanta were taken in different test tubes and put on the pH paper. The change in Colour of pH paper was noticed and was compared with standard pH scale. Observation Sr. no 1 2 3 4 5 Name of Drink Thumps up Coca-Cola Sprite Limca Fanta Colour change Light Pink Pinkish Dark Orange Light Orange Orange pH value 2-3 2-3 3 4 3-4
Inference Soft Drinks are generally acidic because of the presence of citric acid and phosphoric acid. pH values of cold drinks of different brand are different due to the variation in amount of acidic content.
Experiment As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the samples were passed through lime water. The time taken by the lime water to turn milky was noted down with the help of a stopwatch .
Observation Sr. no 1 2 3 4 5 Inference All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in water. The carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which is responsible for its tangy taste. Chemical Reaction Ca (OH) 2 (s) + CO2 (g) CaCO3 (s) + H2O(l) Name of Drink Thumps up Coca-Cola Sprite Limca Fanta Time taken 34.95 sec 35 sec 19.35 sec 24.93 sec 18.19 sec Conclusion
CO2 is present CO2 is present CO2 is present CO2 is present CO2 is present
Experiment Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the following test:-
Conclusion
Glucose is present Glucose is present Glucose is present Glucose is present Glucose is present
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and a few drops of Fehlings A solution and Fehlings B solution was added in equal amount. The test tube was heated in water bath for 10 minutes. Appearance of brown precipitate confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks. Observation Sr. no 1 2 3 4 5 Name of Drink Thumps up Coca-Cola Sprite Limca Fanta Observation
Reddish brown Precipitate Reddish brown Precipitate Reddish brown Precipitate Reddish brown Precipitate Reddish brown Precipitate
Conclusion
Glucose is present Glucose is present Glucose is present Glucose is present Glucose is present
Inference All samples gave positive test for glucose with Fehlings (A & B) solutions. Hence, all the cold drinks contain glucose.
Experiment Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Ammonium Molybdate followed by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3) was added to it. The solution was heated. Appearance of canary-yellow precipitate confirmed the presence of phosphate ions in cold drinks. Observation Sr. no 1 2 3 4 5 Name of Drink Thumps up Coca-Cola Sprite Limca Fanta Observation
Canary Yellow Precipitate Canary Yellow Precipitate Canary Yellow Precipitate Canary Yellow Precipitate Canary Yellow Precipitate
Conclusion
Phosphate is present Phosphate is present Phosphate is present Phosphate is present Phosphate is present
Inference All the soft drinks samples gave positive test for phosphate ions. Hence, all the cold drinks contain phosphate.
Experiment Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution was added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes. Appearance of yellow coloured precipitate confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks. Observation Sr. no 1 2 3 4 5 Inference All the cold drinks samples gave positive test for alcohol. Hence, all the cold drinks contain alcohol. Chemical Reaction CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH CHI3 + HCOONa +5NaI + 5H2O Name of Drink Thumps up Coca-Cola Sprite Limca Fanta Observation
Yellow Precipitate Yellow Precipitate Yellow Precipitate Yellow Precipitate Yellow Precipitate
Conclusion
Alcohol is present Alcohol is present Alcohol is present Alcohol is present Alcohol is present
5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate china dishes and were heated very strongly with Bunsen burner until changes occur. Black coloured residue left confirmed the presence of sucrose in cold drinks. Observation Sr. no Name of Drink 1 Thumps up 2 Coca-Cola 3 Sprite 4 Limca 5 Fanta Observation
Black Precipitate Black Precipitate Black Precipitate Black Precipitate Black Precipitate
Conclusion
Sucrose is present Sucrose is present Sucrose is present Sucrose is present Sucrose is present
Inference All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But amount of sucrose varies in each brand of drink. Fanta contains highest amount of sucrose.
*Result*13
After conducting several testson different brands of cold drinks namely:
It is concluded that
All contain glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. All cold drinks are acidic in nature.
*Precautions*14
Some of the precautions, which need to be taken care of,are as follows:
Concentrated solutions should be handled with immense care. Hands should be washed thoroughly after performing each experiment. If possible, one should wear hand gloves to prevent from any possible damage. If chemicals come into contact with your skin or eyes, flush immediately with copious amounts of water. Never leave burners unattended. Turn them off whenever you leave your workstation. Never point a test tube or any vessel that you are heating at yourself or your neighbour.
*Conclusion*15
DISADVANTAGES OF COLD DRINKS
Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar solution. As they contain sugar in large amount which cause problems in diabetes patients. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the bodys natural ability to suppress hunger feeling. Soft drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so they are also harmful for our bones. Soft drinks contain phosphoric acid which has a pH of 2.8. Therefore, they can dissolve a nail in about 4 days. For transportation of soft drinks syrup, the commercial truck must use the hazardous matter place cards reserved for highly consive material. Soft drinks are very harmful to our body as they decrease the number of blood cells in our body. USES OF COLD DRINKS Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners. They can remove rust spots from chrome car humpers. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals. Soft drinks are used as an excellent detergent to remove grease from clothes. They can be used to loosena rusted bolt.
*Bibliography*16