SURFACE CHEMISTRY Section A

I.

Adsorption

The accumulation of molecular species at the surface rather than in the bulk of a solid or liquid is known as adsorption. It is surface phenomena. The substance on which adsorbate (gas or liquid or solute) gets adsorbed is known as adsorbent. The substance which is adsorbed on adsorbent is known adsorbate. The process of removing an adsorbed substance from a surface on which it is adsorbed is called desorption. If a gas like CO2 !2O CO Cl2 "!# $O2 is taken in a closed vessel congaing powdered chart coal the pressure of the gas in the closed vessel decreases due to adsorption of gas on charcoal. % solution containing meth&lene blue or an& organic d&e or sugar cane 'uice on passing through animal charcoal or activated charcoal becomes colorless due to adsorption. The air becomes dr& in the presence of silica gel due to adsorption of water molecules(humidit& b& silica gel.

II Adsorption:
%dsorption is the phenomena in which the molecules of a substance are uniforml& distributed through out the bod& of other substance. %bsorption is a bulk phenomenon. Calcium chloride adsorbs water. If both adsorption and absorption takes place simultaneousl& then it is known as adsorption.

III )ifference between and adsorption and adsorbs.

Absorption *.It is the phenomenon in which the particles of gas or liquid get uniforml& distributed throughout the bod& of the solid. 2. The concentration is the same throughout the material. Therefore it is a bulk phenomenon. #. %bsorption occurs at uniform rate. Adsorption *.it is the phenomenon of higher concentration of particles of gas or liquid on the surface than in the bulk of the solid. 2. The concentration on the surface of the adsorbent is different from that in the bulk. #. %dsorption is rapid in the beginning and its rate slowl& decreases.

IV. Thermod n!mics behind !dsorption

%dsorption of a gas liquid is a wa&s e+othermic process !,-.e. %dsorption lowers the degree of randomness of adsorbate (adsorbed substance gas(liquid). $o $,-.e. /0or a process to be spontaneous. 1,-.e. %s the adsorption proceeds ! becomes less 2.e and slowl& ! becomes equal to T $ which leads to 3ero value of 1 at this state equilibrium is attend.

V T pes o" Adsorption

4ased on the inter particle force of attraction between adsorbate and adsorbent adsorption is of two t&pes. *

a) 5h&sical adsorption (5h&sisorption).

b) Chemical %dsorption. (Chemisorption).

#i""erence bet$een ph sisorption !nd Chemisorptions

%h sisorption *) It arises because of .ander 6aals7forces. 2) It is not specific in nature. #) It is reversible in nature 8) It depends on the nature of gas. 9ore easil& liquefiable gases are adsorbed readil& :) ;nthalp& of adsorption is low (2<-8<) k= mol-*) in this case. >) ?ow temperature is favorable for adsorption. It decreases with increases of temperature. @) "o appreciable activation energ& is needed. A) It depends on the surface area. It increases with an increase of surface are B) It results into multimolecular la&ers on adsorbent surface under high pressure. Chemisorption *)It is caused b& chemical bond formation 2.it is highl& specific in nature #).It is irreversible 8).It also depends on the nature of gas. 1ases which can react with the adsorbent show chemisorptions. :.;nthalp& of adsorption is high (A<-28<k= mol-* In this case. >). !igh temperature is favorable for adsorption. It increases with the increase of temperature. @) !igh activation energ& is sometimes needed. A) It also depends on the surface area. It too increases with an increase of surface area. B. It results into unimolecular la&er.

VI.Adsorption o" &!ses on so'ids: %lmost of all solids absorb gas to some e+tent but the e+tent of adsorption is not same in the all gases. The e+tent of adsorption of gas on solid surface depends on the following factors. a) "ature of adsorbent and adsorbate. b) $pecific area ( $urface area of adsorbent. c) ;ffect of temperature. d) ;ffect of pressure. e) %ctivation energ&. f) VII.Adsorption Isotherm: The amount of gas adsorbed on given mass of adsorbent increases with increase of pressure at given temperature up to ma+imum e+tent and then remains constant. x % graph drawn between e+tent of adsorption and pressure at constant temperature is m adsorption isotherm

In the above diagram (graph) at low pressure region %t high pressure region %t inter intermediate pressure
x * = ln k + ln p m n x * log = log k + log p m n ln x m

x 5* m

x m

5<

5<-* or

x m

pn

?og k and

* x values are obtained b& plotting log along C a+is and log p along D a+is. n m

VIII. Adsorption isob!r: The amount of gas adsorbed on a given adsorbent depends on temperature at given pressure. x % graph drawn between e+tent of adsorption ( ) and temperature (T) at constant pressure m is Isobar. x In ph&sisorption e+tent of adsorption ( ) decreases with increase of temperature (T) % m x graph drawn between e+tent of adsorption ( ) and temperature (T) at constant pressure is m ph&sisorption Isobar. x In chemisorption e+tent of adsorption ( ) increase with increase of temperature (T) up m to ma+imum e+tent and then starts decreasing with increasing of temperature. % graph x drawn between e+tent of adsorption ( ) and temperature (T) at constant pressure is m Chemisorption Isobar. I(.App'ic!tions o" !dsorption: )!s M!s* H+midit contro' Remo,!' o" co'ored imp+rities Hetero&eneo+s c!t!' sis Sep!r!tion o" inert &!ses C+rin& dise!ses Froth "'o!t!tion process Adsorption indic!tors Chrom!to&r!phic !n!' sis. (. C!t!' st Catal&st is a substance which alters the rate of reaction(ma& increase or decrease the rate of reaction) If a catal&st increases the rate of reaction then it is called the Eve catal&st. If a catal&st decreases the rate of reaction then it is called the -ve catal&st. If the catal&st reactants and products all are in the same phase then that is homogeneous catal&st. ;+amples are as follows 2$O2(g) E O2(g)
NO ( g )

2$O#(g)

If the catal&st reactants and products all are in different phase then that is homogeneous catal&st. ;+amples are as follows 2$O2(g) "2(g) E E O2(g)
Pt ( s )

2$O#(g) 2"!#

Fe ( s ) #!2(g)

% substance which enhances the efficienc& of a catal&st is known as promoter. 8

9o (mol&bdenum) acts as promoter in !aber7s manufacture of %mmonia. "2(g) E #!2(g)

Fe ( catlyst ) Mo ( promoter )

2"!#

% substance which lowers the efficienc& of a catal&st is known as c!t!' tic poison. %rsenic and its compounds like As-./ act as poison contact processes for manufacture of sulphuric acid.

I. Ho$ c!t!' st !'ters the r!te o" re!ction: Catal&st alters the rate of reaction b& altering the activation energ& (;a ) of reactants. Catal&st offers an alternate path to the reactants in which the& need less activation energ& in the case of E ve catal&st. Catal&st offers an alternate path to the reactants in which the& need less activation energ& in the case of E ve catal&st. The energ& profile diagram for a catal&st which increases the rate of a reaction is as shown below.

(II. Import!nt "e!t+res o" so'id c!t!' sis: Acti,it o" ! c!t!' st: the abilit& of a catal&st to increase the rate of a reaction is called activit& of a catal&st. The catal&tic activit& increases as we move from group : to group**.9a+imum activit& is shown b& groups @ -B elements of modern periodic table. A c!t!' st m! !cce'er!te the r!te o" re!ction +p to 0101 times. For e2!mp'e mi2t+re o" H- !nd .- c!n re!ct ,io'ent' in the presence o" %'!tin+m 3pt4 e,en it m! c!+se e2p'osion d+e to re'e!se o" more !mo+nt o" he!t. Se'ecti,it o" ! c!t!' st: C! C! C! C!
Pt Linderscatalyst

E E

!2 !2

C!# 2C!# C!2 , C!2

?indler7s catal&st is 5alladium (5d) and 4arium sulphate (4a$O8) poisoned b& quinoline.

(III.5eo'ites !s c!t!' sts: Feolites are micro porous aluminosilicates with #) net work of silicates in which some silica ($i) atoms are replaced b& aluminum (%l) atoms. The pore si3e in 3eolites varies from 2><pm to @8<pm. )epending on the molecular si3e of reactants products and pores si3e of 3eolites (which acts as catal&st) reaction will proceed in a particular direction to &ield specific product($). F$9-: Feolite is used to convert alcohols to gasoline b& deh&dration of alcohols. Feolites are found in nature as well as s&nthesi3ed.

(IV. En6 me c!t!' sis: ;n3&mes are "itrogenous organic compounds mostl& proteins acts as catal&st in biochemical reactions so the& are also referred as 4iocatal&sts. "umerous chemical reactions that occur in plants and animals are catal&3ed b& en3&mes. $ome of the e+amples are G%n average meal requires nearl& 8< 2 8: &ears for complete digestion in an average human being with out taking the help of an en3&meH. The following table gives the list of man& en3&mes which act as a catal&st in our bod&. me c!t!' sis: !ighl& efficient !ighl& specific !ighl& active under optimum temperature p! %ctivated b& co-en3&mes %ffected b& inhibitors and poisons

(V. Ch!r!cteristics o" en6

(VI. Mech!nism o" en6 me c!t!' sis: 37oc* !nd 8e Mech!nism4: .arious steps involved in en3&me catal&sis are ; E $ I ;$ ;$ I ;5 ;5 I ; E ; , ;n3&me. $ , $ubstrate.

5 5 , 5roduct.

(VII. C.77.I#S Colloid is heterogeneous s&stem in which dispersed phase particles with *nm to *<<< nm si3e are distributed in dispersion medium. Colloidal particles have enormous surface area per unit mass as a result of their tin& si3eJ this enormous surface area is responsible for its special properties. Colloids are classified on the basis of following criteria. !4 5h&sical state of dispersion media and dispersion phase. b4 "ature of interaction between dispersion media and dispersion phase. c4 T&pe of dispersed phase particles. >

Colloids are classified on the basis of dispersion medium and dispersion phase. Colloids are classified on the basis of interaction between dispersion medium and dispersion phase are a) ?&ophilic and l&ophobic colloids. ?&ophilic means solvent loving-can be directl& prepared b& mi+ing a suitable dispersion phase with dispersion medium-these are reversible-e+amples-starch sol etc. ?&ophobic means solvent-hating. Can be prepared b& indirect methods. "ot so stable and ireversible. ;g. 0erric h&dro+ide sol aluminium h&dro+ide sol arsenic sulphide sol sulphur sol and all metal sols. Colloids are classified on the basis of si3e of the dispersion phase particle. !4 M+'timo'ec+'!r co''oids b4 M!cromo'ec+'!r co''oids c4 Associ!ted co''oids

The minimum concentration from which dispersed phase starts forming micelle is known as critical miceli3ation constant.(C9C). It is generall& *<-8 to *<-# mol(lit. The optimum temperature from dispersion phase particles starts forming micelles is known as craft temperature (Tk). 9icelle contains as man& as hundred molecules are more. $oap solution or detergent acts as good conductors of electricit& at low concentration but not at high concentration because at high concentration micelles are formed.

(VIII. C7EA9SI9) ACTI.9 .F S.A%S. @

$oap when applied on an oil&(greas& skin surface along with water h&drophobic alk&l part 5enetrates into oil(grease. 6hereas 2COO- remains in water. This disparit& leads to the formation of micelle above C9C. ;ach micelle possess negative charge and repels its neighboring micelle are easil& washed awa& b& water. (I(. %RE%ARATI.9 .F C.77.I#S. Colloids are prepared b& a) Chemical methods b) ;lectrical disintegration or 4redig7s arc method c) 5epti3ation.

C. %epti6!tion The process of converting precipitate into colloidal solution b& shaking it with small %mount of electrol&te and sufficient amount of dispersion medium is known as pepti3ation. 1enerall& colloidal particles adsorbs common ion from added electrol&te either positive or negative. ;+amplesK 5recipitate of 0e(O!)# E 0eCl# gives 0e(O!)# ferric h&dro+ide sol. 5recipitate of %s2$# E !2$ gives %s2$#arsenius sulphide sol. 5recipitate of %gI E %g"O# gives %gI $ilver iodide sol. ((. S.URCES .F CHAR)E .9 C.77.I#A7 %ARTIC7ES. a) %dsorption of ions from electrol&te b) %dsorption of electrons due to friction. ((I. %R.%ETIES .F C.77.I#S. 1enerall& colloids possess the following properties. i) colligate properties ii) T&ndall effect iii) Color iv) 4rownian movement v) Charge on colloidal particle A

vi) ;lectrophoresis. T nd!' e""ect: The scattering of light b& colloidal particles is known as T&ndall effect the scattered light is in the form of a cone so it is called t&ndal cone. Figmond& design the first microscope based on t&ndal effect. T&ndal effect is observed onl& when the following conditions are satisfied. i) The diameter of the dispersed particles is not much smaller than the wavelength of the light used. ii) The refractive indices of the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium differ greatl& in magnitude. :ro$ni!n mo,ement: the 3ig-3ag motion of colloidal particles in dispersion medium is known as 4rownian movement. 6hich was observed b& 4ritish 4otanist Lobert 4rown when pollein grains are left in water. The primar& reason for 4rownian movement is constant collision between dispersion medium particles and dispersion phase particles the secondar& is that in general all colloidal particles have similar charge and the& ma& repel with each other. E'ectrophoresis: the movement of colloidal particles in eclectic field is know as electrophoresis. If the& move towards anode than it is called anaphoresis. If the the& move towards cathode it is called cataphoresis. ;lectrophoresis is totall& different from electro osmosis. ((II. C.A)U7ATI.9. The process of separation of dispersion phase from dispersion medium is known as coagulation or precipitation or flocculation. This can be done b& an& of the following base. 4& ;lectrophoresis 4& mi+ing two oppositel& charged sols 4& boiling 4& persistent )ial&sis %ddition of electrol&te ((III.HAR#Y;SCHU75E RU7ES .F C.A)U7ATI.9. i4 coagulation is cause b& ion which is having opposite charge to that of charge present on colloidal particles. This ion which causes coagulations is known as effective ions. ;+ampleK 0e(O!)# sol can be coagulated b& adding "aCl in this contest Cl- is effective ion which causes coagulation of positive 0e(O!)# sol . The coagulating power of effective ion is directl& proportional to its charge (valenc&). ;+ampleK 0e(O!)# sol can be coagulated more effectivel& b& "a2$O8 than "aCl. 4ecause the effective ion of "a2$O8 is $O-2 which has more charge. The coagulating power of %l#E 4a2E "aE in coagulation negative sols like %s2$# is in the order of %l#E M 4a2EM"aE .

ii4

((IV.EMU7SI.9. ;mulsions are special t&pe of colloidal solutions in which both dispersion medium and dispersion phase are in liquid state. There are two t&pes of emulsions a) Oil dispersed in water (O(6) t&pe. b) 6ater dispersed in oil (6(O) t&pe. B

The above two emulsions are distinguished are b& using d&e test or dilution test. If an emulsion is diluted b& water then it will be oil in water t&pe emulsion otherwise it is water in oil t&pe. The conductivit& of oil in water t&pe emulsion increases b& adding an& ionic compound which is soluble in water. If a d&e is added to oil in water t&pe emulsion color droplets are noticed because added d&e is soluble onl& in oil but not in water.

((V: A%%7ICATI.9S .F C.77.I#S. ;lectrical precipitation of smoke Tanning Cleansing %ction of $oaps 5hotographic 5lates and Lubber Industr& Industrial 5roducts like ink paints 5urification of drinking water 9edicines

(VI.C.77.I#S <HICH <E <I77 C.ME ACR.SS I9 .UR #AI7Y 7IFE. :'+e co'or o" the s* Arti"ici!' r!ins Food !rtic'es 'i*e mi'*= b+tter !nd h!'$! :'ood Form!tion o" de't!s

SECTI.9 :3 SURFACE CHEMISTRY4

>0. Ho$ is the !dsorption o" ! &!s re'!ted to its critic!' temper!t+re? So'+tion: !igher is the critical temperature of a gasJ greater is the ease of liquefaction of gas i.e ?arger are the .anderwall7s forces of attraction. Therefore grater is the adsorption. <hich o" the t$o: !bsorption or !dsorption is ! s+r"!ce phenomenon? So'+tion: %dsorption. Comp!re the he!t o" !dsorption "or ph sic!' !nd chemic!' !dsorption? So'+tion: The heat of adsorption for chemical adsorption is high (of the order of 2<<-8<< k=(mol) while the heat of adsorption for ph&sical adsorption is low(of the order of 2<-8< k=(mol). In c!se o" chemisorption= $h !dsorption "irst incre!ses !nd then decre!ses $ith temper!t+re? So'+tion: Chemisorption involves activation energ&. The initial increase in chemisorption is due to the fact the heat supplied acts as activation energ& and more and more molecules of adsorbate gain energ& and posses energ& greater than activation energ& Therefore adsorption increase with increase in temperature. 0urther increase will increase the energ& of the molecules absorbed and will increase the rate of desorption. Therefore e+tent of adsorption decreases. *

>-.

>@.

>A.

>/.

)i,e re!son $h ! "ine' di,ided s+bst!nce is more e""ecti,e !s !nd !dsorbent? So'+tion: This is because a finel& divided substance has larger surface area and hence larger adsorption occurs. A sm!'' !mo+nt o" si'ic! &e' !nd ! sm!'' !mo+nt o" !nh dro+s c!'ci+m ch'oride !re p'!ced sep!r!te' in t$o corners o" ! ,esse' cont!inin& $!ter ,!po+r. <h!t phenomen! $i'' occ+r? So'+tion: %dsorption of water will occur on silica gel and absorption of water will occur on calcium chloride. Ho$ is !dsorption o" ! &!s re'!ted to its critic!' temper!t+re? So'+tion: !igher is the critical temperature of the gas greater is the ease of liquefaction i.e. the 1reater are the .anderwall7s forces of attraction and hence larger adsorption will occur. <h!t "orm Fre+nd'ich !dsorption isotherm eE+!tion t!*e !t hi&h press+re? So'+tion: x ,Na i.e. it becomes independent of pressure at constant temperature. m <h !re ' ophi'ic co''oid!' so's. More st!b'e th!n ' ophobic co''oid!' so's? So'+tionK The ?&ophilic colloidal sols. %re more stable because# the& are highl& h&drated in $olution.

>B.

>C.

>D.

>F.

>01. )i,e one test to distin&+ish $hether the &i,en em+'sion is oi' in $!ter t poe or $!ter in oi' t pe em+'sion. So'+tion: It can be identified b& dilution test. In this method the emulsion is diluted with water. If the emulsion gets diluted with water this means that water acts as the dispersion medium and it is an e+ample of oil in water emulsion. If it is not diluted than oil acts as dispersion medium and it is an e+ample of water in oil emulsion. >00. )i,e !n e2!mp'e o" i4 mice''es s stem ii4 m!cromo'ec+'!r co''oid So'+tion: i) $odium stearate ( C*@!#:COO-"aE) ii) 5roteins. >0-. <h!t is the di""erence in the n!t+re o" ! di'+te so!p so'+tion !nd ! concentr!ted so!p so'+tion? So'+tion: )ilute soap solution behaves like a true solution whereas concentrated soap solution 4ehaves like a colloidal solution. >0@. <h!t h!ppens $hen ! co''oid!' so' o" Fe3.H4@ !nd As-.@ !re mi2ed? So'+tion: Their mutual precipitation takes place. >0A. The cond+ct!nce o" !n em+'sion incre!ses on !ddin& common s!'t. <h!t t pe o" Em+'sion is this? So'+tion: Oil in water t&pe emulsion. >0/. )i,e t$o e2!mp'es o" co''oid!' so'+tions o" 'iE+id dispersed in so'id. <h!t is the 9!me o" the co''oid!' so'+tion? *

So'+tion: =ell&. Cheese. The name of this colloidal solution is gels. >0B. <h!t does reciproc!' o" &o'd n+mber indic!te? So'+tionK Leciprocal of gold number is a measure of protective power of colloid. $maller the value of gold number greater will be its protecting power. >0C. <h!t is the ch!r&e on the co''oid!' p!rtic'es in the "o''o$in&? i4 Fe3.H4@ so' ii4 As-S@ so' iii4 co''oid!' so' o" si',er? So'+tion: i) 0e(O!)# sol K Eve ii) %s2$# sol K -ve iii) Colloidal sol of silver K -ve. >0D. <hich o" the "o''o$in& is most e""ecti,e in co!&+'!tin& "erric h dro2ide so'? i4 8C' ii4 FeC'@ iii4 9!-S.A i,4 8@GFe3C94BH So'+tion: $ince 0e(O!)# sol is positivel& charged the anion having highest charge will be moste ;ffective i.e. O0e(C")>P#>0F. <h!t is desorption !nd occ'+sion? So'+tion : The process of removing adsorbed substance from the surface of solid is desorption. The adsorption of a gas on metal is known as occlusion. >-1. The e2tent o" ph sic!' !dsorption decre!ses $ith rise in temper!t+re $h ? So'+tion : i)The ph&sisorption shows the features of ph&sical process .%s ph&sisorption is generall& e+othermic the e+tent of ph&sisorption decreases with rise in temperature. ii) The ph&sisorption is due to weak wander wall bond between absorbent and adsorbate which starts breaking with rise in temperature. >-0. Ho$ to prep!re co''oid!' so'+tion b chemic!' method? So'+tion : i) )ouble decompositionK %s2O# E I %s2$# E #!2O #!2$ ii)O+idation K $O2 E !2$ I #$ E 2!2O iii)Leduction 2%uCl# E !C!O E #!2O I 2%u E #!COO! E>!Cl iv) !&drol&sisK 0eCl# E #!2O I 0e(O!)# E#!Cl

>--. <h!t is sorption? So'+tion: It is a process in which both %dsorption as well as desorption takes place simultaneousl&. >-@. E2p'!in the pepti6!tion. So'+tion: It is the process of conversion of precipitate in to a colloidal solution b& shaking the 5recipitate with suitable electrol&te. ;lectrol&te used is also called as pepti3ing agent. ;+ampleK $haking c 5recipitate with 0eCl# solution gives E sol $haking %s2$# 5recipitate with !2$ solution gives 2 sol <h!t is the pore si6e in 6eo'ite? )i,e t$o e2!mp'es o" 5eo'ites. So'+tion: The pore si3e in 3eolite is 2>< 2 @8< pm. %pplications are i) Isomerisation of h&drocarbons ii) Cracking of h&drocarbons. *

>-A.

>-/.

<rite do$n the homo&eneo+s c!t!' st in,o',ed in the po' meri6!tion o" eth!ne. So'+tion: Feigler 2"atta catal&st (C2!:)# %l E TiCl8

>-B.

<h !re co''oids &ood !dsorbents? So'+tion: Colloids have enormous surface area. >-C. )i,e t$o e2!mp'es o" I ,e' ch!r&ed so' !nd J ,e' ch!r&ed so's. So'+tion: i) 0e(O!)# ferric h&dro+ide sol has Eve charge due adsorption of 0eE# ions. ii) %s2$# arsenious sulphide sol has - ve charge due adsorption of $-2 ions. iv) 1old sol is 2vel& charged. >-D. <hich o" the "o''o$in& more e""ecti,e in co!&+'!tin& Fe3.H4@ !nd $h ? 9!-%.A=9!-S.A= 9!C'. So'+tion:i) 0e(O!)# sol is Evel& charged so it will be coagulated b& 2ve ionic of added electrol&te. ii) Coagulating power is directl& proportional to charge so 5O-8 is more effective. >-F. )i,e the "orm+'! o" 5SM;/. So'+tion: F$9-: stands for Feolite sieve of molecular porosit&-: it is aluminosilicate. !+O(%lO2)+($iO2)B>-+P.*>!2O >@1. Under $h!t conditions ! mo'ec+'!r so'+tion becomes co''oid!' so'+tion? So'+tion: i) If a molecular has less than *nm si3e is sub'ected to Leduction. !&drol&sis O+idation double decomposition which leads to association of molecules(atoms formed in this processes leads to formation colloidal solution . ii) If a (single) molecule it self has colloidal dimension then also molecular solution becomes colloidal solution. >@0. Ho$ $i'' o+ distin&+ish t$o t pes o" em+'sions oi' in $!ter K $!ter in oi'? So'+tion: *) )&e testK % small amount of oil soluble d&e is added to it. i) if it is water in oil t&pe the background become colored. i) if it is oil in water t&pe colored droplets can be seen. 2) )ilution testK 6ater is added to the emulation i) If it is diluted b& water then it is oil in water t&pe.ii) If it is not diluted b& water and forming two separate la&ers then it is oil in water t&pe . >@-. <hich $i'' be !dsorbed more re!di' on the s+r"!ce o" ch!rco!' !nd $h 9H@ or C.-? So'+tion: "!# because it is more easil& liquefiable. !ence "!# has greater intermolecular force and will be adsorbed more readil&. >@@. Ho$ does the c!t!' st $or* in ! chemic!' re!ction? So'+tion: % catal&st provides alternative path to the reactants in which the& need less activation energ&. >@A. <h!t is the "'occ+'!tion? So'+tion: %t lower concentration of electrol&tes the aggregation of colloidal particles is called 0locculation. >@/. )i,e the H!rd ;Sch+'6e R+'e? So'+tion: *

i) ii)

The ions carr&ing charge opposite to that of sol. 5articles are more effective in causing coagulation of colloidal solution. These ions are called active ions. Coagulation power of electrol&te is directl& proportional to the valenc& of active ions causing coagulation.

>@B. )i,e "o+r !pp'ic!tions o" co''oids? So'+tion: i) Lubber plating ii) $ewage disposal iii) In making disinfectants iv) In making pharmaceutical preparations. v) 0or purif&ing water. vi) 0or precipitating carbon from smoke. ( Cottrell smoke precipitator) vii) %rtificial rains. viii) )elta formation at the place where river 'oins with sea. >@C. Ho$ Cottre'' smo*e precipit!tor +se to p+ri" smo*e "rom co''oid!' p!rtic'es? So'+tion: 6hen smoke is passed through Cottrell smoke precipitator the carbon particles get discharged %nd precipitated b& appl&ing high voltage while smoke comes out of chimne& of industrial plant. >@D. <h!t is me!nt b 8r!"t temper!t+re 3T*4 !nd critic!' mice''e concentr!tion 3CMC4? So'+tion: The optimum temperature from which micelle formation starts is Nraft temperature (Tk). The optimum concentration from which micelle formation starts is critical micelle concentration (C9C). >@F. #e't! is &ener!'' "ormed $hen ri,er meets the .ce!n. <h ? So'+tion: Liver water is a colloidal solution of negativel& charged silicates cla& and other earthl& Impurities. $ea water consists of Ca2E ions and 9g2E ions. $o coagulation takes place at the place where $ea water and river water meets each other which leads to delta formation. >A1. St!te !n import!nt +se o" e'ecrodi!' sis in h+m!n bein&s? So'+tion: !uman blood is a colloidal solution which consists of sum unwanted impurities which are produced b& various bio chemical reactions takes place which also posses some electrol&tes these electrol&tes ma& cause coagulation of blood. $o the& can be removed before the& causes damage to the human blood. This can be done b& electro dial&sis . It is used in the purification of blood in the case of Nidne& failure. >A0. <h!t phenomenon $i'' occ+r $hen si'ic! &e' !nd !nh dro+s c!'ci+m ch'oride !re p'!ced sep!r!te' in t$o corners o" ! ,esse' cont!inin& $!ter ,!po+r. So'+tion: %dsorption of water takes place in the case of silica gel. 6hereas absorption of water takes place in the case of anh&drous calcium chloride. >A-. Arti"ici!' r!in c!n be c!+sed b spr! in& common s!'t on the c'o+ds. Ho$? So'+tion: Clouds are colloidal dispersion of water particles in air. These colloidal water particles carr& some charge on appl&ing salt in the cloud coagulation of water particles takes place which causes artificial rains. >A@. E2p'!in the modern !dsorption theor hetero&eneo+s c!t!' sis? *

So'+tion: i) )iffusion of reactant to the surface of catal&st. ii) %dsorption of molecules of reactant at the active site. iii) 0ormation of intermediate on the surface of catal&st. iv) )esorption of product molecules. v) )iffusion of products from the surface of catal&st and allowing new reactant molecules. >AA. <h!t !re c!t!' tic poisons !nd c!t!' tic promoters? So'+tion: The substances which decreases the activit& of catal&st is catal&tic poison. ;g. %rsenic acts as catal&tic poison in contact process for the manufacture of !2$O8. The substances which increases the activit& of catal&st is promoter. ;g. 9ol&bdenum acts as promoter for iron catal&st in the manufacture of "!# b& !aber7s process. >A/. <h!t is co''oidon ? So'+tion: Colloidon is a sol. Of cellulose nitrate in eth&l alcohol. >AB. $h!t is e'ectro *inetic potenti!' or 5et! potenti!'? So'+tion: The potential difference between fi+ed la&er and diffused la&er of opposite charges is called Feta potential. >AC. The cond+ct!nce o" !n em+'sion b !ddin& common s!'t? <h!t t pe o" em+'sion is this? So'+tion: It is oil in water t&pe emulsion. >AD. Ho$ ch!r&es de,e'op on co''oid!' p!rtic'es? So'+tion: % charge on the colloidal particles is due to i) ;lectron capture b& sol. 5articles during electro dispersion of metal b& 4ridge7s-arc method ii) 5referential adsorption of ions from solutions. iii) 0ormation of electrical double la&er. >AF. Ho$ the n!t+re o" !dsorb!te !""ects the !dsorption o" &!ses on so'ids? So'+tion: ;asil& liquefiable gases like "!# CO2 !Cl get adsorbed to greater e+tent than permanent gases like !2 O2 "2 etc . the ease of liquefaction of a gas depends upon its critical temperature. !igher is the critical temperature more easil& will be adsorbed on solid. >/1. : the chemic!' re!ction sho$ the se'ecti,it o" ! c!t!' st? So'+tion: The abilit& of a catal&st to direct reactants to form a particular product is know as selectivit& . "i CO E #!2

I I
Cu

C!8 E !2O

Ca(FnO(Cr2O# CO E 2!2 C!# O!

CO E !2

!C!O

>/0. Why the sun looks red at the time of setting? Explain on the basis of Colloidal
properties.

So'+tion:
At the time of setting, the sun is at the horizon. The light emitted by the sun has to travel a longer distance through the atmosphere. As a result, blue part of the light is scattered away by the dust particles in the atmosphere. Hence, the red part is visible. Q52. "A tion of soap is due to emulsifi ation and mi elle formation".Comment.

So'+tion: Ces action of soap is due to emulsification and micelle formation. $oaps are sodium salt of higher fatt& acids like sodium stearate C*@!#:COO-"aE

Q5!. "ifferentiate bet#een homogeneous and heterogeneous atalysis. $i%e one example for ea h. &olution' (omogeneous atalysis:-A catalysis in which the catalysts are present in the same phase as the reactants. For e ample- o idation of !" gas with "# gas in the presence of $" gas as catalyst. (eterogeneous atalysis:-A catalysis in which a catalyst is present in different phase than that of the reactants. For e ample- manufacture of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases using solid iron as catalyst. Q5). What are the important features of a solid atalyst? &olution' The important features of a solid catalyst are: i% Activity: - &ts capacity to increase the speed of the chemical reaction. ii% 'electivity: - &ts ability to direct the reaction to form particular products. iii% 'pecificity:-A given substance can act as a catalyst for a particular reaction only and not for all reactions. Q55. $i%e any four fa tors on #hi h adsorption of a gas on a solid depend?

So'+tion:
The factors on which the adsorption of a gas on a solid depends are: i% 'urface area of adsorbent :-Higher the surface area larger the adsorption ii% Temperature :-Adsorption of a gas decreases with increase in temperature iii%5ressure :-At a constant temperature the adsorption increases with increase in pressure iv% $ature of adsorbed gas :-(ifferent gases are adsorbed to different e tents by the same adsorbent

>/B. Compare the oagulating po#er of AlCl! #ith that of *aCl. $i%en that their
oagulation %alues are +.+,!+ and 52 respe ti%ely.

So'+tion:

As coagulating power is inversely proportional to coagulating value, Thus, Al!l) has **+ times greater coagulating power than $a!l.

Q5-. "es ribe the preparation of the follo#ing olloidal solution. .a/ &il%er sol .b/ &ulphur sol &olution' (a) 0reparation of &il%er sol' 1 ,y the reduction of very dilute solution of silver salts with a suitable reducing agent

#Au!l) - )'n!l# -------------. #Au - )'n!l/ 0old sol .b/ 0reparation of &ulphur sol' 1 ,y the o idation of H#' in the presence of suitable o idizing agent li1e nitric acid, bromine water, etc. H#' - ,r# --------------. ' - #H,r H#' - #H$") ------------. #H#" - #$"# - ' Q52. What is demulsifi ation? *ame t#o demulsifiers.

So'+tion:
The process of separation of the constituent li2uids of an emulsion is called demulsification. (emulsification can be done by centrifugation or boiling. Q5,. $i%e any t#o reasons for the origin of ele tri al harge on the olloidal parti les. &olution' The two reasons are: i% (ue to electron capture by sol particles during electro dispersion of metals, due to preferential adsorption of ions from solution ii% (issociation of colloidal sols. 33+. (o# is 4angmuir adsorption isotherm superior to 5reundli h adsorption isotherm?

So'+tion:

4angmuir adsorption isotherm is superior to Freundlich adsorption isotherm because a% The results obtained from this isotherm are in better agreement with e perimental values. b% &t is applicable over a wider range of pressure. Q36. (o# an a solid adsorbent be a ti%ated?

So'+tion:

A solid adsorbent can be activated by increasing the surface area of the adsorbent which can be done by :a%9a1ing the surface of the adsorbent rough b%4y subdividing the adsorbent into smaller particles c% 4y removing the gases already adsorbed

>B-. What are the steps in%ol%ed in the en7yme ataly7ed rea tions? So'+tion:
'teps involved in the enzyme catalyzed reactions are:i% Formation of enzyme substrate comple . ii% (issociation of the enzyme substrate comple to form the products. Q3!. What is the differen e bet#een the lo k1key model and the indu ed1fit model of En7yme a tion?

So'+tion:
&n loc1-1ey model the substrate fits into the already e isting active sites on the enzyme as a 1ey fits into a loc1. ,ut, in induced-fit model it5s the substrate that induces changes in the active sites of the enzymes to adopt a perfect fit.

>BA. What is emulsion? What are their different types?

&olution' An emulsion is the colloidal dispersion in which both the dispersed phase and the dispersion mediums are li2uids. They can be of two types:i% 6mulsion of oil in water. ii% 6mulsion of water in oil.

Q35. What is emulsion? What are their different types? &olution' A catalyst lowers the activation energy for the forward as well as the bac1ward reaction. As a result the reaction follows an alternate path by which the e2uilibrium is attained 2uic1ly but the e2uilibrium constant remains unchanged. Q33. "ifferentiate bet#een ele trophoresis and ele tro1osmosis? &olution'

6lectrophoresis is the movement of colloidal particles under the influence of an electrical field. 6lectro-osmosis is the movement of dispersion medium molecules under the influence of electric field when colloidal particles are not allowed to move. Q3-. (o# an 8a9 : 8b9 be al ulated for 4angmuir adsorption isotherm' x;m < a0;6=b0? &olution' (ividing both sides by 7 and ta1ing the reciprocal we get 789 8m% : ;8a - b78a. 7lotting the graph of 789 8m% vs 7 gives slope e2ual to b8a and intercept ;8a from which <a5 and <b5 can be calculated. Q32. (o# an 8a9 : 8b9 be al ulated for 4angmuir adsorption isotherm' x;m < a0;6=b0? &olution' (ividing both sides by 7 and ta1ing the reciprocal we get 789 8m% : ;8a - b78a. 7lotting the graph of 789 8m% =s 7 gives slope e2ual to b8a and intercept ;8a from which <a5 and <b5 can be calculated.3*;

$;CTIO" 2 C ($QL0%C; C!;9I$TLC)

5L;.IOQ$ C;%L$7 C4$; 4O%L) RQ;$TIO"$ *. Ho$ !re the co''oids c'!ssi"ied on the b!sis o" the n!t+re o" inter!ction bet$een dispersed
ph!se !nd dispersion medi+m? #escribe !n import!nt ch!r!cteristic o" e!ch c'!ss. <hich o" these so's need st!bi'i6in& !&ents "or preser,!tion? So'+tion: On the basis of the nature of interaction between the dispersed phase and dispersion medium colloidal sols are divided into two class i.e. ?&ophilic($olvent attracting) and l&ophobic(solvent repelling).Characteristic of ?&ophilic sol. The dispersion medium is separated from the dispersed phase (b& evaporation) the sol can be reformed b& simpl& remi+ing with the dispersion medium. ?&ophilic sols are reversible. Characteristic of I&ophobic sol. It is precipitated or coagulated it cannot be formed. ?&ophobic sols are irreversible.?&ophobic sols require stabili3ing agent for preservation. -. <h!t !re deter&ents? )i,e their scheme o" c'!ssi"ic!tion. <h !re the deter&ents %re"erred o,er so!ps? So'+tion: )etergents are the s&nthetic material of the t&pe sodium alk&l ben3ene sulphonates used for cleansing clothes.
C'!ssi"ic!tion LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL

(Cet&ltrimeth&l C!#(C!2)*>COO(C!2 C!2O)n C!2 C!2O! ammonium chloride) OC!#(C!2)*: 2"(C!#) #P ECl 2 )etergents are preferred over soaps as its cleansing action is not affected b& hard water. @. I''+str!te $ith e2!mp'es: i4 7 ophi'ic !nd 7 ophobic so's. ii4 M+'timo'ec+'!r !nd M!cromo'ec+'!r co''oids. iii4 Homo&eneo+s !nd Hetero&eneo+s c!t!' sis. So'+tion: 3i4 7 ophi'ic !nd 7 ophobic so's. The word S?&ophilicM means liquid-loving. Colloidal *

i4 Anionic (alk&lben3ene-sulphonate) C!#(C!2)*> C!2O$O#-"aE

ii4 c!tionic

iii4 9onionic

$ols directl& formed b& substances like gum gelatin starch rubber etc. On mi+ing with a suitable liquid (the dispersion medium) are called l&ophilic sols for e+ample gelatin dissolved in water. The word S?&ophobic7 means liquid 2hating. $ubstances like metals their sulphides etc. 6hen simpl& mi+ed with the dispersion medium do not form the colloidal sol. Their colloidal sols can be prepared onl& b& special methods. $uch sols are called l&ophobic sols for e+ample arsenius sulphide sol. 3ii4 M+'timo'ec+'!r !nd M!cromo'ec+'!r co''oids. 6hen on dissolution a large number of atoms or smaller molecules of a substance aggregate together to form species having si3e(with diameters less than * nm)in the colloidal range the species thus formed are called multimolecular colloids e.g. gold sol sulphur sol. 3iii4 Homo&eneo+s !nd Hetero&eneo+s c!t!' sis. In !omogeneous catal&sis reactants products and catal&st all are in same phase e.g. 9.-3&4 -S.-3&4 J .-3&4

N -S. 3&4
@

<here!s in hetero&eneo+s c!t!' sis re!ct!nts !nd prod+cts !re in the s!me ph!se or di""erent b+t the c!t!' st is in so'id ph!se e.&.= V-./3s4 -S.-3&4 J .-3&4 A

N -S. 3&4
@

E2p'!in the "o''o$in& obser,!tions: i4 A be!m o" 'i&ht p!ssin& thro+&h ! co''oid!' so'+tion h!s ! ,isib'e p!th. ii4 %!ssin& !n e'ectric c+rrent thro+&h ! co''oid!' so'+tion remo,es co''oid!' s+'ph!te. iii4 Ferric h dro2ide so' co!&+'!tes on !ddition o" ! so'+tion o" pot!ssi+m s+'ph!te. So'+tion: i4 T nd!'' e""ect. 6hen a beam of light is passed through a colloidal solution the path of light becomes visible. This phenomenon is known as T&ndall effect. Colloidal solution e+hibits this propert& due to its heterogeneous nature. ii4 E'ectrophoresis. 9igration of colloidal sol particles towards the electrode under the influence of electric current is called electrophoresis or cataphoresis. "egativel& charged particles move towards anode and positivel& charged particles move towards cathode. In this wa& charged colloidal particles are removed. $ee figure given bellow. iii) 6hen potassium sulphate is added to ferric h&dro+ide sol the sol gets precipitated. 0erric h&dro+ide sol is a multimolecular colloid. <h!t !re the t$o c'!sses o" em+'sions? )i,e one e2!mp'e o" e!ch c'!ss. St!te one !cti,it to test the t pe o" !n em+'sion. So'+tion: ;mulsions are of two t&pesK (i) Oil in water emulsion. ;+amplesK 9ilk .anishing cream. (ii) 6ater in Oil emulsion. ;+amplesK 4utter cod liver oil. If the emulsion can be diluted with water this indicates that water is the dispersion medium and the emulsion is of oil-in-water t&pe. In case the added water forms a separate la&er the emulsion is water-in-oil t&pe. 3!4 Ho$ c!n ! co''oid!' so'+tion !nd tr+e so'+tion o" the s!me co'or be distin&+ished "rom e!ch other? 3b4 7ist "o+r !pp'ic!tions o" !dsorption. So'+tion: 3!4 % strong beam of light is passed through both the solutions in the dark. The solution *

which makes the path of the beam illuminated with bluish light is a colloidal solution. The path becomes visible due to scattering of light b& colloidal particles. It is called T&ndal effect. The true solution does not show T&ndal effect. 3 b4 %pplications of %dsorptionK *. In heterogeneous catal&sis for e+ample manufacture of "!# b& !aber7s process. 2. In qualitative anal&sis for e+ample lakes test for %l#E. #. In chromatograph& for separation of mi+tures. It is based on selective adsorption of substances. 8. In ion e+change resinsTs for softening of hard water. :. )epolari3ation of cane sugar b& animal charcoal. C. E2p'!in the "o''o$in& obser,!tions: 3!4 7 ophi'ic co''oid is more st!b'e th!n ' ophobic co''oid. 3b4 Co!&+'!tion t!*es p'!ce $hen sodi+m ch'oride so'+tion is !dded to ! co''oid!' so'+tion o" "erric h dro2ide. 3c4 S* !ppe!rs b'+e in co'or. So'+tion: (a) The strong force of attraction between the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium make ?&ophilic sols more stable than l&ophobic sols. (b) 6hen sodium chloride is added to a colloidal solution of ferric h&dro+ide Cl- ions from "aCl neutrali3e the positive charge on ferric h&dro+ide sol particles and thus cause coagulation of the sol. (c) The dust particles in air e+hibit T&ndal effect. The& cause scattering of light due to which sk& appears blue in color. E2p'!in the "o''o$in& terms &i,in& ! s+it!b'e e2!mp'e in e!ch c!se: 3i4 Em+'si"ic!tion 3ii4 Homo&eneo+s c!t!' sis. .r #e"ine !dsorption. <rite !n t$o "e!t+res $hich distin&+ish ph sisorption "rom chemisorption. So'+tion: i4 Em+'si"ic!tion The process of making an emulsion is called emulsification b& mi+ing dispersion phase and dispersion medium together with small amount of emulsif&ing agent. ;+ampleK water *< ml E 2 drops oil along with few drops of soap solution. ii4 Homo&eneo+s c!t!' sis. Catal&st and reactant are in the same phase. 9.3&4 e.&.= -S.-3&4 J .-3&4 N -S.@3&4 CH@C..CH@3'4 J H-.3'4 N CH@C..H3!E4 J CH@.H3!E4 .r

E2p'!in $h!t is obser,ed $hen: i4 An e'ectro' te is !dded to "erric h dro2ide so'. ii4 An em+'sion is s+bOected to centri"+&!tion. iii4 #irect c+rrent is p!ssed thro+&h ! co''oid!' so'. So'+tion: i) 6hen an electrol&te is added to ferric h&dro+ide sol the sol is destabili3ed i.e. precipitate .is formed. ii) 6hen an emulsion is sub'ected to centrifugation emulsion is broken into constituent liquids. iii) 6hen a direct current is passed through colloidal sol the migration of the colloidal particles occurs towards electrodes. "egativel& charged particles move towards anode and Evel& charged particles move towards cathode. The movement of charged particles under the influence of electric current is called electrophoresis.

01.

E2p'!in the "o''o$in& terms: i4 %epti6!tion ii4 #i!' sis iii4 H!rd ; Sch+'6e r+'e. So'+tion: i4 %epti6!tion. The method of changing a precipitate into colloidal form b& adding an electrol&te solution is called pepti3ation and the electrol&te used for this purpose is called pepti3ing agent. E2!mp'e: 0reshl& precipitated ferric h&dro+ide can be pepti3ed to a reddish brown sol b& the addition of a small quantit& of ferric chloride solution (a pepti3ing agent) 0e(O!)#(s) E 0e #E I 0e(O!)# 0e #E (pepti3ing agent) $ol ii4 #i!' sis. 5articles of true solutions can pass through parchment paper or cellophane membrane. On the other hand sol particles cannot pass through these membranes. % bag made up of such a membrane is filled with the colloidal solution and is then suspended in fresh water. The electrol&tic particles pass out leaving behind the colloidal sol. 9ovement of ions across the membrane can be e+pedited b& appl&ing electric potential through two electrodes. This method is faster than simple dial&sis and is known as ;lectro dial&sis. iii4 H!rd ; Sch+'6e r+'e. Colloidal solutions are precipitated b& addition of electrol&tes. !owever precipitating power of different electrol&tes is not the same. The precipitating power of an electrol&te is given b& the generali3ation called !ard&-$chul3e rule according to which the greater the valenc& of the active ion the grater is its precipitating power. 0or e+ample in the precipitation of negativel& charge sol such as mudd& water trivalent %l #E ions are more effective than bivalent 4a2Eions or monovalent "aE ions. $imilarl& in the coagulation of positivel& charged sol such as 0e(O!)# sol trivalent 5O#-8 ions are more effective than bivalent $o2-8 ions or monovalent Cl ion.

00.

E2p'!in the "o''o$in& terms &i,in& !n e2!mp'e in e!ch c!se. i4 Em+'si"ic!tion ii4 Co!&+'!tion iii4 E'ectrophoresis. So'+tion: i4 Em+'si"ic!tion. %n emulsion is a colloidal s&stem consisting of two immiscible liquid phases one of which is dispersed as globules in another. ;+amplesK 9ilk (liquid fat dispersed in water) butter (water dispersed in liquid fat). ii4 Co!&+'!tion. The colloidal particles carr& similar t&pe of charge and due to mutual electrical repulsions the& are kept apart. !owever the& can be precipitated or coagulated b& boiling or b& adding an electrol&te or b& adding an oppositel& charged sol. The phenomenon of precipitation of a colloidal solution b& adding electrol&te is called coagulation7 and solid that separate out under such conditions is called the coagulum. iii4 E'ectrophoresis. 9igration of colloidal sol particles towards the electrode under the influence of electric current is called electrophoresis or cataphoresis. "egativel& charged particles move towards anode and positivel& charged particles move towards cathode.

0-.

<h!t do o+ +nderst!nd b !cti,it !nd se'ecti,it o" c!t!' sts? #escribe some "e!t+res o" c!t!' sis b 6eo'ites. So'+tion: Acti,it o" c!t!' sts. The abilit& of a catal&st to accelerate the rate of chemical reaction is known as the activit& of catal&st. The acceleration of a chemical reaction b& a catal&st ma& be as high as *<*< times in particular reaction. 0or e+ample !2 gas and O2 gas do not react at room temperature. !owever in presence of platinum catal&st the reaction between the two gases becomes e+plosive and leads to the formation of water. Thus the presence of platinum activates the formation of water. Se'ecti,it o" C!t!' sts. The abilit& of a catal&st to give particular products e+cluding others is known as the selectivel& of the catal&sts. 0or e+ample normal heptane (C @!*>) selectivel& gives toluene (C>!:C!#) in presence of platinum catal&st. $imilarl& prop&lene (C! #- C! , C!2) and o+&gen give selectivel& acrolein (C!2 , C! 2 C!O) in presence of bismuth mol&bdate catal&st. Important features of 3eolitesK i) Feolites are shape selective catal&st. ii) $hape selective catal&sis depends on the pore structure. iii) The pores si3e in 3eolites generall& varies between 2>< pm to @8< pm. iv) )epending on the si3e of the reactant and product molecules compared to the si3e of the pores of the 3eolite reactions proceed in a specific manner. Ho$ do si6e o" p!rtic'es o" !dsorbent= press+re o" &!s !nd pre,!i'in& temper!t+re in"'+ence the e2tent o" !dsorption o" ! &!s on ! so'id? So'+tion: i4 Speci"ic !re! o" the !dsorbent. $pecific area of an adsorbent is the surface area available for adsorption per gram of the adsorbent. The greater the specific area of the solid the grater would be its adsorbing capacit&. That is wh& porous or finel& divided forms of adsorbents adsorb larger quantities of adsorbate. 2

0@..

ii4 %ress+re. In general the adsorption of a gas over solid surface increases with increase of 5ressure. iii4Temper!t+re. In general the adsorption of a gas over solid surface decreases with increase of temperature. 0A. 3!4 In $hich o" the "o''o$in& does !dsorption t!*e p'!ce !nd $h ? i4 Si'ic! &e' p'!ced in the !tmosphere s!t+r!ted $ith $!ter. ii4 Anh dro+s C!C'- p'!ced in the !tmosphere s!t+r!ted $ith $!ter. 3b4 Ho$ does :F@ !ct !s ! c!t!' st in ind+stri!' process? 3c4 )i,e !n e2!mp'e o" sh!pe;se'ecti,e c!t!' sis. So'+tion: (a) i) %dsorption takes place in silica gel as water vapour is retained onl& on the surface of it. ii) %dsorption does not take place in anh&drous Cacl2 because the water vapours are Qniforml& distributed throughout the bod& of the solid. (b) 40# forms an intermediate comple+ due to its electron deficient nature. (c) Feolities are shape-selective catal&sts. 0/. <h!t !re mice''es? Ho$ do the di""er "rom ordin!r co''oid!' p!rtic'es? )i,e t$o e2!mp'es o" mice''es "ormin& s+bst!nces. 3!4 St!te H!rd ;Sch+'6e r+'e. So'+tion: (b) 9icelles are substances which behave as strong electrol&tes at low concentrations but e+hibit colloidal properties at higher concentrations due to the formation of aggregate particles. Ordinar& colloidal particles e+ists in the dimensions comparable to those of colloidal particles and are called macromolecules whereas micelles obtain the colloidal si3e b& aggregation and sometimes called associated colloids. (c) The coagulation behaviour of various electrol&tes was studied in detail b& !ard& and $chul3e. The& found that i) ii) 0B. The ions carr&ing charge opposite to that of sol particles are effective in causing the coagulation of the sol. Coagulating power of an electrol&te is directl& proportional to the fourth power of the valenc& of the ions causing coagulation.

#escribe the "o''o$in& t pes o" co''oids= &i,in& !n e2!mp'e "or e!ch: i4 M+'timo'ec+'!r co''oids. 6hen a large number of atoms or smaller molecules of a substance aggregate together to form species having si3e( with diameters less than * nm) in the colloidal range are called multimolecular collloidals e.g. a gold sol sulphur sol. ii4 9acromolecular colloids. 6hen the si3e of the macromolecules ma& be in the colloidal range such s&stems are called macromolecular colloids e.g. starch cellulose proteins en3&mes.

0C.

<rite !bo+t the "o''o$in&: So'+tion: i4 Sh!pe; Se'ecti,e c!t!' sis. The catal&tic reaction that depends upon the pore structure of the catal&st and the si3e of the reactant and product molecules is called shape-selective catal&sis. 0or e+ample 3eolites. ii4 #i!' sis. Lemoval of solution impurities from sols b& a semi permeable membrane is known as dial&sis. 0or e+ample ferric h&dro+ide sol. <hich $i'' be !dsorbed more re!di' on the s+r"!ce o" ch!rco!' !nd $h : 9H@ or Co-? So'+tion: "!# has higher critical temperature than CO2 and therefore it is more easil& liquefiable. 2

0D.

!ence "!# has greater intermolecular forces of attraction and will be adsorbed more readil&.

0F.

Ho$ do the si6e o" p!rtic'es o" !dsorbent= press+re o" &!s !nd pre,!i'in& temper!t+re in"'+ence the e2tent o" !dsorption. So'+tion: i) $maller the si3e of the particles of adsorbent greater is the surface area and hence greater is the adsorption. ii) %t constant temperature adsorption first increases with increase of pressure and then attains equilibrium at high pressure and becomes constant. iii) In ph&sical adsorption it decreases it decreases with increase of temperature but in chemisorption it first increases becomes ma+imum and then decreases. <h!t is obser,ed $hen sodi+m ch'oride is !dded to ! co''oid!' so'+tion o" "erric h dro2ide? So'+tion: 6hen sodium chloride is added to ferric h&dro+ide sol the sol. gets coagulated. This is because the Cl- ions from "aCl neutrali3e the Eve charge on 0e(O!)# sol. Comp'ete the "o''o$in&: i4 The 'iE+id;'iE+id co''oid!' dispersions !re c!''edPP. ii4 The enth!'p o" chemisorption isPP th!n the enth!'p o" ph sisorption. iii4 The sc!tterin& o" 'i&ht b co''oid!' dispersion is c!''edPP i,4 The 6i&;6!& motion o" co''oid!' p!rtic'es is c!''edPP So'+tion: i) ;mulsions ii) more iii) T&ndall effect iv) 4rownian movement. <h!t h!ppens $hen ! "resh' precipit!ted Fe3.H4@ is sh!*en $ith 'itt'e !mo+nt o" di'+te so'+tion o" FeC'@? So'+tion: % reddish brown colloidal solution of 0e(O!)# is obtained. This process is called 5epti3ation. The 0e#E ions from 0eCl# are adsorbed on the surface of the precipitate and form positivel& charged colloidal solution. 0eCl# I 0e#E E #Cl0e(O!)# E 0e#E I O0e(O!)# 0e#E E #Cl-

-1.

-0.

--.

-@.

/1m7 o" st!nd!rd &o'd so'. 9eeds 1.1/ m& o" &e'!tin "or its protection "rom co!&+'!tion. C!'c+'!te &o'd n+mber o" &e'!tin. So'+tion: :<ml of gold sols. Lequire gelatin for protection from coagulation , <.<: mg *< ml of gold sol. 6ill require gelatin for protection from coagulation , <.<<: mg 1old number of gelatin, <.<<:. 011 m'o" ! co''oid!' so'+tion is comp'ete' precipit!ted b !ddition o" / m' o" 0 M 9!C' .C!'c+'!te the co!&+'!tion ,!'+e o" 9!C'. So'+tion: Coagulation value is the millimoles of an electrol&te that must be added to * ? of a colloidal solution for complete coagulation * X : = <.<<: pt :mmoles : ml of * 9 "aCl, *<<< *<< m? of a colloidal solution require "aCl for complete coagulation , : m moles * ? of colloidal solution require "aCl for complete coagulation , :< m moles 2

-A.

Coagulation value of "aCl , :<.

-/.

<h!t is the di""erence bet$een ! so'? And ! &e'? So'+tion: In a sol. )ispersion medium is liquid and dispersed phase is solid. On the other hand in a gel dispersion medium is solid and dispersed phase is liquid.

$;CTIO" 2 ) ($QL0%C; C!;9I$TLC)

0. -. 6hat is meant b& %utocatal&sis and induced catal&sisU %nswer the followingK i) 6h& silica gel is used as dehumidi3erU ii) 6hat is the significance of a gold numberU iii) 0erric h&dro+ide sol coagulates on addition of aqueous solution of sodium sulphate. iv) 6h& gelatin is generall& added to ice creamsU ;+plain as to what happens whenK i) 5ersistent dial&sis of a colloidal sol is carried out. ii) % beam of light is passed through colloidal sol. iii) % dilute solution of 0eCl# is added to freshl& prepared 0e(O!)# sol. iv) 1elatin is added to gold sol. !ow do si3e of particles adsorbent pressure of gas and prevailing temperature influence the e+tent of absorption of a gas on a solidU ;+plain the following in brief. i) $un looks red at the time of sun set. ii) 5h&sisorption is multimolecular white chemisorption is monomolecular. i) $uggest methods for preparing silver iodide sol. 6hich is positivel& charged and the one which is negativel& charged. ii) 6hat do &ou understand b& isoelectric point of a colloidU i) 6hat is the cause of 4rownian movementU ii) Compare the coagulating power of N2C2O8 with that of N4r. Their respective coagulating values are <.2#A and *#A. 6hat do &ou understand b& the terms i) C9C ii) Nraft7s temperature iii) 9c 4ain micelle. ;+plain as to wh& $nO2 forms a positivel& charged sol. In solutions with 5 ! V @ and negativel& charged sol in solutions with 5! M @. i) !ow does en3&me catal&3ed reaction varies with temperature and also with p! of medium. ii) * ? vessel contains a gas at #<< N.6hen B g of charcoal was put into it the pressure of the gas decreases b& 8<W of the original pressure which is @<<m bar. Calculate the volume of the gas at * bar and 2@#.*: N adsorbed per gram of charcoal. )ensit& of charcoal sample is *.: g cm-#. 2

@.

A. /.

B.

C.

D. F. 01.

00.

* g of charcoal adsorbs *<<ml of <.: 9 C! #COO! to form a monola&er and thereb& the molarit& of C!2 COO! reduces to <.8B. Calculate the surface area of the charcoal adsorbed b& each molecule of acetic acid. $urface area of charcoal,#.<* + *<2 m2 lg. 2<W of surface sites are occupied b& "2 molecules. The densit& of surface sites is >.<2# + *<*8 cm-2 and total surface area is *<<< cm2. The catal&st is heated to #<< N while "2 is completel& desorbed into a pressure of <.<<* atm and volume 2.8> cm #. 0ind the active sites occupied b& each "2 molecule. The volume of nitrogen gas .m(measured at * atm and 2@#.*: N required to cover a sample of silica gel with a monomolecular la&er is *2B cm # g-* of gel. Calculate the surface area per gram of the gel if each nitrogen molecule occupies *>.2 + *< -2< m2. In an adsorption e+periment a graph between log(+(m) versus log p was found to be linear with a slope of 8:<. The intercept on the log(+(m) a+is was found to be <.#<*<. Calculate the amount of the gas adsorbed per gram of charcoal under the pressure of <.> bar. 1ive one e+ample each of water in oil and oil in water emulsions. !ow does adsorption of a gas on a solid surface var& with temperatureU 6hat happens when sodium chloride is added to ferric h&dro+ide solutionU ;+plain. "ame two important processes in which heterogeneous catal&sts are emplo&ed. 6rite 0reundlich adsorption isotherm. "ame the l&ophobic sols. 1ive two e+amples of en3&me catal&3ed reactions. ;+plain what happens whenK a) 4eam of light is passed through colloidal solution of %s2$# b) $odium chloride is added to ferric h&dro+ide solU c) %n electric current is passed through colloidal solution.

0-.

0@.

0A.

0/. 0B 0C 0D 0F. -1. -0. --.

-@.

6hat are l&ophobic solsU )escribe the preparation of colloidal solution of ferric chloride b& pepti3ation. -A. 6rite 4rownian movement in relation to a colloidal solution. 6rite two applications of adsorption. -/. 6hat are ?&ophilic and l&ophobic solsU Compare the two terms in terms of stabilit& and reversibilit&. -B. !ow will &ou differentiate betweenU i4 sols and emulsions ii4 ph&sical adsorption and chemical adsorption iii4 ?&ophobic and ?&ophilic solsU -C. )escribe a chemical method each for the preparation of sols of sulphur and platinum in water. ///////