Generic Terminology vs.

Specific Jargon in Power System Switching

Part 2: Analysis of Survey Results
1013915

Effective December 6, 2006, this report has been made publicly available in accordance with Section 734.3(b)(3) and published in accordance with Section 734.7 of the U.S. Export Administration Regulations. As a result of this publication, this report is subject to only copyright protection and does not require any license agreement from EPRI. This notice supersedes the export control restrictions and any proprietary licensed material notices embedded in the document prior to publication.

Generic Terminology vs. Specific Jargon in Power System Switching

Part 2: Analysis of Survey Results 1013915 Technical Update, September 2007

EPRI Project Manager G. Gela

ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE 3420 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304-1338 PO Box 10412, Palo Alto, California 94303-0813 USA 800.313.3774 650.855.2121 askepri@epri.com www.epri.com

DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES

THIS DOCUMENT WAS PREPARED BY THE ORGANIZATION(S) NAMED BELOW AS AN ACCOUNT OF WORK SPONSORED OR COSPONSORED BY THE ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC. (EPRI). NEITHER EPRI, ANY MEMBER OF EPRI, ANY COSPONSOR, THE ORGANIZATION(S) BELOW, NOR ANY PERSON ACTING ON BEHALF OF ANY OF THEM: (A) MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION WHATSOEVER, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, (I) WITH RESPECT TO THE USE OF ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT, INCLUDING MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR (II) THAT SUCH USE DOES NOT INFRINGE ON OR INTERFERE WITH PRIVATELY OWNED RIGHTS, INCLUDING ANY PARTY'S INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, OR (III) THAT THIS DOCUMENT IS SUITABLE TO ANY PARTICULAR USER'S CIRCUMSTANCE; OR (B) ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING ANY CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF EPRI OR ANY EPRI REPRESENTATIVE HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES) RESULTING FROM YOUR SELECTION OR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT OR ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT. ORGANIZATION(S) THAT PREPARED THIS DOCUMENT Berkshire Harrison, Inc.

This is an EPRI Technical Update report. A Technical Update report is intended as an informal report of continuing research, a meeting, or a topical study. It is not a final EPRI technical report.

ORDERING INFORMATION
Requests for copies of this report should be directed to EPRI Orders and Conferences, 1355 Willow Way, Suite 278, Concord, CA 94520. Toll-free number: 800.313.3774, press 2, or internally x5379; voice: 925.609.9169; fax: 925.609.1310. Electric Power Research Institute and EPRI are registered service marks of the Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Copyright 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

CITATIONS
This document was prepared by Berkshire Harrison, Inc. 83 Ide Road Williamstown, MA 01267 Principal Investigator L. Harrison

This document describes research sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). This publication is a corporate document that should be cited in the literature in the following manner: Generic Terminology vs. Specific Jargon in Power System Switching: Part 2: Analysis of Survey Results. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2007. 1013915.

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PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
EPRI research has revealed that terminology used in switching operations varies among utilities, operating regions, and even within utility divisions. But just how different is the terminology, and can these differences compromise efficiency or even safety? To find out, EPRI engaged Berkshire Harrison to solicit, collect, and analyze switching jargon used by member organizations, identify potential conflicts, and investigate the feasibility of compiling a dictionary of generic switching terms and their definitions. This report details the work completed as of August 15, 2007. Results & Findings The current list of terms contains 626 separate entries. There is general agreement on 438 of those terms, but 188 terms drew multiple definitions or comments. The research presented some interesting questions regarding terms that were not in the collected group because 1) they were not submitted by participating utilities, 2) they were not written down in a formal glossary, or 3) the sample (14 utilities) was so limited. Challenges & Objective(s) EPRI research has revealed that terminology used in intra- and inter-company switching operations varies among utilities, operating regions, and even within utility divisions. This situationif not recognized, studied, discussed, and remediedcould lead to critical miscommunications during switching operations, possibly resulting in personal injuries, equipment damage, and system-wide transmission incidents. To reduce the possibility of such events, this project was designed to research switching jargon (terminology and phrases related to switching operations) that is specific to individual utilities, divisions within utilities, and operating regions; identify a minimum set of terms related to switching operations; and investigate the feasibility of compiling a dictionary of generic switching terms and their definitions.

Applications, Values & Use The compilation of terms and their definitions will help prevent and avoid miscommunication during switching operations within a utility company. The compilation also will help alleviate communications difficulties when a utility brings in help from its neighbors during times of urgent need such as storm restoration. The training of new employees who have been exposed to alternate terminology also will benefit from this effort. The final results of this project may be an EPRI dictionary of switching safety and reliability terms.

EPRI Perspective While EPRI does not prepare standards and does not plan to introduce standard terminology into switching and related operations, a compendium of terms used throughout the industry will help inter- and intra-company communications, reduce the possibility of switching errors, and enhance the safety of workers and the public. EPRI research to date has revealed that terminology used in intra- and inter-company switching operations varies among utilities, operating regions, and even within utility divisions. Hence, the project is expected to continue into 2008. Follow-up surveys may be required, and it may be necessary to focus on unwritten and undefined terms in general use. Such terms would seem to pose the greatest hazard to safe and reliable operations because of variances in individual understanding of meaning or misinterpretation of orders, for example. Approach During the summer of 2006, a survey document, Generic Terminology versus Specific Jargon in Power System Switching Survey, was prepared with input from several participating utilities. The survey document is described in EPRI Report 1012374. The survey was sent to 40 utilities that are current or former members of the EPRI Switching Safety & Reliability Task Force 37E. Follow-up calls were made to each recipient throughout the summer and fall of 2006 and the winter and spring of 2007. In total, 14 utilities responded in some fashion: 12 utilities completed and returned the survey, representing a response of just under one-third of those who received it; 10 of those 12 utilities provided copies of their manuals or lexicons; and 2 additional utilities provided only manuals or lexicon in lieu of sending a complete survey. All told, these documents plus the survey contained a total of 960 terms. Once duplicate terms were deleted, the total number of terms from the survey and the lexicons equaled 626. All 626 terms and their (often multiple) definitions are included in the report. Keywords Substations Switching procedures Switching terminology Switching errors Safety practices Power system operation Power system control

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ABSTRACT
EPRI research has revealed that terminology used in switching operations varies among utilities, operating regions, and even within utility divisions. But just how different is the terminology, and can these differences compromise efficiency or even safety? To find out, EPRI engaged Berkshire Harrison to solicit, collect, and analyze switching jargon used by member organizations, identify potential conflicts, and investigate the feasibility to compiling a dictionary of generic switching terms and their definitions. The current list of terms contains some 626 separate terms. There is general agreement on 438 of those terms, but 188 terms drew multiple definitions or comments, and the research presented some interesting questions regarding terms not in the collected group because: (1) they werent submitted by the participating utilities; (2) they are not written down in a formal glossary; or because the sample (14 utilities) was so limited.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Both EPRI and Berkshire Harrison want to thank all companies and individuals who participated in this survey, either to complete the survey document, provide a copy of the lexicon used by their switching operations staff, or both or in some other helpful way. The terms listed in this report were obtained from the following utilities listed in alphabetical order: American Transmission Company (ATC) Arkansas Electric Cooperative Corp. (AECC) Consolidated Edison Company of New York (ConEdison) HydroOne Lower Colorado River Authority (LCRA) MidAmerican Energy Co. (MEC) Nashville Electric Service (NES) Nebraska Public Power District (NPPD) New York Power Authority (NYPA) Potomac Electric Power Co. (PEPCO) PSE&G TXU United Illuminating (UI) Western Area Power Administration (WAPA)

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CONTENTS
1 BACKGROUND......................................................................................................................1-1 2 THE SURVEY .........................................................................................................................2-1 Creating the Survey Document ............................................................................................2-1 3 SURVEY RESULTS ...............................................................................................................3-1 Popular and Unpopular Terms .............................................................................................3-2 Unresolved Survey Issues ...................................................................................................3-3 4 UTILITY LEXICONS ...............................................................................................................4-1 Analysis of total Switching Safety & Reliability Collection of Terms.....................................4-1 Comparing the Definitions....................................................................................................4-2 Energized: ......................................................................................................................4-2 Clearance:......................................................................................................................4-2 De-Energize: ..................................................................................................................4-3 Hold Tag.........................................................................................................................4-3 Clearance Holder ...........................................................................................................4-3 Guarantee ......................................................................................................................4-4 Order Card .....................................................................................................................4-4 Order, OK to Work .........................................................................................................4-4 Transmission Voltage:....................................................................................................4-5 5 FUTURE WORK .....................................................................................................................5-1 Greater Participation ............................................................................................................5-1 Focus of Research Effort .....................................................................................................5-1 A COLLECTED TERMS AND THEIR DEFINITIONS............................................................... A-1

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1 Table 2-2 Table 3-1 Table 3-2 Table 4-1 Source of Survey Terms ...........................................................................................2-1 Received Responses................................................................................................2-2 The Number of Terms Used by Each Respondent ...................................................3-1 Usage of Terms from Zero to 10 Utility Users ..........................................................3-3 Number of Terms with Two to 11 Definitions............................................................4-1

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1
BACKGROUND
EPRI research has revealed that terminology used in intra- and inter-company switching operations varies among utilities, operating regions, and even within utility divisions. This situation if not recognized, studied, discussed, and remedied could lead to critical miscommunications during switching operations, possibly resulting in personal injuries, equipment damage, and system-wide transmission incidents. To reduce the possibility of such errors, this project was designed to: Research switching jargon (terminology and phrases related to switching operations) that is specific to individual utilities, divisions within utilities, and operating regions Identify a minimum set of terms related to switching operations Investigate the feasibility of compiling a dictionary of generic switching terms and their definitions

This report details the work completed as of August 15, 2007.

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2
THE SURVEY
Creating the Survey Document During the summer of 2006, a survey document, Generic Terminology versus Specific Jargon in Power System Switching Survey was prepared with input from several participating utilities. The survey document is described in EPRI Report 1012374. The survey contained 166 terms from five utilities, OSHA, and the NESC, along with a definition for each term supplied by one of the sources, and the following question: Used in our organization: Yes___; No ___; Comments: Table 2-1 shows the number of terms supplied by each utility (assigned a letter designation in randomized order to preserve confidentiality), NESC, and OSHA, and how many of those terms were used in the survey. Note: Terms such as should and shall were not included in the survey.
Table 2-1 Source of Survey Terms Source Utility A Utility B Utility D Utility E Utility F NESC OSHA Number of Terms Received 26 22 46 30 26 N/A N/A Number of Terms Included in Survey 22 19 41 24 25 16 19

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In July 2006, the survey was emailed to 40 utilities that are current and former members of the EPRI Switching Safety & Reliability Task Force 37E. Follow-up calls were made to each recipient throughout the summer and fall of 2006 and the winter and spring of 2007. The result: in total, 14 utilities responded in some fashion: 12 utilities completed and returned the survey, representing a response of just under one-third of those who received it. 10 of those 12 utilities provided copies of their manuals or lexicons 2 additional utilities provided only manuals or lexicon in lieu of sending in a complete survey.

Table 2-2 summarizes the received responses (utilities were assigned numerical designation in randomized order to preserve confidentiality).
Table 2-2 Received Responses Utility 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Returned Provided Manual or Completed Survey Lexicon Of Terms Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes (2 Document) Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes

2-2

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SURVEY RESULTS
An analysis of the survey documents revealed the following: Minimum use of terms: One survey respondent uses only 19/166 terms that were included in the survey Maximum use of terms: One survey respondent uses 119/166 terms that were included in the survey Orphan Terms: Two terms taken from NESC were not used by any respondent. These terms are: Isolated; Isolated by Elevation Interestingly, some of the utilities that provided terms for use in the survey checked off more terms in the survey than they initially provided to researchers. Time precluded further inquiry.

Table 3-1 shows the number of survey terms used by each of the 12 respondents who returned the completed survey. The broad range, from just 19 of 166 terms (11%) to 119 of 166 terms (72%), would seem to indicate that the survey was properly designed.
Table 3-1 The Number of Terms Used by Each Respondent Utility Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Number of Terms Used 19 25 39 47 52 55 55 58 64 81 101 119

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Popular and Unpopular Terms While there were only two Orphan terms, i.e., not checked by any survey respondent (a surprising result given that the terms were obtained from NESC) an even dozen terms only had one user: Affected Employee Alive, Dynamically Attendant Authorized Employees Craft Switcher Guarded Hot Line Warning Holder Sign on Designee Tag, Test Terminated Test Work Group Member Three terms, checked by 10 utilities each, were the most widely used: Gang Operated Nominal Voltage Outage, planned

The next most popular terms, used by nine utilities, were: De-energized Grounded Isolate Out of Service SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) Switching Order System Operator Transmission Voltage

Table 3-2 shows how many terms had from zero to 10 utility users.

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Table 3-2 Usage of Terms from Zero to 10 Utility Users Number of Terms 3 8 13 9 15 11 26 33 29 12 2 Number of Users Using Terms 19 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Unresolved Survey Issues While the survey did provide interesting findings, it also raised some provocative questions, indicating that more work needs to be done. Chief among the issues raised is the fact that utilities may use certain terms: Regularly and have written definitions for those terms, but those terms were not provided to researchers. That some utilities checked off more terms in the survey document than they initially provided to us is an indication this may be the case. Conversationally, i.e., with no written definitions for those terms (well, you know what I mean). This could be dangerous and should be investigated further. The fact that no one checked the widely used word isolated in the survey indicates a possible deficiency in or lack of official utility lexicons.

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UTILITY LEXICONS
In addition to filling out the survey, some utilities provided lexicons or glossaries they published for their switching staff. In all, researchers received 11 lexicons from 10 utilities. All told, these documents plus the survey contained a total of 960 terms. Once duplicate terms were deleted, the total number of terms from the survey and the lexicons equaled 626. All 626 terms and their (often multiple) definitions received from respondents are included in Appendix A. Analysis of total Switching Safety & Reliability Collection of Terms Of the 626 terms from the survey and the submitted lexicons, and based on received responses from 14 utilities: 438 (70%) have a single definition 188 (30%) have multiple definitions or comments by utilities

Table 4-1 shows how many terms had from two to 11 definitions.
Table 4-1 Number of Terms with Two to 11 Definitions Terms with Multiple Definitions 120 36 20 6 4 1 1 Number of Definitions 2 3 4 5 6 8 11

Clearly, with multiple definitions for 30% of the terms there is a potential for trouble: Are different utilities using the same term but meaning different things? Are different utilities using different terms to describe the same things?

A preliminary review of all terms suggests an affirmative answer to both these questions. This issue should be investigated in detail.

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Comparing the Definitions Utility definitions for any given term varied from general agreement to broad, even contradictory. Some selected examples are provided below. Energized: Definition included in the survey: Electrically connected to a source of potential difference or electrically charged so as to have a potential different from that of earth or different from that of adjacent conductors or equipment. It is interesting to note that this definition closely parallels the NESC definition: Electrically connected to a source of potential difference, or electrically charged so as to have a potential significantly different from that of earth in the vicinity. Syn: live. Comments from survey respondents: Electrically energized as distinguished from dead or de-energized Most logical definition of those on this page!

Clearance: Definition included in the survey: A certification issued when a specific section of the electrical system has been isolated from all known electrical energy sources and (2) no switching to energize the de-energized portion of the electrical system covered by the Clearance will be ordered until the Clearance Holder releases the Clearance. Comments from survey respondents: Three utilities add tagging to the definition Issued by System Control Operator; not issued to Contractors Clearance is only a request, not certification Our term is Work Permit for transmission & distribution level. No, we call it Outage.

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De-Energize: Definition included in the survey: Free from any electrical connection to a source of potential energy and from electric charge; not having a potential difference from that of the earth. The term is used only with reference to current carrying parts which are sometimes energized. This is the same as the OSHA definition. Also, NESC notes the hazard of induction from energized circuits, portable generators, lightning, etc. Comments from survey respondents: One utility adds de-energizing mechanical equipment Another utility adds properly tagged, shorted, and grounded 2 utilities: No, not necessarily isolated

Hold Tag Definition included in the survey: A tag attached to any device for which a Hold is in effect. Also used when it is necessary to disable reclosing in the field to tag the control switch that disables reclosing. The purpose of the Hold Tag is to provide a visual warning that the device to which it is attached is not to be operated or its status altered in any way until the Hold is removed by the Jurisdictional Authority which placed it. Comments from survey respondents: STOP TAG Caution Tag Hold Card Green Stripe Hold Tag (Not red?)

Clearance Holder Definition included in the survey: The (utility) employee or Qualified Contractor (Distribution only) who receives a Clearance from Transmission Operations or Distribution Operations. Comments from survey respondents: Work Permit Holder Yes, but not issued to Contractors, issued by System Control Operators Issued For, Assigned To, Card Placed For Authorized Tag Holder No, We call it Person in Charge of Work

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Guarantee Definition included in the survey: A formal statement from the Operations Department that a certain switch or switches, device or devices, are tagged in a specific position, locked where possible, and will remain so until the guarantee is released by the recipient. A guarantee does not necessarily indicate that the equipment is de-energized. Comments from survey respondents: Two utilities said this would be called General Switching Again this is done on a recorded communication device, either by phone or company radio No, We use cleared and tagged

Order Card Definition included in the survey: Official document to record transmission switching in the field. Comments from survey respondents: Operating Order Called a Face Sheet No, system operating hold card record, hold card record Mobile Operators use what is called a SEE tag to note switching that is performed in substations or switchyards No, switching procedures are recorded on the outage request

Order, OK to Work Definition included in the survey: Permission to work on or near operating equipment essential to power system operations. When used, it is issued and recorded by the Operations Department and involves no tagging by Operations personnel. It is not intended to provide protection to workmen. Its purpose is to let the Operations Department know that essential equipment is being worked on and to aid in maintaining the safety and reliability of the power system. Comments from survey respondents: No, In-Service Work Permit Yes, General Switching or Authorization to Work. No, For inside plant work, all employees are to call in providing operations notification that they are present in the station.

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Transmission Voltage: Definition included in the survey: Applies to all lines and equipment operating 60,000 volts and above. Comments from survey respondents: 69,000 and above. All over 34.5 kV. No, 115 kV and above. Yes, all over 34.5 kV. 138 kV or higher

Note: Some utilities do not have all voltage levels, hence their upper and/or lower cut-off values may differ.

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FUTURE WORK
As noted earlier, this first survey raises many provocative questions that can only be resolved with further research. To be effective, however, follow-up work must involve: Greater Participation To be both representative and meaningful, follow-up surveys will require more participants. While this first survey was a good first step and an indication of the need for more research it is clear that meaningful results will require participation by more than just 14 utilities. Focus of Research Effort As we work to collect and analyze the terms and their definitions used in the area of switching, it is also necessary to focus on unwritten and undefined terms in general use. Such terms would seem to pose the greatest hazard to safe and reliable operations because of variances in individual understanding of meaning or misinterpretation of orders, etc. To narrow this down further, it is worth considering a focus on critical terms, i.e., where confusion over meaning could result in safety risks. A list of potential Critical Terms is under development. The final results of this project may be the development of an EPRI Dictionary of Switching Safety & Reliability terms.

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A
COLLECTED TERMS AND THEIR DEFINITIONS
Note: the number preceding the definition identifies the utility that provided it. A/C PFS 2: Ammeter Clear If O.K. Prepare For Service A/M 2: Auto/Manual ABF 2: Alive On Backfeed ACB 2: ACB is the abbreviation for air breaker which is a circuit breaker that uses air as its dielectric medium to reduce contact arcing. Activate 14: Install all sources of power required to open, close or operate a device. ADJ. LEV. 2: Adjusted Level Affected Employee OSHA: An employee whose job requires him or her to operate or use a machine or equipment on which servicing or maintenance is being performed under lockout or tagout, or whose job requires him or her to work in an area in which such servicing or maintenance is being performed. Agent 3: A Qualified person duly authorized by a Party to perform specific limited operations for the Controlling Authority. The term Agent does not create a common law relationship of principal/agent between the Parties. An Agent appointed by a Controlling Authority hereunder shall have no authority to assume or to create any obligation of any kind whatsoever, express or implied, in the name of the Controlling Authority, nor to bind the Controlling Authority in any manner whatsoever. A person acting on behalf of the controlling authority to perform a task. Agent means a Qualified person duly authorized by a Party to perform specific limited operations for the Controlling Authority. The term Agent as used in this Agreement does not create a common law relationship of principal/agent between the Parties.

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Air Circuit Breaker 10: A circuit breaker that uses air as it's dielectric medium to reduce contact arcing. Air Switches 4: Any transmission switch that can be used to provide a visual opening for removing transmission devices from all sources of energy. ALARM 2: Alarm is an audio and visual indication that monitored equipment has changed status and investigation should be conducted. 10: An audio indication that monitored equipment has status and investigation should be conducted. ALARM PRIORITY 2 & 10: High priority alarms usually require immediate action for the continuance of service or protection of equipment. Low priority alarms are indications that investigation is necessary in order to arrange for convenient follow up of repairs. Thus, does not effect customer service or equipment operation directly. Alive 3: An object is alive when it can deliver energy. It can deliver energy when it is dynamically alive or charged. ALIVE ON BACKFEED 2: Alive on backfeed indicates that when a circuit breaker or disconnect is in the open position, a potential test indicates it is still alive. Alive on Backfeed 10: Alive on back feed indicates that when a circuit disconnect is in the open position, a potential test its load side is still alive. Alive, Dynamically 3: A dynamically alive object is connected to a source of energy. (It is not isolated.) Some examples of energy sources are: an electrical generator; a storage battery; an oil or water pump; or an air compressor ALM CLR 2: Alarm Clear ALM UP 2: Alarm Up

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ALTERNATING CURRENT 2: Alternating current (A.C.) is a flow of electricity which reaches maximum in one direction, decreasing to zero, then reversing itself and achieving maximum in the opposite direction. 10: A. Current alternately turned on and off as a generator makes one revolution or cycle. Current or voltage which constantly fluctuates in alternating current or voltage goes through one cycle its value fluctuates from zero to maximum, to maximum with the opposite polarity, and back to generally shown by a wave form. AM 2: Auto/Manual AMMETER 2: Ammeter is an instrument for measuring current flow. 10: An instrument which is connected in series with device being measured, and which indicates the current flowing through that load or device. AMMETER CLEAR TEST 2: The application of a low voltage A.C. current through an ammeter in series with a current limiting resistor to determine the presence of shorts circuits or grounds on the feeder conductors or on a transformer secondary. Ampere 10: Practical unit of electrical current Amplitude 10: The value of a wave form at any particular point or ANNUNICIATOR 2: Annunciator is a visual device consisting of indicator lamp or device pointing out a change in status of equipment, usually used for alarms. 10: A mechanical or electrical signal device or indicator. Apparent Power 10: The total power supplied to an ac-circuit; the product of total Apparent Power is rated in volt-amperes or kilovolt-amperes. Appliance Ground 10: A conductor leading from the case of an appliance to a solid ground connection. Its purpose is to prevent the user of the appliance from receiving an electric shock from the casein the event that the insulation fails on the conductors connecting the appliance.

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Applicant 3: The Applicant is the person who applies for a Work Permit or for a Supporting Guarantee. The Applicant provides the Controlling/Issuing Authority with the information needed to establish the boundary of the isolation for the safe work area. Approved Isolation Procedure 3: An Approved Isolation Procedure (AIP) is an approved written procedure used for work that requires isolation or isolation and deenergization of energy sources to provide worker protection. An Approved Isolation Procedure is used: when it is not practical to tag for a Work Permit and when the process to control the position of the required AIP isolating and/or de-energizing devices is under the control of the worker. Approved Practice 3: An approved practice is a trade skill or work procedure used in situations where isolation of energy sources is not used. Skills are developed from a combination of education, training and experience. Approved practices are normally documented in training material, trade handbooks or work methods instructions. Two examples are live line procedures and trouble shooting live equipment. ARS 2: Auto Reclosure Switch ATB 2: Air circuit breaker with gas insulated current transformers. ATOM 2 & 10: Atom is the smallest particle of an element which can be reduced and still keep the properties of that element. The atom consists of three parts, protons, neutrons, and electron. ATS 2: Automatic Transfer Switch Attendant OSHA: An employee assigned to remain immediately outside the entrance to an enclosed or other space to render assistance as needed to employees inside the space.

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Authority 3: An authority is a person assigned by management who occupies a position with specific responsibilities. There are three kinds of authority: 1. Controlling Authority controls specific equipment and devices. This includes the responsibility for performing, directing or authorizing changes in the condition or in the position of the equipment or devices; 2. Issuing Authority ensures that the condition requested by the Applicant has been established. The Issuing Authority is responsible for making effective and terminating the PC2 Work Permit or Supporting Guarantee; 3. Establishing Authority prepares, checks and establishes the conditions for a Work Permit or Supporting Guarantee. Authorized Clearance Holders 8: Utility employees who have been deemed qualified to accept all formal operating statements by their respective Department Superintendents and approved by the Operations Superintendent. Authorized Clearance Requesters 8: Utility supervisors, or their designees, and Project Senior Operators who have been trained, and who have been certified by the Operations Superintendent, or his designee, to request formal operating statements. The Region Operating Department shall maintain a current list of all authorized requesters. Authorized employee OSHA: An employee who locks out or tags out machines or equipment in order to perform servicing or maintenance on that machine or equipment. An affected employee becomes an authorized Authorized Employees 8: Those employees who have received CPP-1 training and are authorized by the Operations Department to request or accept any of the formal operating statements or; have been deemed qualified to use maintenance hold tags. Authorized Employees Who Accept Clearances 8: Authorized Employees accepting formal operating statement shall be responsible for: 1. Accepting full responsibility for the facilities, circuits, or equipment until the formal operating statement has been released to the Senior Operator; 2. Explaining the limits of the protection, the scope and duration of the work intended, and the equipment emergency restoration time to all employees working under their formal operating statement; 3. Notifying the Senior Operator of any activity or development that may delay the restoration of facilities, circuits, or equipment to service beyond the scheduled outage or work interval; 4. The Clearance Holder shall be responsible for directing the installation of approved grounds before allowing the work to be done and shall, after completing the work, direct the grounds to be removed prior to releasing the Clearance. Installation of all grounds under the Clearance shall be authorized by the Clearance Holder. In addition, he/she shall maintain a written record of placement and removal of all grounds under the clearance and shall report such to the Senior Operator; 5. Assuming the responsibility for the safety of all personnel working within the boundaries of his Clearance. The maintenance and test forces who may be applying extraneous sources of voltage to equipment

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under Clearance (as with Doble testing or other forms of high voltage testing) will be held responsible for the safety of all persons working under their own Clearance or Clearances of others of which they have been informed; 6. Checking and initialing all tagged points of protection where practical; 7. Inspecting the work area, where possible, prior to the release of the formal operating statements to insure that the facilities, circuits or equipment is clear of grounds, personnel are clear and the equipment is in an operable state. All equipment should be returned to the Operations Department with devices in the same position as when the formal operating statement was issued. If conditions require that the equipment be returned with devices in a different state, the Senior Operator must be notified; 8. In the event of an emergency, whereby it is impossible to secure the normal release of a formal operating statement due to death, illness, or other emergency events, the employees immediate supervisor with the approval of the Operations Superintendent or his designee, may secure the transfer of the formal operating statement. Under these conditions, it is the responsibility of the new Clearance acceptor to ascertain the condition of the equipment and to assure the Project Senior Operator that all workers are clear and have been informed that the formal operating statement is being released. Only upon such notification to the Senior Operator will the formal operating statement be released. 9: Yes, Who accepts conditions of isolated and tagged equipment. 10: No, we call this person the person in charge of work. Authorized Employees Who Request Clearances 8: Authorized employees requesting formal operating statements shall be responsible for: 1. Understanding how facilities, circuits, and equipment interfaces with all auxiliary or connected equipment Authorized Live-Line Holder 7: Authorized Live-line Holder shall mean employees who have been listed with the System Operator as qualified to receive live-line working permits. Authorized Representative of the Utility Involved 7: The Authorized Representative of the Utility Involved shall mean the representative of the utility who has the authority to insure that no tags will be removed and no devices will be operated that would energize the working area. 12: Clearance Holder. Authorized Worker 4: Any personnel, not including (utilitys) personnel, that have been authorized by their management to perform switching duties outlined in the (utilitys) Transmission Operations Switching Manual. (Utility) personnel that have completed the System Operations Switching Training class and are authorized by management to perform switching duties outlined in the (utilitys) Transmission Operations Switching Manual.

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AUTO TRANSFORMER 2: Auto transformer is a transformer in which a part of the winding is common to both input and output circuits. AUTOMATIC GROUND SWITCH 2: See High Speed Ground Switch AUXILIARY BUS 2: Auxiliary bus is an alternate bus used as backup or spare for the main bus. AUXILIARY(RIES) 2: Auxiliary equipment or circuits are backup/spare equipment or circuit other than the normally used. B/O 2: Block Open BACK TEMP 2: Fdr returned to D.O. temporarily while out to work. BACK UP TIMER 2: An automatic timing device, which will activate and adjacent circuit breakers if its associated circuit breaker fails to open within a predetermined interval. BKR 2: Breaker BLACK START 2: Black starting is the process of restarting generator after a total loss of all electrical energy to it. BLOCKING 2: Blocking is a process of preventing equipment from being operated. BO 2: Block Open BOUNCED 2: Cut in Opened Auto BPD 2: Bushing Potential Device

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BREAKER 2: Breaker is an abbreviated term used for circuit breaker. A breaker is an automatic device which normally allows current to flow until directed to open the current carrying elements or contacts without damaging itself. Breakers are controlled manually via control handles and automatically through various relays. Utilities usually use four general types of breakers: air circuit breaker (ACB), oil circuit breaker (OCB), gas circuit breaker (GCB) and vacuum circuit breaker (VCB). BREAKER & HALF BUS 2: Breaker and half bus configuration is a substation CONFIGURATION bus arrangement which has two group buses supplied via separate transformers interconnected by three breakers, two breakers closest to buses are called feeder breaker and middle-transfer breakers. Outgoing feeders are connected between feeder and transfer breakers. BROWNOUT 2: Brownout is a utility term indicating a period of voltage reduction. ALSO -See Voltage Reduction, and Load Shedding BT 2: Brass Tag BULK POWER STATION 2: Bulk power is a utility term indicating the type of switching stations which transforms transmission voltage to area network voltage and supply one or more network areas. BURDEN 2 & 10: Burden is the load, usually expressed in volt- amperes at specific power factors, placed on instrument transformers. BUS 2 & 10: Bus is a conductor, such as copper or aluminum, which collects and distributes electric energy from more than one circuit. BUS SECTION BREAKER 2 & 10: Bus section breakers are circuit breakers used to connect and isolate sections of substation and/or switching station busses. BUT 2: Back Up Timer C/I 2: Cut In

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C/O 2: Cut Out CAB FAIL 2: Cable Failure CANC 2: Work Cancelled CAPACITANCE 2: Capacitance (c) is the property which permits the storage of electricity. Capacitors are the device used to store this energy. Electric utility distribution capacitors are usually rated in KVARS of reactive power. 10: The capability of an ac-circuit to store current or charge. It opposes the flow of the circuit current. Capacitance, represented by the letter C, is measured in farads or and is produced by capacitance. Capacitive Reactance 10: The term used to describe the affect of capacitance on current in an ac-circuit; it limits the current and causes it to lead the voltage. Capacitive reactance is represented by the symbol XC and is expressed in ohms. Capacitor 10: A device formed by placing an insulating material between two conductors, Electrons or current cannot flow through a capacitor; the capacitor can store electrons, however, and so can build up a charge or voltage across the terminals, CAPACITOR BANK 2: A bank of individual capacitors connected together in an assembly to increase power factor which will help raise system voltage. CAPACITOR DISCHARGE TEST 2: A voltage pulse applied by the High Voltage Test set to a distribution feeder for identifying a fault on a feeder CARR LEV 2: Carrier Level Adjusted CARRIER 2 & 10: Carrier system is a relaying and communications system that use a superimposed signal on power lines to control relays that operate breakers or provide communications.

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CATC 2: Continuous Action Tracing Current (2 poles). Cathodic Protection 2: Cathodic protection is a system of corrosion control which usually applies a d.c. potential to underground equipment, such as underground cable pipes and storage tanks, through rectifiers. 10: A system of corrosion control. Caution Tag 7: Caution tags, (L9) tags, are used when doing Hotline work. They are used on the protective devices control handle and recloser cutout switches that are associated with a particular line in which hotline work is being performed. These tags are not used where Hot-Line Indicator Lamps, Hot Line Indicators, or Hot Line Tags are installed. 10: A tag used to indicate abnormal conditions of circuits or equipment. CCPD 2: Coupling Capacitor Potential Device CCVT 2: Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer Certified Clearance Holder 7: A Certified Clearance Holder will be a person that has shown clearance holder competencies and is certified in accordance with (utilitys) Clearance Holder Certification program. All dispatching authorities will maintain an official list of Certified Clearance Holders. 2: the term is Authorized Employee that is basically defined above. 9: No, Authorized Tag Holder. Certified Switchperson 7: A Certified Switchperson will be a person that has shown switching competencies and is certified under (utilitys) Switchperson Training program. All dispatching authorities will maintain an updated official list of certified switching personnel. 9: Authorized switchman.

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Charged 1: Used in terms of a charged closing spring on a circuit breaker or a charged can on a capacitor bank. 3: A charged object is isolated but not de-energized. It contains stored energy. Some examples of a charged object are: a compressed spring (potential energy); a charged electrical capacitor; a suspended object (potential energy); an object in motion (kinetic energy); electrical equipment not physically connected to a source of energy but near live electrical equipment (induction), or; a tank or pipe containing substances at greater or less than atmospheric pressure. Check Open/Check Closed 14: Make all mechanical, visual and electrical checks to ensure all three phases of the equipment are in correct position and locked. CIOA 2: Cut in Opened Auto CIRC11T DESIGNATION 2 & 10: Circuit designation is the letter number indication utilized to denote a specific circuit. Circuit designations are usually coded to indicate voltage level or area supplied. CIRC11T SWITCHER 2: A motor or hydraulic operated gauged switch consisting of either double air breaks or one air break and one gas enclosed break. 10: A motor or hydraulic gang operated switch. Circuit 10: Path of an electric current. It exists when a voltage source is connected to a resistance or load by conductors and is necessary in order for current to flow. Circuit Breaker 10: Part of a circuit which performs a function similar to that of a fuse in that it protects conductors from carrying too much current. It does not melt as does a fuse and can generally be "reset" by the pushing of a button on the circuit break itself. For large power applications, such as in a substation, may be very large pieces of equipment. CL 2: Close Clear 2 & 10: A utility term meaning to de-energize equipment or circuit normally implying a physical break to prevent re-energization.

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Clear and Tag 10: Denotes that a particular piece of equipment or circuit has been de-energized and tagged (identified) as being opened for a specific individual (named on tag) and (work order number). Clear, Tag, Short & Ground 10: A phrase indicating that particular equipment or circuits have been de-energized (clear), identified (tag), shorted, and grounded. Clearance 5: Certification issued to a (utility) employee or Qualified Contractor (Distribution only) from Transmission Operations or Distribution Operations that (1) a specific section of the electrical system has been isolated from all known electrical energy source and (2) no switching to energize the de-energized portion of the electrical system covered by the Clearance will be ordered until the Clearance Holder releases the Clearance. 14: The written order issued only after there is a clear understanding that all steps have been taken by the dispatcher and the switchman to assure that all sources of power to equipment are opened and tagged, the equipment is de-energized, ready to ground and safe to work on. 8: A formal statement from the Operations Department that specified equipment has been isolated from necessary sources of energy (i.e., electrical, mechanical, hydraulic) and that it is as safe to work on as is feasible to make it for the work intended. In the case of electrical equipment, this means that where feasible, the equipment has been visually inspected to ensure that it has been physically separated from all sources of potential and that electrical circuits have been grounded at all points where grounding devices are provided. Equipment normally subject to mechanical movements shall have the motive force blocked except for such movement as may be required in the course of the work. In such cases, workmen will supply their own protection from such movement. Equipment normally under fluid pressure must have the pressure removed where possible and where desired, shall be drained. All disconnects, links, grounding devices, blocks, supply and drain valves shall be tagged with HOLD tags and where locking devices are provided shall be locked in the proper position. Potential transformers shall be disconnected from circuits included in the CLEARANCE or shall have their secondaries disconnected and tagged with HOLD tags. Clearance (for work) 9: A request, either formal or verbal, to have electrical segments or equipment isolated for work. NESC: The clear distance between two objects measured surface to surface. OSHA: Authorization to perform specified work or permission to enter a restricted area. Clearance Area 2: Protected working point. 7: A de-energized zone of protection that is bounded by clearance points and is used primarily to protect personnel, but can also be used to protect equipment.

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Clearance Boundary 5: The boundary of the Clearance is defined by the tagged switching device(s) which provide Visible Isolation between the area of the system being de-energized and the rest of the electrical system. Clearance Holder 5: The (utility) employee or Qualified Contractor (Distribution only) who receives a Clearance from Transmission Operations or Distribution Operations. 2: Work Permit Holder. 1: Issued For, Assigned To, Card Placed For. 9: Authorized Tag Holder. 4: Certification by the Transmission System Operator that a specific line or piece of equipment is disconnected from all transmission sources and is ready for immediate grounding. Clearance Order 13: A clearance order is identified by a unique number and issued by the Dispatcher, is given to insure personnel that a piece of equipment or line has been de-energized, that at least one secured visible air gap on each side of the cleared section has been established, and hold tags have been attached. Also, ground switches (where available) and required have been closed, hold tags attached, and fuses pulled on any source of back feed. The clearance order number can only be issued to a person in the field, on the job site and conveyed in such a manner to allow only the person receiving the clearance to know the number. Only the person receiving the clearance can release it except in and emergency then his supervisor, after a site inspection, can release it. If grounds are not applied such equipment, devices or line shall be considered energized and a clearance will not be issued. Clearance Order Form 14: The official document used by dispatchers to record granted clearances. Clearance Point 7: A point that is locked open (if possible) and tagged with a Danger Tag and is that part of the boundary (open point) between the clearance area and source of hazardous potential. Clearance Point 7: A point that is locked open (if possible) and tagged with a Danger Tag and is that part of the boundary (open point) between the clearance area and source of hazardous potential. 2: Physical isolation or visible break.

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Clearance Procedures 8: The operating criteria requirements for the protection of personnel and equipment that fall under the maintenance jurisdiction of the Region Operations Departments. The Clearance Procedures include all formal operating statements defined in this section and the use of the Maintenance Hold Order. CLEAROP 2: Cleared Open Closed Circuit 2: Closed circuit completes the path for electron flow from the negative to positive terminal of the source a close circuit has current flow and relatively low resistance. 10: A complete path for current flow. CLRSHRT 2: Cleared Short CLRWT 2: Cleared While Testing CMVM 2: See: Contact-Making Voltmeter. CO 2: Trouble in Central Office Combustion Turbine 10: A gas or oil fired jet type engine used to produce periods of peak demand. COMPENSATION 2 & 10: Compensation is the control elements which correct for or offset the undesirable characteristics of the control circuit. COND 2: Cable fault proven by high voltage TC on the feeder CONDUCTORS 2: Conductors are materials which allow electrons to flow through them. 10: A material or substance through which current can flow. Larger-sized conductors usually can carry more current than a small conductor of the same material.

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CONTACT MAKING VOLTMETER 2 & 10: Contact making voltmeters are devices which complete or break secondary electrical circuits for voltage changes either above or below a specified range. CONTIN11TY 2: Continuity is considered to be a continuous path for current flow within an electrical circuit. Continuity testing determines if the continuous path is broken using and ohmmeter, lamp and battery or bell and battery. 10: A word used to describe completeness of a circuit. A circuit in which current can flow is said to have continuity. Contract Employer OSHA: An employer who performs work covered by Subpart V of this Part for a host employer. CORONA 2 & 10: Corona is a luminous discharge of electricity due to ionization of air appearing on the surface of a conductor, connector, bus or other equipment when dielectric properties of insulation breakdown. CORY 2 & 10: Cory is a manufacturer's brand name of key interlock system COUPLING CAPACITOR 2: Coupling capacitors are used to couple or connect two circuits together. Utility coupling capacitors usually are used to superimpose control and communications signals on power lines or provide potential for relaying. 10: Used to superimpose control and communications signals on power lines or provide potential for relaying. CPE 2: Trouble in customer-provided equipment. Craft Switcher 8: A person qualified to act in place of operations staff personnel to perform switching operations at specified locations. Crew 7: A group of individuals working on the same assigned task, under direct supervision from a single work group/task leader.

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CROSS OVER VALVE 2: An Automatic valve, normally open, between two transmission feeders of the dielectric fluid systems, allowing circulation of the dielectric fluid. CUBICLE 2 & 10: Cubicle is enclosure used to house electrical equipment within stations. CURRENT 2 & 10: Current is the rate of electron flow within the electrical elements. It is measured in amperes (a or amp) using an ammeter. CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT) 2: Current transformer is an instrument transformer which reduces primary circuit currents to secondary measuring instruments and relays at predetermined ratios. 10: A device which is inserted into a circuit to transform the value of the circuit current to a value which is practical for measurement purposes. The primary winding is connected in series with the load and the secondary winding is connected in series with the ammeter or other measuring device. CUSTOMER SUBSTATION 2 & 10: Customer substations are substations owned and operated by customers except for through power flow which is controlled by the utility. CUT-OUT 2: Cut-out is a means of disconnecting and isolating electric circuits or equipment. Some cutouts are fused. 10: A means of disconnecting and isolating electric equipment. CYCLE 2: Cycle of alternating current or voltage is one complete set of positive and negative values of current or voltage. 10: A complete fluctuation of ac-voltage; one complete revolution of a generator. (See "Alternating Current or Voltage. Cycles Per Second 10: The speed of rotation of a generator, or the number of complete voltage cycles in one second. D as A 2: Dead as Alive

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Danger Sign 4: This sign serves as a warning that personnel are working on equipment or line(s). This sign shall not be removed or equipment operated without the consent of the 4 Transmission System Operator. Danger Tag 7: Danger tags, (L12) tags, shall be placed on all switches that might energize lines or equipment, and shall not be removed until all persons holding a clearance have reported to the System Operator that all personnel and equipment are in the clear, grounds are removed, and the lines or equipment are in proper condition to be restored to service. The removal of the danger tags will be addressed within the switching order issued to return the equipment/lines to service. DBC 2: Direct Buried Cable DBF 2: Dead on Backfeed DC Current or Voltage 10: Current or voltage which does not fluctuate but remains at a constant value. De-Activate 14: Remove source of power used to open, close or operate a device. DEAD 2: Dead indicates de-energized line or feeder circuit which could or could not be grounded. 4: De-energized and grounded. 9: No, It can be tested Dead and not be grounded. But, it must be tested Dead: before grounds can be installed. Dead Line 10: A de-energized line or feeder circuit which could or could not be grounded. Deadbreak Connector 10: Connector designed to be connected and disconnected when equipment or cable is deenergized. De-Energize 2: De-energize means to disconnect a device or conductor from a power source.

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De-Energized 3: Equipment has been de-energized when the electrical or mechanical hazards associated with it have been removed. Electrical equipment has been de-energized when its electrical energy has been discharged through connection to an effective ground potential. Mechanical equipment has been de-energized when hazards due to temperature, pressure, chemical substances, gases and motion have been minimized or, where practical, eliminated by such measures as: operation of valves, gates and dampers; opening pipes or equipment to the atmosphere; purging, ventilating, or cooling; applying brakes and blocking motion, and/or discharging loaded springs. 4: Disconnected from all sources of electricity. 7: Disconnected from any electrical source of supply and properly tagged, shorted, and grounded. 14: Free from any electrical connection to a source of potential energy and from electric charge; not having a potential difference from that of the earth. The term is used only with reference to current carrying parts which are sometimes energized. NESC: Disconnected from all sources of electrical supply by open switches, disconnectors, jumpers, taps, or other means. NOTE: De-energized conductors or equipment could be electrically charged or energized through various means, such as induction from energized circuits, portable generators, lightning, etc. OSHA: Free from any electrical connection to a source of potential difference and from electric charge; not having a potential different from that of the earth. Note: The term is used only with reference to current-carrying parts, which are sometimes energized (alive). De-Energized Working Clearance 7: A De-energized Working Clearance shall be a documented statement declaring that the equipment to be worked on has been isolated from all hazardous sources of energy with a visible open. In cases were the equipment is solidly connected with no means of disconnecting and the potential for energization is present, the equipment shall be grounded before work is begun. DEFECTIVE EQ11PMENT TAG 2 & 10: Defective equipment tag is used to denote equipment that has become defective and should not be used. DELTA CONNECTION 2 & 10: Delta connection is a three phase system termination connection which connects loads in parallel across phases. DELUGE SYSTEM 2: An automatic water spray system used for fire protection on station transformers, phase angle regulators and reactors. 10: A fire protection system used on station equipment either water, CO2 or halon.

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DEMAND 2 & 10: Demand is the rate at which energy is consumed. Demand on a utility system is determined by customer requirements for energy. Designated Employee (designated person) NESC: A qualified person designated to perform specific duties under the conditions existing. Syn: designated employee. OSHA: An employee (or person) who is assigned by the employer to perform specific duties under the terms of this section and who has sufficient knowledge of the construction and operation of the equipment and the hazards involved to perform his or her duties safely. DIELECTRIC 2 & 10: Dielectric is an insulating or nonconductive medium commonly used between two plates of a capacitor. Typical dielectrics are air, oil, wax-impregnated paper, plastic, mica and ceramic. DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN 2 & 10: Dielectric breakdown occurs when current flow around or through dielectric material. DIELECTRIC FL11D 2: The insulating medium used in transformers, underground transmission cables and some circuit breakers. Dielectric Footwear 10: An overshoe or boot which has an insulative or dielectric rate to increase personal protection against electric shock. Dielectric properties are achieved through the use of highly insulative sole materials. DIFFERENTIAL 2 & 10: Differential in electrical circuits indicates a difference between two levels. DIFFERENTIAL RELAY 2 & 10: Differential relays have multiple elements, which do not function unless the voltage, current, or power differences between the winding reaches a pre- determined level. DIRECTIONAL RELAY 2 & 10: Directional relays are installed to operate for current flows in one specified direction only. DISC 2: Disconnect

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DISCONNECT 2: Disconnect means to break an electric circuit. However, the device, such as a switch, which breaks electric current is commonly called disconnects. DISCONNECTS 10: Devices, such as switches, which break electric circuits. DISENGAGE 14: The air break switch motor operator is mechanically disengaged from the operation rod. The coupling should be locked in the open position and checked to ensure that if the motor operator operated, that the coupling will clear and the air switch will not operate. DISPATCHER 13: Used in a general sense to indicate any person, regardless of classification, who under the proper jurisdiction, is authorized to approve or issue switching orders and Clearances. DISTRIBUTION 2: Distribution systems of an electrical utility consist of primary voltage circuits, which transfer energy from substation to step-down transformer near customers. 10: The distribution system of an electrical utility consists of voltage circuits which transfer energy from substation to stepdown transformer near customers. DISTRIBUTION CIRCUIT 10: Circuit containing the conductors which carry the power from a substation to the area where it is used by a customer. DISTRIBUTION OPERATIONS 2: District Operations for underground to first open device then regional operations branch of Electric Operations. 5: The System Operations group responsible for directing the switching of (utility's) Distribution System. This includes all switching related to Scheduled Work Requests and Forced Outages. DISTRIBUTION VOLTAGE 4: Applies to all lines and equipment operating less than 60,000 volts. 12: all below 34.5 kV. 10: 13 kV and lower. DM 2: Disconnecting Manhole

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DUCT 2 & 10: Ducts are protective pipes or through which cables or conductors are run. DUCTOR 10: A device for checking contact resistance usually in the range of millions of ohms. ECHO SYSTEM 13: The Echo system is a method of communicating instructions which verifies that each party involved understands the instructions. This method will be used by the Dispatcher when conveying switching instructions. The Dispatcher will state the command, the switchman repeats the command, and the Dispatcher verifies it. After the command has been executed the switchman will reiterate what he has done, the dispatcher will repeat, and the switchman will acknowledge. ELB 2: Elbow Electric Production 10: Part of an electrical utility responsible for the generation of electricity. ELECTRICAL BLOCK 2: Removal of the electrical feed that supplies the actuating device such as, the motor, solenoid, contractor etc. NOTE: In general equipment can be blocked either open or closed. ELECTRICITY 2 & 10: Electricity is the flow of an electrical charge through a conductor placed between two objects having a difference of potential. Electromotive Force 10: See Voltage. ELECTRON 2: Electron is the negatively charged particle of an atom which is charged and lighter that the particles and orbits around the nucleus. Electrons are believed to be the electrical particle, which can be easily moved from atom to atom. Thus, utilized for transferring electrical energy through conductors. 10: Electron is the negatively charged particle of an atom.

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Emergent Work 7: Work that is required that may have been caused by an unusual condition or event. The condition or event could potentially endanger life or property and requires prompt attention. 9: Yes, Emergency Outage. ENERGIZE 2 & 10: Energize is the process of applying rated voltage to circuit or equipment. Energized 7: Electrically connected to a source of potential difference or electrically charged so as to have a potential from that of earth or different from that of adjacent conductors or equipment. 4: Electrically energized as distinguished from dead or de-energized. NESC: Electrically connected to a source of potential difference, or electrically charged so as to have a potential significantly different from that of earth in the vicinity. Syn: live. Energized (alive, live) OSHA: Electrically connected to a source of potential difference, or electrically charged so as to have a potential significantly different from that of earth in the vicinity. Energized Circuit Procedure 5: The safe work procedures used when working on or near energized circuits or equipment. 7: No, Live line or Hot-line work. ENERGY 2: Energy is the ability to perform work or create physical change. Energy is measured in kilowatt- hours 10: The quantity of electric power used in a given length of time, measured in watt-hours or kilowatt-hours. Ex 100-watt bulb turned an for 10 hours would use the following amount of energy: 100 watts x 10 hours = 1000 watt or 1.0 kilowatt hour. Energy Isolating Device OSHA: A physical device that prevents the transmission or release of energy, including, but not limited to, the following: a manually operated electric circuit breaker, a disconnect switch, a manually operated switch, a slide gate, a slip blind, a line valve, blocks, and any similar device with a visible indication of the position of the device. (Push buttons, selector switches, and other control-circuit-type devices are not energy isolating devices.) Energy Source OSHA: Any electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, chemical, nuclear, thermal, or other energy source that could cause injury to personnel.

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Engage 14: The air break switch motor operator is mechanically engaged to the operation rod to ensure that if the motor operator operates the air switch will operate. Entrance Box 10: In the home, a metal box in which the fuses or circuit are located. This is where the house circuitry is connected to the wires coming out of the meter socket. EST COND 2: Application of HV DC to burn in a fault. ESTABLISH A CONDITION 2: To breakdown the cable insulation on a faulted feeder conductor, creating a path to ground to locate the fault Exposed NESC/OSHA: Not isolated or guarded. FAULT 2 & 10: Fault is a change in the circuit or equipment current due to unintentional grounding or shorting of wires. Fault Initiating Switch 10: See: High Speed Ground Switch. FAULT LOCATING 2 & 10: Fault locating is the process of pinpointing unintentional grounds or short circuits. FEEDBACK 2 & 10: Feedback is a return of fraction or total output voltage, current or power to input. FEEDER 2 & 10: Feeder is a conductor or group of conductors connected substation to load center. The term feeder and circuit are used interchangeably. FEEDER GROUNDS 2: Permanent grounding points (station grounds) at or near the potheads of feeders within the confines of the substation. Feeder Row 10: An interconnection of equipment cubicles containing breakers, disconnects, and relaying equipment associated with the feeder.

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FGO 2: Field Grounds Only Field Operations 5: The District departments responsible for directing the switching of selected portions of Utilitys Distribution System not covered by Distribution Operations. Flame Retardant Clothing 10: Work clothing manufactured with a high resistance to burning or melting when exposed to flame or electric arcing. FLASHOVER 2 & 10: See: Dielectric Breakdown FLD 2: Trouble in field FMS 2: Feeder Management System Foreign Organization 3: A foreign organization is any organization outside your own company. 1: Foreign utility. Formal Operating Statement 8: Any of the administrative controls and instructions issued by the Project Operations Department. These include clearances, guarantees, hot line work orders, special conditions orders, non-reclose assurance, permission to operate, and OK to work orders. FOT 2: Failed on Test FREQUENCY 2: Frequency is the rate which cycles of alternating current are completed per second. The unit of frequency is hertz (Hz). Frequency Load 10: Automatic system of disconnecting selective circuit, including customers, when under frequency relays detect a predetermined frequency, and shed load. The purpose of this system is to prevent slowing down of generators which could cause them to trip off line.

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FREQUENCY LOAD SHEDDING 2: Frequency load shedding is automatic system of disconnecting selective circuits including customers when under frequency relays detect a predetermine frequency, thus shedding load. The purpose of this system is to prevent slowing down of generators which could cause them to trip off line. Frequency-Hertz 10: The term used to indicate the number of cycles per second through which the generator is turning or the ac voltage is fluctuating. For our use this is expressed as 60 cycles per second. FUSE 2: Fuse is a protective device, which usually consists of a short piece of wire and a chemical compound, that melts to break the circuit when current exceeds the rated value. 10: A device, consisting of a small meltable wire, placed in series with each building circuit. Designed to melt when current reaches a value that could damage the conductor through which it is flowing. Fuse Panel 10: See entrance box. Gang Operated 4: One handle controls all three blades of the switch together. GANG OPERATED DISCONNECTS 2 & 10: Gang operated disconnects are poly-phased disconnect switches on the same circuit/feeder that operate simultaneously via mechanical or electrical interconnect. Gas Circuit Breaker 10: These breakers utilize gas as a dielectric to reduce arcing of contacts. GAS DETECTOR 2: Gas detector is a device used to check the presence of gases to determine if they are explosive or harmful to life. 10: A device used to monitor the presence of gases before they become explosive or harmful to life. GAS FILLED CABLE 2 & 10: See: Low Pressure Gas Filled Cable Gas Turbine 10: See: Combustion Turbine

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GCB 2: GCB is an abbreviation indicating gas circuit breaker. These breakers utilize gas, such as SF6 as the dielectric to reduce arcing of contacts. General Switching 7: General Switching is performed to accommodate testing and/or maintenance where no electrical clearance is required. GENERATING STATION 2 & 10: Generating Stations produce electrical energy by conversion from mechanical energy via magnetism. Mechanical energy in generating stations can be produced via wind, water, or fuels that produce steam. Generation Dispatch Center 13: The Generation Dispatch Center (GDC) located in Little Rock, Arkansas is responsible for the generation and the delivery of power to the transmission system and the scheduling of generation. Generator 10: A mechanical device for producing ac or dc voltage; A device consisting of at least one conductor which is mechanically and continuously made to pass through a magnetic field, thus causing induced voltage in the conductor. It is the source for nearly all of our electric power. GLO 2: Ground Level Only GND or GRD 2: Ground GRADING RING 2 & 10: Grading rings are circular devices placed around each end of an insulator to evenly distribute the capacitive charges across the insulator. Ground 2: Ground is a conducting connection, either intentional or accidental, between an electric circuit or equipment and earth. 4: A conducting connection between an electric conductor or equipment and earth or to some conducting medium, which serves in place of earth. 10: A conducting connection, either intentional or accidental between an electric circuit or equipment and earth. OSHA: A conducting connection, whether intentional or accidental, between an electric circuit or equipment and the earth, or to some conducting body that serves in place of the earth.

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GROUND AND TEST DEVICE 2: Used to ground a distribution feeder for work or (G&T) testing GROUND SWITCH 2 & 10: Ground switch is a device that grounds each phase of a circuit or equipment. There are two types of ground switches manual and automatic. Manual ground switches should only be closed after a potential test. However, automatic grounding switches may be designed to closeinto an energized line in order to trip a breaker at the other end. Ground Wire 10: A metallic conductor connected to ground by a stake, water pipe, etc., on one end and the device in question (appliance) grounded on the other. Grounded NESC: Connected to or in contact with earth or connected to some extended conductive body that serves instead of the earth. OSHA: Connected to earth or to some conducting body that serves in place of the earth. Grounded System NESC: A system of conductors in which at least one conductor or point is intentionally grounded, either solidly or through a noninterrupting current-limiting device. Grounding 4: That process by which conductors or equipment high voltage terminals are connected to an earth ground grid or overhead ground shield with an approved ground cable. 13: Grounding is the process of properly giving any de-energized equipment, device or line zero potential with respect to earth. Grounding apparatus and method shall be of the approved type and size for the application. Guarantee 8: A formal statement from the Operations Department that a certain switch or switches, device or devices, are tagged in a specific position, locked where possible, and will remain so until the guarantee is released by the recipient. A guarantee does not necessarily indicate that the equipment is de-energized. Guaranteed Device 3: A guaranteed device is an isolating or de-energizing device tagged with one of the following Do Not Operate tags: a yellow tag; a red tag, or; a red and white striped tag.

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Guarded NESC: Covered, fenced, enclosed, or otherwise protected, by means of suitable covers or casings, barrier rails or screens, mats or platforms, designed to limit the likelihood, under normal conditions, of dangerous approach or accidental contact by persons or objects. Note: Wires that are insulated but not otherwise protected are not normally considered to be guarded. See exceptions under applicable rules. OSHA: Covered, fenced, enclosed, or otherwise protected, by means of suitable covers or casings, barrier rails or screens, mats, or platforms, designed to minimize the possibility, under normal conditions, of dangerous approach or accidental contact by persons or objects. Note: Wires that are insulated, but not otherwise protected, are not considered as guarded. HARD HAT 2: Hard hat is a personal protective device which provides increased protection to the head from falling objects, possible contact with fixed hazardous and provides dielectric protection. 10: See: Safety Hat Head Breaker 10: Head breaker or group head breaker is the feed break from a transformer to a bus section. Head End Tie 10: An intercircuit connection made near the source (station feed). HEARING PROTECTION 2: Hearing protection is designed to reduce audible sound levels below a hazardous and/or annoying level (below 85 db). 10: Hearing protection is designed to reduce audible sound levels below a hazardous and/or annoying level. HIGH POT 2 & 10: A device, usually a variable setup transformer, used to apply a high potential, low current to high voltage equipment prior to placing that equipment in service. HIGH VOLTAGE TC 2: A test used to locate faults on distribution feeders via high voltage pulses. HIGH VOLTAGE TEST SET 2: A piece of equipment used to apply high voltage, low current to distribution feeders in order to identify faults, or test the feeder.

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HIGH-SPEED GROUND SWITCH 2 & 10: High-speed ground switch is an automatic ground switch connected from one phase to ground, capable of closing within cycles from the time the trip coil is energized. This switch is used as a means for transfer tripping relay protection. Hold 1: Syn.: Hold Card. 5: A status established on a switch or other piece of equipment by the appropriate Jurisdictional Authority declaring that it is not to be operated or its status altered in any way until removed by the same Jurisdictional Authority. Hold Order 5: Certification issued to a utility employee, Qualified Contractor Distribution only), or foreign utility Control Center (or operational equivalent) from Transmission Operations or Distribution Operations that a switch or other piece of equipment will not be operated or status altered in any way until the Hold Order has been released by the Hold Order Holder. Hold Order Holder 5: The employee, Qualified Contractor (Distribution only), or foreign utility who receives a Hold Order from Transmission Operations or Distribution Operations. Hold Tag 13: A hold tag is a red or partly red tag that has an identifying number which is placed on devices at the direction of the appropriate TOC Dispatcher and indicates the device to which the tag is attached should not be operated. It is not an indication of whether the device is open or closed, energized or de-energized. The hold tag number is recorded at the TOC and is not to be removed except by direction of the TOC originally ordering the card attached. The TOC Dispatcher shall be the only one to authorize the use of this tag. The devices under the control of the TOC should not have old tags attached without Dispatcher knowledge. Holder 3: The Holder is the person who has accepted the Work Permit or Supporting Guarantee and therefore has attained working and/or testing rights for the work group. The Holder is assigned responsibilities for ensuring that everyone in the work group is protected from the viewpoint of the Code. Holders Check of Isolation 3: A Holders check of isolation is a visual inspection by the Holder (or any member of the work group) to confirm a guaranteed device(s) is: 1. the correct device(s); 2. in the appropriate position (when possible); 3. appropriately tagged and 4. locked if required. A Holders check of isolation is done for any guaranteed device(s) when deemed necessary by the Holder or any member of the work group.

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Holders 3: The Protection Holder is the person assigned responsibilities for a Work Group that will be working under a Work Protection. 2: Authorized employee. Hold-Off 1: Syn.: Hold Card 3: A device having its operation restricted to previously agreed limits by the placement of a holdoff tag. Hold-offs are most commonly used to block the auto reclosing and the manual reenergization of a line following an automatic trip. The purpose of the hold-off is to limit operation of apparatus to facilitate work or reduce work hazards. Under no circumstances shall hold-off be used in place of work protection. Hook Stick Disconnect 4: Single blade switch that must be operated with an approved live-line tool. Host employer OSHA: An employer who operates and maintains an electric power transmission or distribution installation covered by Subpart V of this Part and who hires a contract employer to perform work on that installation. Hot 1: Syn.: live, energized. 4: Electrically energized. Hot Line Hold (A) 13: A hot line hold (A) is issued by the Dispatcher on a energized line for personnel doing "hot" line work. If the energized line relays open while the hot line hold is in effect the Dispatcher will not re-energize the line section where work is being performed until contacting the person holding the hot line hold. On lines with automatic reclosing, the reclosing device will be disabled before issuing a hot line hold. Hot Line Hold (B) 13: A hot line hold (B) is issued by the Dispatcher on an de-energized Line for personnel doing work in the area near a transmission line. The transmission line is considered to be (HOT) and the minimum Safe distance, phase to ground and phase to phase for the voltage of the transmission line will be followed per the National Electric Safety Code. The Dispatcher will issue a Hot Line Hold (B) Clearance Number to a person in the field, on the job site and conveyed it in such a manner to allow the one person receiving the clearance to know the number. The Dispatcher can not re-energize the line until the person in charge at the job site releases the Hot Line Hold (B) Clearance Number back to the Dispatcher.

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Hot Line Warning 5: Certification issued to a utility employee or Qualified Contractor (Distribution only) from Transmission Operations or Distribution Operations that (1) auto reclosing devices have been disabled, but the circuit has not been de-energized using normal switching procedures and (2) an energized circuit being worked on will not be re-energized if it trips or an out of service circuit being worked on will not be energized without permission from the Hot Line Warning Holder(s). Hot Line Warning Holder 5: The employee or Qualified Contractor (Distribution only) who receives a Hot Line Warning from Transmission Operations or Distribution Operations. Hot Line/Bus/Transformer Hold 4: A procedure which allows a person to work with or near energized equipment. Hot-Line Tag 7: A Hot-Line Tag is an electronic tag on a protective devices control disabling the ability to close the protective device locally or remotely. Once applied, the controls will lockout the protective device on one operation using a non-delayed Time Current Curve (TCC). This electronic tag is clearly visible on or near the control. The protective device cannot be closed until the Hot-Line Tag is removed by the same method applied, locally or remotely. HTV 2: High Tension Vault HV 2: High Voltage HVTC 2: High Voltage Tracing Current IATC 2: Individual Action Tracing Current ID 2: Identification Immediately Dangerous To Life Or Health (IDLH) OSHA: Any condition that poses an immediate or delayed threat to life or that would cause irreversible adverse health effects or that would interfere with an individuals ability to escape unaided from a permit space. Note: Some materialshydrogen fluoride gas and cadmium vapor, for examplemay produce immediate transient effects that, even if severe, may pass without medical attention, but are followed by sudden, possibly fatal collapse 1272 hours after exposure. The victim feels normal from recovery from transient effects until collapse. Such materials in hazardous quantities are considered to be immediately dangerous to life or health.

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IMPEDANCE 2: Impedance is the total opposition affecting the flow of alternating current. It is vector some of resistance and reactance, measured in ohms. 10: The term used to represent the combined value of Capacitive reactance, inductive reactance, and resistance in an ac circuit. Impedance is represented by the letter Z, or the symbol Z, and is expressed in ohms. It opposes ac-current and causes current to be out of phase with the voltage. INDUCED VOLTAGE 2: Induced voltage is the voltage which is created by relative motion between another conductor and magnetic field. 10: A voltage which is made to appear on a conductor when the conductor is mechanically passed through a magnetic field. Inductance 10: That property of an ac-circuit which opposes any change in current. Inductance is represented by the letter L. It is caused by coils or windings of wire. Induction of Voltage 10: The production of voltage in a conductor by the movement of the conductor in a magnetic field. This is a mechanical process. Inductive Reactance 10: The term used to indicate the effect of inductance on the current in an ac-circuit; it limits the current and causes it to lag the voltage. Inductive reactance is represented by the symbol XL and expressed in ohms. Inductor 10: A coil or winding of wire. IN-PHASE 2: In-phase is the point at which current and voltage within that electrical circuit reach their minimum and maximum at the same time. 10: The condition in which current voltage waves reach their respective maximum and minimum points at the same instant or degree. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER 2: Instrument transformers reproduce, in its secondary circuit the primary current or voltage with phase relation preserved and at predetermined ratio for measurement, control, and protective devices.

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Insulated NESC/OSHA: Separated from other conducting surfaces by a dielectric (including air space) offering a high resistance to the passage of current. Note: When any object is said to be insulated, it is understood to be insulated for the conditions to which it is normally subjected. Otherwise, it is, within the purpose of these rules, uninsulated. INSULATORS 2 & 10: Insulators are materials which do not allow electrons or electrical charges to pass through them. INT SW 2: Interrupter Switch INTERCONNECTION 2 & 10: Interconnection is a transmission line connecting two electric systems or utilities permitting energy transfer in either direction. Interconnections are also referred to as "tie lines". Interconnection Dispatcher 10: Individuals responsible for transmission of electrical energy among utilities of the interconnection or power pools. Interruptible Electric Service Customer Warning 10: Is a system alert that a voltage reduction is anticipated. ISE customers shall be requested to reduce curtailable load by a specific time. Isolate 3: Isolate means to separate equipment from any source of dynamic energy. To separate equipment from an source of dynamic energy. Isolated NESC: Not readily accessible to persons unless special means for access are used. 2: Disconnected from the system by the opening of switches, disconnecting potheads, cutouts, links or by cutting or disconnecting conductors. 3: Separated from all sources of dynamic energy. Typically, apparatus is isolated by means of devices such as a valve or electrical switch. Isolated by Elevation NESC Elevated sufficiently so that persons may safely walk underneath.

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Isolated Zone 3: A section of line or portion of apparatus between isolation points, separating it from all sources of dynamic energy. Isolating Device 3: Isolating device means a device used to separate equipment from any source of dynamic energy. Isolation Points 3: Isolation Points can be Standard or Non-Standard. A Standard Isolation Point is a device which is capable of being physically positioned or disconnected to control energy sources. A Non-Standard Isolation Point is a device which is not designed to be an isolation point and is prohibited for use as a Guaranteed Device unless it has been documented and approved. ISOLATION SWITCH 2: A manual switch associated with a particular relay panel used to remove the DC feed to all relays associated with that panel. Isolation, Visible 5: A condition when adequate separation exists between current carrying parts to assure energy cannot flow from one part to the other at the voltage applied. Visible Isolation can be accomplished with air isolation disconnects, racked out breakers, open jumpers, parked elbows, or removable links. Isolator NESC: A mechanical switching device used for changing the connections in a circuit or for isolating a circuit or equipment from a source of power. Note: It is required to carry normal load current continuously as well as abnormal or short-circuit current for short intervals, as specified. It is also required to open or close circuits either when negligible current is broken or made, or when no significant change in the voltage across the terminals of each of the switch poles occurs. Syn: disconnector, isolator. Issuing/Establishing Authority 3: That person responsible for preparing, establishing, making effective and terminating Work Protections and Condition Guarantees. Joint Use NESC: Simultaneous use by two or more kinds of utilities.

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Junction 3: A station that is a point in a circuit at which: There are no breakers and no transformers AND: two or more circuit sections join together OR; at least one circuit-opening device is installed OR; a termination point exists with no transformation, no automatic switching devices and no opening device (i.e. dead-end termination). Note: The point in the circuit shall not be inside the boundary of another station (e.g. a tap inside a TS would be considered part of the TS, not a separate JCT station). Jurisdictional Authority 2: Operating jurisdiction. 5: The department responsible for directing switching and issuing Clearances, Hot Line Warnings, and Hold Orders within a specified area defined by the Jurisdictional Boundary. Jurisdictional Boundary 5: The switching device(s) which define the electrical separation of switching responsibilities between the Jurisdictional Authorities. KEY INTERLOCK SYSTEM 2 & 10: Key interlock system - See sequential key interlock. KILO 2 & 10: Kilo (K) is prefix meaning thousand. Example: 4 KV means 4 thousand volts. Kilowatt Hour 2: Kilowatt-hour (KWH) is the amount of energy consumed. It represents the thousands of watts used per hour. 10: Amount of electric energy consumed by electrical devices in a measured amount of time; 1000 watts used for 1 hour. KIRK 2 & 10: Kirk is a manufacturer's brand name of key interlock systems. KSC 2: Knife Switch Closed KSO 2: Knife Switch Open KVA 2 & 10: KVA is the abbreviation for thousands of volt- amperes or units of apparent power.

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KVARS 2 & 10: KVARS is the abbreviation for thousands of vars or units of reactive power. KW 2 & 10: KW is the abbreviation for kilowatt meaning thousands of watts of true power. L/R 2: Local/Remote LA 2: Lightning Arrester Lagging Current 10: Condition in which the current wave form reaches its maximum or minimum value after the voltage wave form has reached these respective values. Caused by inductance or inductive reactance in an ac-circuit. Leading Current 10: Condition in which the current wave form reaches its maximum or minimum value before the voltage wave form has reached these respective values. Caused by capacitance or captive reactance in an ac-circuit. LEC 2: Live End Cap LIGHTNING ARRESTER 2: Lightning arresters, sometimes called surge arresters are designed to allow surge currents from lightning to pass to ground via spark gap or other similar dielectric breakdowns. 10: Designed to allow surge currents from lightning to pass to ground. Limits of Approach 3: A procedural barrier system for authorized workers or workers under the continuous direction of an authorized person, intended to minimize the risk associated with work in the proximity of energized apparatus. LINE DROP 2 & 10: Line drop is a voltage drop between two points on power line. It is caused by the opposition of the line times the current flowing through it. LINE TUNER 2 & 10: Line tuner is an impedance matching device design to isolate and match carrier signals to transmission lines via coupling capacitors and wave traps.

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Lines Force 10: Imaginary lines that leave and re-enter a magnet at its poles, forming a magnetic field. LIVE LINE TOOL 2: A tool used to work or apply portable ground leads on a feeder or electrical bus. Live-Line Work Permit 7: A Live-Line Work Permit is a documented statement that work may be done on energized lines or equipment. LMS 2: Load Management System LOAD 2 & 10: Load is considered to be the power consumed by a machine, customer, or group of customers. It is caused by the opposition connected to the power system which determines current flowing and power consumed. LOAD BREAK 2 & 10: Load break connectors and disconnects are designed to interrupt load current at a predetermined current and voltage rating. LOAD CENTER 2 & 10: Load center of a power circuit is the point where the majority of customers power demand is connected. Load Dispatcher 10: See: System Operator LOAD FLOW 2 & 10: Low flow is the movement of power along transmission, and distribution system. LOAD SHEDDING 2 & 10: Load shedding is a process of disconnecting selective customers to reduce total system demand. This is an emergency procedure utilized when generation capacity is exceeded by demand in a specific area for short period of time. LOC 2: Location

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LOCK OUT 2 & 10: Lock out indicates that an automatic circuit breaker as opened and it will not reclose again without a manual command. LOW VOLTAGE TC 2: A test used to identify feeder conductors phases via a specific low voltage signal LVTC 2: Low Voltage Fault Finding Tracing Current Magnetic Field 10: The area surrounding a magnet in which the magnetic lines of force exist; magnetic force around a conductor, which is caused by current flowing through the conductor. It is similar to that caused by a bar magnet. Main Transfer 10: A substation bus-arrangement which uses the main bus as the normal supply for feeder and a transfer bus, (second bus), for switching equipment, such as breakers, reactors, regulators outof-service for maintenance. The transfer bus is usually energized via spare equipment. Master Row 10: 13KV substation feed row(s) which contain station light and power transformers and metering equipment. MEGA 2 & 10: Mega (m) is a prefix meaning million. Example: 2mW means 2 million watts MEGGAR 2: Meggar is manufacturer brand name for an ohmmeter capable of measuring insulation. It is a d.c. voltage source produced by a built-in hand- driven generator. Megger 10: Manufacturer brand name for an ohmmeter capable of measuring insulation. It has a dc voltage source produced by a built-in hand-driven generator. MEHANICAL BLOCK 2: A mechanical protective device for preventing the operation of a switch, circuit breaker, controller or valve. A lock when used for this purpose is considered equivalent to a block.

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METER 2: Meter is any measuring device used to measure electrical quantities. It is also a metric unit of measuring length equal to 39.37- inches, 3.281 feet or 1.094 yards. 10: A measuring device used to measure electrical quantities; a metric unit of measuring length equal to 39.37 inches 3.281 feet or 1.094 yards; a device usually belonging to the power company; it measures the amount of kilowatt hours used by the customer. Meter Socket 10: Device usually furnished by the power company. It is attached to customer's home, and the meter inserted into it. MH 2: Manhole MICROWAVE 2 & 10: Microwave is a high frequency radio wave in range of 30 to 0.3 centimeter that is commonly used for line of sight communications of data and voice signals. MILLI 2 & 10: Milli (m) is prefix meaning one thousandth of a unit. Example: 450 ma means 450 thousandths of one ampere or 0.45 ampere. Mobile Unit Substation 10: A complete portable substation mounted on a trailer so that it can readily be moved. Motor Operated 10: Disconnect-devices which utilize motors for opening and/or closing. Some only use motors for closing and a winding spring for opening. MOTOR OPERATED DISCONNECTS 2: Motor operated disconnects are disconnect-devices which utilize motors for opening and winding a spring which stores energy for opening. MULTI CONTACT RELAY (MC) 2: Multi contact relay (MC) is a relay which allows one set of opening and closing contacts to control many of other devices. (LOR) (WL) Multi-Trip 10: A relay which allows one set of opening and closing contacts to control many of other devices.

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Municipalities & Co-Ops 8: (Munis) are state, municipal, and federal electric cooperatives that own and operate electrical distribution systems within utilitys maintenance jurisdiction. The Clearance and Protection Procedures described herein, apply to the municipalities and federal electric co-ops that fall under the maintenance jurisdiction of the utilitys regions. Neon Tester 10: A potential testing device used for testing whether a circuit is or is not energized. NETWORK 2: Network system of an electrical utility usually consists of a distribution system with a common secondary (120/208V- normally) which is supplied via a multitude of primary circuits from a single substation through step-down transformers and network protectors. 10: A distribution system with a common secondary (120/208V) supplied by more than one primary circuit. NETWORK FEEDER 2: Network feeders are circuits from substations to network transformers and network protectors. 10: Circuits from substations to network transformers. NETWORK PROTECTOR 2: Network protector is a three phase automatic circuit breaker in series with secondary of network transformer and secondary that is designed to open on backfeed. Backfeed occurs when common secondary permits transformer to step-up voltage on to faulted or de-energized circuit. 10: A three phase automatic circuit breaker that is designed to open on backfeed. NEUTRAL 2: Neutral is considered to be neither positive or negative rather common reference point. 10: Neither positive nor negative. A common reference point. NEUTRAL RESISTOR 2 & 10: Neutral resistor is connected in series with center point of selective grounded wye circuits in order to limit fault currents and allow proper relaying. Neutral Wire 10: The center wire in a 3-wire service. It is connected to ground and will have a 120 volt potential with reference to either hot wire in service. NEUTRON 2: Neutron is the neutral charged particle of an atom usually located within the nucleus with the proton.

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Nominal Voltage 3: Nominal voltage is the normal operating voltage measured: phase to phase on multi-phase equipment, or phase to neutral on single-phase equipment. Non-Reclose Assurance 8: A formal statement from the Operations Department that certain first contingency automatic reclosing devices have been made inoperative and that if the transmission line should trip, manual reclosure of the circuit will not be attempted until contact has been made with the recipient of the order. The non-reclose assurance may not provide all protection necessary for a hot line work order. 10: No, We use specific statements i.e. reclosing off, instantaneous off, etc. NTF 2: No Trouble Found NUCLEUS 2: Nucleus is the center part of an atom consisting of the protons and neutrons. O/A 2: Open Auto OAAT 2: One at a Time OCB 2: OCB is an abbreviation indicating a circuit breaker which utilizes oil as a dielectric to reduce contact arcing. OHMMETER 2: Ohmmeter is an instrument used to measure resistance in ohms. 10: An instrument which directly measures the amount of pure resistance (ohms) contained in a load or device. Connected when the power is off. An instrument used to measure resistance. Can also be used as a continuity checker. OHMS LAW 2 & 10: Ohms law is a mathematical relationship among voltage, current, and resistance. Ohms law states that the voltage is equal to the current times the resistance. Oil Circuit Breaker 10: A circuit breaker which uses oil as a dielectric to reduce contact arcing.

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OK 2: Normal Operating Condition ONE-LINE DIAGRAM 2: One-line diagram represents three phase power circuits and equipment via single line and equipment symbols. OOE 2: Off on Emergency (Category Required) CAT-1, CAT-2: OP 2: Open OPEN AUTO 2: A feeder breaker that has opened automatically via a protective relay operation OPEN CIRC11T 2: Open circuits do not have a complete path for current flow. Open circuits have relatively high resistance. The source potential difference also occurs across the open 10: A circuit that is incomplete or contains a broken wire, thus preventing current from flowing. Operating Authority 7: A group of authorized persons who are designated to act as the same entity when receiving and releasing clearances, live-line work permits, or general control numbers (i.e., Power Plant Shift Leaders, utilitys Dispatching Authorities, and other dispatching entities outside of the utility). 12: Yes, called (DOD) Dispatcher on Duty. 10: No, Person in charge of work. Operating Control 3: Having the authority to perform, direct, or authorize the operation of all devices under its control (Syn: Controlling Authority). A position with the authority to perform direct or authorize the operation of all devices under its control. Operating Control is a position with the authority to perform, direct, or authorize the operation of all devices under their control. OPERATING ORDER 2: A directive, in written form, where practicable, issued to a person to perform specified operations or tests on specified equipment.

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Operations Superintendent 8: The Operations Superintendent, or their designee, is responsible for: 1. Supervising and enforcing the rules of the Clearance and Protection Procedures; 2. Insuring annual training is provided on this procedure to those individuals that have been deemed qualified to accept formal operating statements by their respective Maintenance Department Superintendents; 3. Approving, or disapproving, the Maintenance Superintendents recommendation of any employee to the list of authorized employees who would be eligible to request and/or accept any of the formal operating statements. Approval of an employee does not relieve the Maintenance Superintendent for the candidates qualification; 4. Approving the supervisors release of a formal operating statement when under emergency situations it would be impossible to secure a normal release from an authorized employee; 5. Reviewing and approving all formal operating statement requests; 6. Coordinating and scheduling all major equipment outages with the Energy Control Center Outage Coordinator, the Maintenance Departments, and the Maintenance Resource Management Department; 7. Designating a Supervisor to assume the duties of the Operations Superintendent during his absence; 8. Completing an annual operational audit of these Clearance and Protection Procedures. 2: Used as a title in our steam system generating stations Operator 3: An operator shall be considered as that individual at a generating or transformer station who exercises Operating Control of specific Bulk Electricity System apparatus. Order Card 2: Operating Order. 4: Official document to record transmission switching in the field. 7: Called a Face Sheet. Order Sheet, Protective or Special Condition 2: Operating Order. 7: Called a Face Sheet. 8: The request form that must be completed for each and every formal operating statement request. 9: Yes, Comments: We call this a Clearance Request. Order, Hot Line Work 8: A formal statement from the Operations Department that all first contingency automatic reclosing devices have been made inoperative and if the transmission line should trip, manual reclosing of the circuit will not be attempted until contact has been made with the holder of the order.

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Order, Maintenance Hold 8: NOT a formal statement from the Operations Department. The Maintenance Hold Order is provided for the protection of personnel when working on certain specified equipment which does not meet the criteria for a clearance. The Operations Department determines when this order is allowed to be used. 9: Yes, Utilizing UR F60 relays we can place a circuit in the Maintenance Mode which blocks all automatic reclosing functions, but continues to offer a Low Set Instantaneous relay protection. Order, OK to Work 8: Permission to work on or near operating equipment essential to power system operations. When used, it is issued and recorded by the Operations Department and involves no tagging by Operations personnel. It is not intended to provide protection to workmen. Its purpose is to let the Operations Department know that essential equipment is being worked on and to aid in maintaining the safety and reliability of the power system. Order, Permission to Operate 2: Written on work permit and caution tag placed instead of stop tags 8: A formal statement from the Operations Department that specific equipment under Operations control may be operated by maintenance personnel. Order, Special Condition 8: A limitation or notice placed on equipment that unusual or abnormal conditions prevail and special precautions are necessary regarding this equipment. OSCILLOGRAPH 2 & 10: Oscillograph is an instrument primarily for producing a record of instantaneous value of electrical quantities as a function of time. OTW 2: Out to Work Out-of-Order Tags 7: Out-of-Order tags or L20 tags, also called Special Condition Tags, are used to hold a specific piece of equipment out of service and indicate that it should not be operated. This tag is not to be used in association with any clearance process or used with any personal protection. Out-of-Service NESC: Lines and equipment are considered out of service when disconnected from the system and when not intended to be capable of delivering energy or communications signals.

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Outage 2: Outage refers to a de-energization of circuit, equipment or customers. 3: a) A device is in an outage state if it is not connected to the electrical system and fulfilling its design function. b) Outage means the removal of equipment from service, unavailability for connection of equipment or temporary derating, restriction of use, or reduction in performance of equipment for any reason including, but not limited to, to permit the performance of inspections, tests or repairs on equipment, and shall include a Planned Outage, a Forced Outage and an automatic Outage. c) A system component or element is in an outage state if it is not connected to the electrical system and fulfilling its design function. An outage may not necessarily result in an interruption to a load. A prefix such as automatic, forced, planned, etc, is commonly used to indicate the cause. d) The removal of equipment from service, unavailability for connection of equipment or temporary derating, restriction of use, or reduction in performance of equipment for any reason including, but not limited to, permitting the inspection, testing, maintenance or repair of equipment. See also Forced Outage; Planned Outage. e) A system component or element is in an outage state if it is not connected to the electrical system and fulfilling its design function. f) An outage occurs when a system element is separated from the system as a result of a fault or other cause. An outage does not necessarily result in an interruption to load. g) A temporary disconnection of a part of a system as the result of either a fault or scheduled maintenance. An outage may not necessarily result in an interruption in the supply of power. 10: Outage refers to a de-energization of circuits, equipment or customers Outage, Automatic 2: Open auto or Trip out 3: An outage that results from conditions affecting a device causing it to be removed from service automatically. Outage, Forced 3: The removal from service availability of a facility for emergency reasons or a condition in which the equipment is unavailable due to unanticipated failure. Outage, Forced 5: Any unplanned outage initiated by protective devices, field personnel, Transmission Operations, Distribution Operations, or the Power Plants for the protection of personnel and/or electrical facilities. Outage, Planned 3: Removing the equipment from service availability for inspection and/or general overhaul of one or more major equipment groups. This outage usually is scheduled well in advance.

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OUT-OF-PHASE 2: Out-of-phase denotes that two or more waveforms having the same shape are not passing corresponding minimum and maximum value at the same time. 10: Condition in which current and voltage waves reach their respective maximum and minimum points at times. OVERCURRENT RELAY 2: Overcurrent relay is designed to operate its control contacts for a specific level of current above the pre- determined setting. 10: A protective relay designed to operate its control contacts for a specific level of current above the pre-determined setting. OVERVOLTAGE 2 & 10: Overvoltage is a voltage or potential difference greater than the normal operating voltage of a device or circuit. Oxygen Analyzer 10: A device used to measure and monitor oxygen levels within confined spaces. They are designed to alarm for low levels of oxygen within the atmosphere. PAPER AND LEAD CABLE 2 & 10: Paper and lead cable is a utility term referring to underground cable, which has a lead outer jacket, oil impregnated paper insulation separating conductors. PAR 2: Phase Angle Regulator Parallel Circuit 10: A circuit in which there are many parallel paths which the current can take. This type of circuit is used in house wiring. PEAK LOAD 2 & 10: Peak load is the maximum demand on an electric system or individual device during a particular period. Peak loads are usually measured in KW or MW. Permissive Tag: 10: A yellow tag used to identify and distinctly mark electrical equipment that is properly cleared for work, and which may be operated for test and adjustment. PERRELLI CABLE 2: The brand name of the first low- pressure oil filled transmission or sub-transmission cable use. A common term used for all low-pressure dielectric fluid filled cable.

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PFS 2: Prepare for Service PH 2: Pothead Phase Angle 10: The difference between corresponding points on the current and voltage wave forms, as measured in degrees. PHASE ANGLE REGULATOR 2 & 10: Phase angle regulator is a device, which adjusts the phase angle between power circuits. Thus, allowing utilities to regulate power flow on specific transmission lines. PHASE RELATIONSHIP 39123: Phase relationship is the angular relationship between current and voltage in an alternating current circuit. 10: Refers to the voltage and current wave forms, and whether or not they are together when they reach their maximum points and their minimum points. (See "In Phase" and Out of Phase. ") PHASE SHIFTER 2 & 10: Phase shifter is a device that output voltage (or current) may be adjusted to some desired phase relationship with respect to input. Also see: Phase angle regulator. PHASING 2: Phasing is the process of identifying individual phase relationships of waveforms. It usually is used to indicate the different phase legs (A,B,C or 1 ,2, 3) of three phase circuits. Used to compare one circuit to another. 10: Process of identifying individual phase relationships of waveforms. It is used to indicate the different phase legs (A,B,C, or 1,2,3) of three phase circuits. PILOT WIRE 2 & 10: Pilot wire is an auxiliary conductor used to monitor or operate remote devices. PIPE CABLE 2: Pipe cable is utility term referring to oil-o-static cables, those which have three phase conductors running through a pipe with oil as dielectric and distribution of heat. 10: Three phase conductors running through a pipe filled with oil for a dielectric and distribution of heat.

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Pole Top Disconnects 10: Single phase disconnect(s) mounted on a pole or crossarm for energizing or de-energizing equipment or circuits. POP 2: Provide Own Protection PORT GRD 2: Portable Ground PORTABLE GROUNDS 2: A cable that is used to afford protection on a feeder or piece of equipment by connecting all three phases of a feeder cable or bus to ground POTENTIAL TEST 2: Potential test is used to determine if equipment or circuits are energized POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER 2: Potential transformer is an instrument transformer with its primary winding connected to primary voltage and secondary winding connected to measuring device or relays. 10: A device which is connected into a circuit to transform the value of circuit voltage to a value practical for measurement. The primary is connected in parallel with the load or device being measured and the secondary is connected to a voltmeter or similar measuring device. POTHEAD 2 & 10: Potheads are insulators used for making a sealed joint between an under ground and overhead circuit or substation equipment. POWER 2: Power is the rate work is done or physical change occurs. Power is measured in watts and volt-ampere. 10: The rate work is done or physical change occurs. Power is measured in watts, volt-amperes and voltamps reactive. POWER FACTOR 2: Power factor (Pf) is the relationship between the two powers watts (w) and apparent power voltamperes (VA) in an alternating current circuit. It is the ratio of watts to voltamperes expressed as a percentage or phase angle. 10: A measure of how far out of phase the current and voltage are. Indicates the relationship between volt-amperes and watts or impedance and resistance. Also indicates the efficiency of a circuit, and is always some value between 0 and 1.

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Power Grid 10: See: Power Pool POWER POOL 2 & 10: Power pool is an interconnection of utilities usually at transmission voltage levels. Pre-Arranged Outage Request 2 & 10: Pre-arranged outage request is a request by field maintenance personnel to have circuits, sections of circuits or equipment de-energized on a specific date and time for scheduled work. Preliminary Reserve Warning 10: A systems alert indicating high probability that a voltage reduction will be issued later in the day. Primary 10: The incoming side of a transformer; the voltage (or sometimes current) which is being changed to a different value by the transformer. The primary side may be designated by a P, pri, or primary. Primary Circuit 10: The conductors which carry the high voltage into residential areas. PRIMARY VOLTAGE 2: Primary voltage is considered to be the supply voltage to power transformers 10: High voltage used for distribution circuits prior to final stepdown transformer. Common primary voltages are 4 kV and 13 KV. PROOF TEST 2: The application of a specific voltage to feeder cables or equipment to determine the serviceable condition of the insulation PROTECTION 2: A. Insulating protective devices, as rubber gloves, rubber blankets, line hose, etc. approved for work upon energized conductor. B. Blocking of switches, circuit breakers, controllers and valves, opening of disconnecting potheads cutouts or links, grounding of equipment or other precautions prescribed to safeguard personnel against accidental energizing of current carrying parts. Proton 10: The positively charged particle of an atom usually located in the nucleus with neutrons. PT 2: Potential Transformer
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PUMP HOUSE 2: A facility used to store, maintain pressure and circulate dielectric fluid for pipe type oil feeders. Qualified NESC: Having been trained in and having demonstrated adequate knowledge of the installation, construction, or operation of lines and equipment and the hazards involved, including identification of and exposure to electric supply and communication lines and equipment in or near the workplace. An employee who is undergoing on-the-job training and who, in the course of such training, has demonstrated an ability to perform duties safely at his or her level of training, and who is under the direct supervision of a qualified person, is considered to be a qualified person for the performance of those duties. 12: Qualified indicates the authority to work without supervision. Qualified Contractor 5: A contractor who has completed a Bidder Qualification form and has been approved by (utility). Qualified employee (qualified person) 1: Qualified Switchperson 13: Any employee, regardless of classification, who is familiar with the construction or operation of the lines or equipment with which they work, is fully aware of the hazards involved, and who has successfully demonstrated their ability and is recognized by management as qualified to perform the duties assigned. OSHA: One knowledgeable in the construction and operation of the electric power generation, transmission, and distribution equipment involved, along with the associated hazards. Note 1: An employee must have the training required by 1926.950(Utility B)(2) in order to be considered a qualified employee. Note 2: Except under 1926.954(Utility B)(3)(iii), an employee who is undergoing on-the-job training and who, in the course of such training, has demonstrated an ability to perform duties safely at his or her level of training and who is under the direct supervision of a qualified person is considered to be a qualified person for the performance of those duties. Qualified Person 3: A qualified person is a person who: has met and maintained all current Work Protection Code training and qualifications and is judged by their supervisor to have demonstrated competency and familiarity with rules, procedures, equipment and hazards associated with the work. R/I 2: Rack In R/O 2: Rack Out

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R/R 2: Remove and Replace RAP 2: Rapid Availability Procedure Reactance 10: Effect of inductance or capacitance on ac circuit. It is expressed in ohms of reactance and is represented by the letter X. It limits the value of current and causes it to become out of phase with the voltage. Reactive Load 10: A load caused by inductance or capacitance. REACTIVE POWER 2: Reactive power is that power, which is present in an a-c system which, cannot be used to do useful work. Reactive power of inductive loads is considered lagging and capacitive reactive power is considered leading. Reactive power is measured in VARS and KVARS. 10: Power present in an a-c system which cannot be to do used useful work. Reactive power is measured in VARS and KVARS. See: VAR Reactor 10: A conductor, usually coil of wire, designed to concentrate a magnetic field so that current and voltage are out-of-phase. REACTOR (Voltage Source) 2: Reactor is a conductor, usually coil of wires, that is designed to concentrate a magnetic field so that current and voltage are out-of-phase. Reactors are commonly connected in series with equipment to limit fault currents. RECLOSER 2 & 10: Recloser is a pole mounted oil switch equipped with automatic relaying to operate on loss of potential and/or overcurrent. RECLOSURE 2 & 10: Reclosure is the process of automatically reclosing or re-energizing a breaker after a predetermined time delay. RECTIFIER 2: Rectifier is a device, which is capable of changing alternating current to direct current. 10: A device for changing alternating current to direct current.

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RE-ENERGIZE 2 & 10: Re-energize is a term which means energize again or restore potential. Regional Manager 8: The Regional Manager shall be responsible for the assurance that the Clearance and Protection Procedures described herein meet the requirements of all applicable (utilitys) safety and fire protection policies. REGULATOR 2: Regulator is an abbreviated term for voltage regulator, which maintains a relatively constant voltage over a range of currents (Auto transformer with variable load taps). 10: An abbreviated term for voltage regulator which maintains a relatively constant voltage over a range of currents. RELAY 2: Relay is a device in which opens or closes a secondary control circuit by variations in conditions of one electric circuit by variation in conditions of one electric circuit and thereby affect the operation of other devices. 10: An automatic control for activating switching devices. RELAY CUTOUT SWITCH 2: See Isolation Switch REM 2: Remove REMOTE TRIP 2 & 10: A means of disconnecting a source of energy from a remote terminal. REMOVED FROM SERVICE 2: Declared by proper authority to be unavailable for normal production, service or use. Equipment, which is removed from service is not necessarily deenergized. REP 2: Made Repairs REPAIR 2: Made Repairs Representative in Charge 7: Representative in Charge shall mean an employee who has been assigned the work or is in charge of the crew doing the work in another utility facility.

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RESISTANCE 2: Resistance of an electrical circuit or device is its opposition to the flow of electrons. This opposition is measured in ohms using an ohmmeter. 10: Opposition to the flow of electrons measured in ohms using an ohmmeter. RESTORATION 2: Restoration is the process of restoring electric service, usually used when referring to renergizing customers. 10: The process of restarting electric service to customers. RFD 2: Ready for a Drop RFW 2: Ready for Work RING BUS 2 & 10: Ring bus configuration is a combination of bus sections and breakers, which form a complete loop in order to interconnect incoming and outgoing lines. Riser 10: The part of the service entrance wiring which leads from the meter and connects to the service drop where it is fastened to the house. ROTARY CONVERTER 2 & 10: Rotary converter changes alternating current into direct current (Motor-generator set). RT 2: Registered Tag RUBBER GLOVES 2: Protective devices when used on voltages below 15KV. Over 15KV gloves are supplemental protection. S/T 2: Stop Tag Safe Work Area 3: A safe work area is a specifically identified area for work where all known hazards have been eliminated or are controlled. Note: The Work Protection Code is only one component in providing a safe work area. A complete job plan is required for your safety.

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SAFETY GAPS (Spark Gaps) 2: An insulated spacer that will arc across at 600v preventing inadvertent high voltage being applied during a low voltage test. Safety Rope and Signs 10: Used to separate or distinctly set apart de-energized equipment from other equipment that may be energized so that it can be easily be identified. Safety Tag 10: A color coded identification tag used to indicate abnormal situations. They are important to read and respect because they could be preventing equipment from being energized while workers are performing maintenance. SAFETY TAPE & SIGNS 2: Safety tape and signs are aids used to separate or distinctly set apart de-energized equipment from other equipment that may be energized so that it can easily be identified. SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) 5: A computerized form of high speed bulk data collection with selective control of remotely located devices. Scheduled Work Request 5: A request from an employee or Qualified Contractor (Distribution only) to the appropriate Jurisdictional Authority to perform work on a portion of the electrical system or to change the status of any device(s) directly connected to the electrical system. This includes reclosing status. 10: No, any outage that is performed based on a request would be considered a planned outage. Schematic 10: A line diagram showing electric circuitry. SECONDARY 2: Secondary is the low voltage output-of a distribution step-down transformer and the associated wiring used to interconnect the transformer to the customer. 10: The outgoing side of a transformer. The new value of voltage (or sometimes current) to which the incoming voltage or current has been changed. The secondary side may be designated by S, sec, or secondary. Secondary Circuit 10: Circuit containing the conductors which carry the low voltage (120/240) into residential area from the transformer to the customer's home.

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Sectionalizer 10: A device that separates parts of electrical circuits. They can be automatic or manual. SEMAPHORES 2 & 10: Semaphores are mechanical flags or indication devices. Senior Operator 8: The Senior Operator shall be responsible for: 1. Assuming full responsibility that the specified equipment has been isolated from all sources of primary electrical and mechanical energy and that it is as safe to work on, as is possible, for the work intended; 2. Issuing all formal operating statements and keeping an accurate and complete record of all Clearance and Protection Procedure transactions. Each transaction shall be assigned a serial number beginning with 1 and prefixed by the current calendar year, such as 98-1 through 98-N (where N is the last transaction); 3. Preparing switching programs for all facilities, circuits, and equipment rated at 440V and above or that affects generation, transmission, and station service. These programs will include all electrical, mechanical, and hydraulic systems as required; 4. Providing authorization to work on any facility, circuit, or equipment under the operational responsibility of the Regional Project; 5. Recording the placement and removal of all grounding devices; 6. Repeating back, and logging all operational instructions, switching and Clearance and Protection procedural information given to authorized employees and operations personnel; 7. Supervising, coordinating and directing all switching activities for all facilities, circuits, and equipment under the operational responsibility of the Regional Projects. SEQUENTIAL KEY INTERLOCK 2 & 10: Sequential key interlock is a series of electrical and/or mechanical interlocks used to assure proper sequencing of switching operations. Series Circuit 10: A circuit in which the current has only one path to take. Service Dispatcher 10: Bargaining unit employees who coordinate the operations of the distribution and subtransmission systems. SERVICE DROP 2: Service drop is the portion of overhead conductors, which connect the last pole and customers entrance point. 10: The lines connecting the power company's distribution system and the home. These service drops are usually 3 wire and occasionally 2 wire. Service Drop, Hot Three Wire 10: A service drop which contains a neutral and 2 wires and serves the customer with 120/240 volts.

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Service Drop, Two Wire 10: A service drop which contains a neutral serves the customer with 120 volts only. Service Entrance 10: Unit which includes the riser, meter installation and fuse box. Shall 4: Means mandatory. SHORT 2 & 10: See: Short Circuit. SHORT CIRC11T 2: Short circuits occur when wires of other conductors come in contact and alter the normal electrical path. Short circuits have lower than normal resistance, which causes high current conditions. 10: Short circuits occur when conductors come in contact and alter the normal electrical path. Short circuits have low resistance which causes high current. Shots to Lockout 10: A utility term indicating the number of automatic reclosures of a breaker before it locks out or remains open. Should 4: Means recommended. SHUNT 2 & 10: Shunt is a low opposition bypass around a device or circuit. SHUNT DISCONNECT 2 & 10: Shunt disconnect is a device which bypasses a piece of equipment or circuit bypass. Shunt Trip 10: A relay control circuit and device which works in conjunction with a circuit switch to allow fault clearing. Sign on Designee 8: An authorized clearance holder who can act in place of the clearance holder, when he/she is absent to sign supervisors or craftpeople on or off the clearance. The sign on designee cannot perform any other function of a clearance holder.

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Sine Wave 10: Term often used synonymously with Wave Form. See: Wave Form. Single Phase 10: A two wire AC circuit in which one wire is energized and the other is neutral. SINGLE RECLOSER 2 & 10: Single recloser is a term indicating that the breaker or recloser will reclose once after a time delay initiated the fault before lockout. SINGLE SHOT (SINGLE RECLOSER) 2 & 10: Single shot is a utility term for single recloser of a breaker or recloser after initial trip and before lockout. SOCCS 2: System Operations Computer Control System SOCCSX 2: System Operations Computer Control System Ext. SOTS 2: System Operations Technical Service Spare Feeder Position 10: Denotes a normally idle feeder within a substation consisting of circuit breaker, reactor, voltage regulators and disconnects used to bypass other feeders in conjunction with transfer bus or tie feeder cable. Special Condition 7: A Special Condition is an unusual temporary condition to equipment. This term indicates the requirement for special instructions and information on the current condition of equipment. Special Work Permit 7: A Special Work Permit shall be a documented statement declaring that the equipment to be worked on, in another utility's facility, has been de-energized and isolated from all hazardous sources of energy. SPOT NETWORK 2 & 10: Spot network is a type of distribution system, which has two or more primary distribution or sub- transmission circuits supplying a common secondary through step-down transformers and network protectors.

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Stage Fault 10: A type of test used to evaluate the response of relays and breakers for phase-to-phase and phase-to-neutral short circuit. Station Control Handle 10: A single manually operated switch which changes the status of substations and switching stations from automatic, manual or local operation. STATION GROUNDS 2: Permanent grounding points on substation equipment applied by means of a manually operated knife type switch. Used to afford protection to a working point within the confines of a substation. STATION INSPECTION 2: Station inspection is a system of evaluating the status of substation equipment in order to detect potential difficulties before creating nonscheduled equipment outages. STATION LIGHT & POWER 2 & 10: Station light and power is the electrical energy source used to provide power for station equipment including breakers, battery chargers, lighting, fans, pump and etc. STATION LOG 2 & 10: Station log is a written record of operations an abnormal occurrences within a specific substation or switching station. STATION OPERATOR 2: Station operator is an individual who operates substation and switching, inspection, protection work permits and other assigned tasks. 10: An individual who operates substations and switching stations. Duties include switching, inspections, clearing and tagging and other assigned tasks. Stick Operated 10: Single phase disconnects mounted within stations and on poles. These disconnects are used for isolation of equipment or circuits and must be operated with an insulated switch stick. STICK OPERATED DISCONNECT 2: Stick operated disconnects are single phase. disconnects mounted within stations and on poles that are used for isolation of equipment or circuits and must be operated with an insulated switch stick. STOP TAG 2: A black and white striped protective tag designed to prevent all persons from making unauthorized changes in the status of equipment.

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SU/SD 2: Start Up/Shut Down SUBSTATION 2: Substation is an electrical utility facility. Designed to step-down voltage from the transmission or sub- transmission system to distribution system and provide distribution system control and protection through a network of breakers and relays. 10: An enclosure which contains transformers, circuit breakers, fuses, switches, and other electrical apparatus. A place where voltage levels are changed by transformers and where circuits (conductor, lines, etc.) originate. Substation Mechanics 10: Persons performing the installation, maintenance, repair and removal of switching station or substation equipment and associated facilities. Subtransmission 2: Subtransmission system is part of the transmission and distribution system, which interconnects substations, customer substations and switching stations. Common subtransmission voltage levels are 138KV and 69KV. 10: Part of the transmission and distribution system which interconnects substations, customer substations and switching stations. Common sub-transmission voltages are 26 KV and 69 KV. SUPERVISORY SYSTEM 2: System used for remote control and metering of a substation. Usually uses telephone lines to transmit signal. Supporting Guarantee 2: Guarantee of no connected equipment status change 3: A Supporting Guarantee is a guarantee issued in support of a Work Permit(s) and/or another Supporting Guarantee(s). It certifies that an isolated or isolated and de-energized condition exists at points under the control of the Issuer of the Supporting Guarantee. A Supporting Guarantee can be: (1) a (utility) Supporting Guarantee, or (2) another type issued by a foreign organization. SURGE ARRESTER 2: See: Lightning Arrester 10: An arrester used in the sub-transmission system.

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Surrender 3: Surrender is the relinquishing of guaranteed conditions by a Holder of a Work Permit or a Supporting Guarantee. 2: for supporting guarantee only. 9: We use the term Reporting Off. 10: No, we use tag release SW 2: Switch Switch 10: (NOUN) mechanical means of opening or closing a circuit. 14: (VERB) The act of operating (either manually or remotely) disconnects, air switches, circuit breakers, etc. (i.e., from open to closed or form closed to open). Switch Hold Order 13: A switch hold order is identified by a unique number and issued by the Dispatcher, indicates that a particular device is open or closed and hold tag attached as needed. SWITCHING 2: Switching is a process of opening and closing circuit breakers disconnects in order to energize or de-energize equipment, thus controlling the flow of electricity. 10: Opening and closing circuit breakers and or disconnects to energize or de-energize equipment. 13: Switching is the opening or closing by remote, manual or electromechanical means, any switch, circuit breaker or other device which changes the connection of a circuit. Switching and Tagging Order Form 14: The official document used by dispatchers and switchmen to record switching and tagging procedures. Switching Operators 8: Switching Operators shall be responsible for: 1. Verifying the accuracy and sequence of the switching program for the work intended; 2. Preparing and placing of all Clearance and Protection tags; 3. Verifying that all facilities, circuits, and equipment nameplates match the protection points listed on the switching program, and immediately notify the Senior Operator if discrepancies exist; 4. Ensuring the proper and safe positioning of all protective devices; 5. Notifying the Senior Operator of any deviation, or of any equipment that has not been returned to operations with the devices in the same position as when the Clearance was issued.

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Switching Order 2: Operating Order. 4: An order given by the Transmission System Operator to an Authorized Worker in order to operate a transmission device(s). Switching Program 8: The Operations Departments formal switching sequence that documents each step in the process of establishing and releasing all formal operating statements. This program identifies the limits of protection and the equipment status at all times. SWITCHING STATION 2: Switching stations combine electrical energy to a common area by more than one transmission line for retransmission to other locations. Secondary retransmission can be via step-down transmission, sub-transmission, or at the same transmission voltage level. 10: An electric utility facility in which high voltage circuits are connected to a common bus and rerouted to other high voltage circuits. Switchman 13: Used in a general sense to indicate any person, regardless of classification, who when properly trained and equipped with safely equipment, will perform switching operations on the electrical system. Switch-Person 5: The (Utilitys) employee or Qualified Contractor (Distribution Only) at the work site who receives and executes (or supervises the execution of) switching instructions from Transmission Operations or Distribution Operations. SYNCHRONIZING 2: Synchronizing is the process of paralleling and phasing two a-c sources, generators or lines, so that both have relatively the same phase relationship. 10: The process of paralleling and phasing two ac power sources so that both have the same phase relationship. Synchronizing Condensers 10: Synchronous motors which produce leading or lagging VARS through adjustments of the field current. SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSERS 2: Synchronous condensers are special synchronous motors with large field windings, which produce leading or lagging KVARS of reactive power through adjustments of the field current.

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SYNCHROSCOPE 2: Synchroscope is an instrument used to indicate difference of phase rotation between lines and/or generators. 10: An instrument used to compare phase relationships between two electrical systems. System Operations 5: The Energy Delivery Department located at the utility Control Center responsible for directing the switching of utility's transmission and distribution system. System Operator 7: As herein used, the term System Operator shall mean an operating authority having jurisdiction whether or not they have the title of Subtransmission and Distribution System Control Operator or System Operator 10: See: Electrical Dispatcher. OSHA: A qualified person designated to operate the system or its parts. Tag NESC: Accident prevention tag (DANGER, PEOPLE AT WORK, etc.) of a distinctive appearance used for the purpose of personnel protection to indicate that the operation of the device to which it is attached is restricted. 14: (NOUN) Signs or cards of distinctive appearance, indicating that the equipment or lines so marked are out of service, being worked on, or in a position other than normal. 14: (VERB)The term used by the dispatcher for the act of placing a danger or attention tag on a piece of equipment. Tag, Caution 7: Caution tags are used when doing Hotline work. They are used on the protective devices control handle and recloser cutout switches that are associated with a particular line in which hotline work is being performed. These tags are not used where Hot-Line Indicator Lamps, Hot Line Indicators, or Hot Line Tags are installed. Tag, Danger 7: Danger tags shall be placed on all switches that might energize lines or equipment, and shall not be removed until all persons holding a clearance have reported to the System Operator that all personnel and equipment are in the clear, grounds are removed, and the lines or equipment are in proper condition to be restored to service. The removal of the danger tags will be addressed within the switching order issued to return the equipment/lines to service.

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Tag, Electronic Hold 5: A tag placed in the SCADA computer that will not allow the operation of a device via SCADA until the tag has been removed (Utilized in Clearance and Hold Orders). 2: SCDA control tag Tag, Electronic Warning 5: A tag placed in the SCADA computer that will not allow the device to be reclosed via SCADA until the tag has been removed (Utilized in Hot Line Warnings). Tag, Hold 1: Hold Card. 2: STOP TAG. 5: A tag attached to any device for which a Hold is in effect. Also used when it is necessary to disable reclosing in the field to tag the control switch that disables reclosing. The purpose of the Hold Tag is to provide a visual warning that the device to which it is attached is not to be operated or its status altered in any way until the Hold is removed by the Jurisdictional Authority which placed it. 7: Called a caution tag. 11: Green Stripe Hold Tag. Tag, Hot-Line 1: Caution Tag or Card 7: A Hot-Line Tag is an electronic tag on a protective devices control disabling the ability to close the protective device locally or remotely. Once applied, the controls will lockout the protective device on one operation using a non-delayed Time Current Curve (TCC). This electronic tag is clearly visible on or near the control. The protective device cannot be closed until the Hot-Line Tag is removed by the same method applied, locally or remotely. 10: Red Blocking Tag. Tag, Test 3: A red and yellow striped Test Tag is attached to a guaranteed device to authorize operation of the device under a test condition. Tags, Out Of Order 7: Out of Order tags, also called Special Condition Tags, are used to hold a specific piece of equipment out of service and indicate that it should not be operated. This tag is not to be used in association with any clearance process or used with any personal protection. 2: Defective Tag.

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TAP CHANGER 2: Tap changer is a device used to raise or lower voltage. It usually consists of a mechanical switching device which adds secondary turns to raise voltage and subtracts secondary turns to lower voltage. The internal mechanical switch is commonly operated via a contact making voltmeter. 10: A device used to change voltage. It consists of a mechanical or automatic switching device. TAPING - (ROPING OFF) 2 & 10: Taping or roping-off is a process of identifying energized and de-energized areas, thus limiting personnel movement within substations. TARGET 2 & 10: Targets are mechanical flags, semaphores, lights, or other devices, which indicate when a relay circuit has operated. TBC 2: Trench Buried Cable TC 2: Tracing Current TERM 2: Terminator Terminated 3: The end of a guaranteed condition by the Issuing Authority of a PC2 Work Permit or a PC2 Supporting Guarantee. Test 3: The tagging of a guaranteed device with a Test Tag to authorize the operation of the device, or the introduction of energy into the safe work area. Tests are done to check, prove, or facilitate the work process. TEST BUS 2: Test bus is installed in various substations to provide test potential for phasing and testing. 10: Bus installed in stations to provide DC potential for phasing and/or grounding of circuits. TEST BUS GROUNDS 2: In distribution substations equipped with a test bus, feeders connected to that test bus via disconnect switches will be grounded when the test bus is grounded. The test bus is usually grounded via a remote operated switch.

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TEST PERMIT 2: A written authorization from the operator having jurisdiction to persons other than generating station or substation operators to apply a test potential to otherwise dead equipment for the purpose of making dielectric proof test or locating faults. TEST SWITCH 2: Test switch is a set of disconnecting and connecting switches, which allow for connection of test instruments such as ammeters, voltmeters or wattmeters. 10: Switches for connection of test instruments. TESTING FOR GROUNDS 2 & 10: Testing for grounds is a process of checking each conductor for ground or short circuits. THREE PHASE 2: Three phase system is an alternating current supply system comprising of three or four conductors energized by electromagnetic forces which have a 120 electrical degree displacement between them. 10: An alternating current supply system comprised of three or four conductors which have 120 electrical degree displacement between them. Tie Bus 10: An interconnecting bus between bus sections which are supplied via two different sources. TIE FEEDER 2: See: Interconnection. 10: A spare cable interconnecting substation transfer bus or spare equipment and feeder circuits in a 4KV system. Tie Line 10: See: Interconnection. TIME DELAY 2: Time delay has two meanings 1) the time required for a signal to travel between two points and 2) the time lapse added to a device before it completes a second operation. Example: Time delay is added between tripouts of circuit breakers and automatic reclosing. 10: The time required for a signal to travel between two points; The time lapse added to a device before it completes a second operation. TMS 2: Telephone Management System

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TOK 2: Tested OK TRACING CURRENT 2: A test is to determine or verify the phase designation of conductors at the working point or at any given terminal point. The correct phase designation shall be derived from the established phase designation at a terminal of known identity. TRANSFER 2 & 10: Transfer means to move from one device to another. It is used when referring to movement of equipment and load flow through equipment. Transfer Bus 10: Bus used for switching or shifting load from one feeder row to another so that maintenance can be performed. Transfer of Control 7: Transfer of Control orders are for distribution radial lines and equipment. This provides a means for certified switchpersons and certified clearance holders to be granted control of a switchable device and the equipment downstream of the switchable device from KCC. KCC will create an order in PowerOn, and issue that order number to the field colleagues for the Transfer of Control. TRANSFER TRIP 2 & 10: Transfer trip is a system of transferring trip signals to one or more line terminals to isolate the faulted line. Transformer 10: A device consisting of a set of windings used to or change voltage or current from one value to another. TRANSFORMER BANK 2: Transformer bank is an interconnection of two or three single-phase step-down transformers in order to provide polyphase customer services from primary circuits. 10: A connection of two or three single phase transformers to provide Polyphase service from primary circuits. Transformer Fuse 10: A fuse mounted near a transformer, protecting it the same way the fuse in our house protects our wiring.

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TRANSMISSION LINES 2: Transmission lines usually interconnects switching stations, generating stations, and other utilities. Transmission lines usually operate 138KV, 230KV, 345KV and 500KV 10: Conductors which interconnect switching stations, generating stations and other utilities. Transmission Operation Center 13: The Transmission Operation Center (TOC) is located in Wynne, Arkansas. The Transmission Operation Center is responsible for the operation of the transmission system. This includes the command of operating personnel in transmission switching procedures, assuring that safety procedures are followed by the issuance of Clearance and Hold Tags and monitoring of the transmission system. Transmission Operations 5: The System Operations group responsible for directing the switching of utility's Transmission System. This includes all switching related to Scheduled Work Requests and Forced Outages. Transmission System Operator 4: Personnel who issues Switching Orders, Holds, Hot Line/Bus/Transformer Hold, Clearances, Verbal Dispatch Instructions, etc. on transmission lines or equipment. Transmission System Operator 4: Personnel who issues Switching Orders, Holds, Hot Line/Bus/Transformer Hold, Clearances, Verbal Dispatch Instructions, etc. on transmission lines or equipment. Transmission Voltage 4: Applies to all lines and equipment operating 60,000 volts and above. 2: 69,000 and above. 7: 115 kV and above. 12: Over 34.5 kV. 10: 138 kV or higher TRANSPOSITION 2 & 10: Transposition is an interchange of the position of conductors. TRAP 2 & 10: See: Wave Trap Traveling Operator 10: An individual who travels between subs stations, and switching stations, in a designated geographic area, performing electrical switching operations, inspections of station equipment and pole top reclosers.

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TRIPOUT 2 & 10: Tripout is the de-energization of a circuit breaker usually caused by overload or other relay sensing circuit or equipment difficulties. TRUCK SWITCH 2: A rack-out oil circuit breaker. (Truck is reference to four-wheel configuration). 10: A rack-out circuit breaker. TRUE POWER 2 & 10: True power is the power used by resistive elements within an alternating current circuit. TT 2: Tee Tap Box TURNS RATIO 2 & 10: Turns ratio is the number of turns in primary of a transformer to the number of turns in its secondary. Unauthorized Personnel 8: All other employees, contractors, visitors, manufacturing representatives, etc. These individuals are not approved to request or accept any formal operating statements, but may work in or visit a protected work area under approval of the clearance holder and notification to the Senior Operator. UNDER-FREQUENCY RELAY 2: Under-frequency relay is a device that monitors the frequency (60hz) of the system operating its contacts when the frequency drops below a predetermined amount. 10: A device that monitors the frequency of the system operating its contacts when the frequency drops below a predetermined level. UNDERVOLTAGE RELAY 2: Undervoltage relay is a device that monitors voltage level and operates in secondary contacts when the voltage falls (drops) below a predetermined setting. 10: A device that monitors voltage level and operates when the voltage falls below a predetermined setting. UNIT SUBSTATION 2: Unit substation is a self-contained device containing step-down transformers, circuit breakers, relaying, disconnects, tap changers and auxiliary equipment. 10: A station containing stepdown transformers, circuit breakers, relaying, disconnects, tap changers and auxiliary equipment.

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URD 2: URD is the abbreviation for underground residential distribution system. VAULTS 2: Vaults are room-like structures used for interconnect circuits; storing equipment, such as transformer and network protectors and/or secondary services. Vaults can be found under street and sidewalk or inside buildings. VECTOR 2: Vector is a graphical method of adding two quantities that have the same units but different magnitudes and directions. 10: A graphical representation of a quantity showing magnitude and direction. Verbal Dispatch Instruction 4: An order given by the Transmission System Operator verbally via telephone, radio, etc. to operate a transmission device(s). VOLTAGE 2 & 10: Voltage or electromotive force is the potential difference, which causes electrons to move through a conductor or circuit element. Voltage is measured in volts (v) using a voltmeter. VOLTAGE REDUCTION 2: Voltage reduction is a system emergency whereby required generation exceeds maximum emergency generation. 10: Voltage reduction is caused by a system emergency whereby required generation exceeds maximum emergency generation. T&D personnel will be required to reduce voltage, as required through established procedures. Voltage Warning 10: A system alert indicating that the actual primary reserve is less than the primary spinning reserve requirements. Thus requiring T&D personnel to proceed to man selected unattended stations for possible reduction and/or load shedding an future orders. Volt-Amp Reactive 10: That portion of the apparent power in an ac-circuit which is caused by the reactive load of a circuit or by current which is caused by the reactive load of a circuit or by current which is out of phase with the voltage. See: Reactifier. Volt-Amperes 10: Total apparent power supplied to an ac-circuit. A combination of reactive power (vars) and real power (watts).

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VOLTMETER 2: Voltmeter is an instrument used to measure voltage or potential difference. 10: An instrument connected in parallel with load being measured to indicate the value of the voltage existing across the load. Volt-Ohm- Milliampmeter 10: Test instrument used to test milliamperes. VOM 2: VOM is the abbreviation for volt-ohm-milliammeter test instruments used to test voltage, resistance and millamperes of current. Warning 4: Implies personal danger or possible death. WATCHER 2 & 10: Watcher is an individual appointed to guard the boundary between a dangerous area and a safe work area in the absence of or in addition to other safety barriers. The watcher has the authority and duty to order the work stopped in the area under his responsibility if in his opinion an individual is moving or has moved outside safe limits. Watt 10: The useful or true power in an ac-circuit caused by the resistance load or by the current which is in phase with the supply voltage. Watt-Hour 10: Unit measuring the amount of energy used. Energy is defined as the amount of electric power used in a given length of time. One watt-hour equals: 1 watt used for one hour, watt used for 2 hours, 2 watts used for hour, etc. Watt-Hour Meter 10: Instrument very similar to a wattmeter. It measures the continuous wattage requirement of a load and continuously records the true power being used on a time basis. Wattmeter 10: An instrument used to measure the instantaneous true power requirement (watts) of loads in ac or dc circuits, connected into a circuit as a combination of ammeter and voltmeter. Wave Form 10: A graphical picture of the fluctuating ac voltage or current wave.

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Wave Trap 2 & 10: Wave trap is a device used to exclude unwanted signals or interference. Wave traps are usually used to allow communications and data signals to pass through for a specific circuit but block all others. Work Group 3: A work group is an entirely independent group performing work and/or tests under a Work Permit. This group may consist of persons from several trades or work functions. At any given time, the group must have only one Holder. Work Group Member 3: A work group member is the person who will: perform work under the authorization of a Holder, not start work until authorized to do so, and will follow all instructions from the Holder. Work Permit 3: A Work Permit is a written guarantee that an isolated, or isolated and de-energized condition has been established for work, and will continue to exist, except for authorized tests. 2:Permission, in written form when practicable, granted to a person to perform specified work or test on specified equipment. WR 2: When Ready WYE CONNECTION 2: Wye connection is a three phase system termination connection which connects sources, loads and instruments between each phase wire and neutral. 10: A three phase system connection.

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