The full derivation of the conservation equations for momentum and energy is presented in this Appendix.

For the conservation of momentum, the net force in the x direction is the sum of the force components acting on the fluid element. Considering the velocity component u as seen in Fig. 3.4, the surface forces are due to the normal stress, axx, and the tangential stresses, ~:yxand ~:=, acting on the surfaces of the fluid element. The net force in the normal x direction is: axx + ~

Oaxx ] A x A y A z - axxA y A z

(A.1)

while the net tangential forces acting along the x direction are, respectively, given by Vyx + -~y A y A x A z - zyx A x A z and Orzx rzx + ~ A z ] AxAyrzxAxAy. (A.3) (A.2)

The total net force per unit volume on the fluid due to these surface stresses should be equal to the sum of Eqs. (A.1), (A.2), and (A.3) divided by the control volume AxAyAz: OTzx Oaxx + O'ryx + ~ . (A.4) Or, ~ Oz It is not too difficult to verify that the total net forces per unit volume on the rest of the control volume surfaces in the y direction and z direction are given by: 0Vxy + 0%y + 0vzy = Ox -~y Oz and OVxz Ot:yz Oazz (A.6) (A.5)

W
410

+ o--7-"

Appendix A / Full Derivation of Conservation Equations

9 411

Combining Eq. (A.4) with the time rate of change of the horizontal velocity component, u, and body forces, the x momentum equation becomes
Du Ory~ OTyx 0 rzx

/;,body forces
"

PD t -

Ox

+ "-~y + -'&-z + E " x

(A.7)

In a similar fashion, the y-momentum and z-momentum equations, using Eqs. (A.5) and (A.6), can be obtained through
P D---[ =

Dv

Orxy + 0 rYyy + 0 ~'zy + E /;,body forces

3x -~y -~z "Y

(A.8)

and
Dw _
0 rxz 0 Vyz 0 fizz ' ~ /;,body forces

P Dt -

Ox +-~-y

+--&-z + L ' z

"

(1.9)

If the fluid is taken to be Newtonian and isotropic~since all gases and majority of liquids are isotropic--the normal stresses, axe, ayy, and azz, appearing in Eqs. (A.7)(A.9) can be formulated in terms of pressure, p, and normal viscous stress components, rxx, r~, and rzz, acting perpendicular on the control volume. The remaining terms contain the tangential viscous stress components also described from Eqs. (A.7)-(A.9). In many fluid flows, a suitable model for the viscous stresses is introduced, which can be expressed as a function of the local deformation rate (or strain rate). Assuming that the fluid is Newtonian and isotropic, since all gases and majority of liquids are isotropic, the rate of linear deformation on the control volume A x A y A z caused by the motion of fluid can usually be expressed in terms of the velocity gradients. The normal stress relationships can be expressed as
axx = - p + rxx, ayy = - p + ryy, azz = - p + rzz.

(A.10)

According to Newton's law o f viscosity, the normal and tangential viscous stress components are given by
r ~ = 2 .-y;x + X -y;x + N + N O,w Ov + -87z Owl r= = 2 ~ ~ + ,~ [-~xx + ~ r v = ryx = ~ ryz=%=u ~

0u [0u

r v = 2 . N + a -O-;x+ N + -3-fz

[0u

0u) + ~

rxz - T~ - ~

0u) -87x + ~

(A.la)

( Ow O~ ) N+N .

The proportionality constants of/~ and 2 are the (first) dynamic viscosity that relates stresses to linear deformation and the second viscosity that relates stresses to the volumetric deformation, respectively. To this present day, not much is known about the second viscosity. Nevertheless, Stokes hypothesis of ,t = - 2 / 3/~ is frequently used and it has been found for gases to be a good working approximation.

412 9 Appendix A / Full Derivation of Conservation Equations When we combine Eqs. (A.10) and (A.11) with Eqs. (A.7)-(A.9), the equations for the velocity components, u, v, and w, in three dimensions can be rewritten as

Ou
P Dt
m

[ Ou (Ou o~ Ow)] Op Ox + O 2P~xx+ 2 3-;x + -Y; +

Ou Ov [p Ou Ow
37 -0-Tx

Fbody forces
~x

(A.12)

PD----t= -O-yy +

Ov

Ou

Ov

Ow
FbOdy forces
(A.13)

Ou Ov
POt - - 0---~ +
2P-O-)-y +2

[l~ OV
~xx+~+-~z

_b_~x[l~(c)u c)w

[pt ( Ov + Ow
N

fbody forces

(A.14)

For the conservation of energy, the rate ofwork done on the control volume Ax A y A z is equivalent to the product of the force and velocity component which in the x direction is the velocity component, u. From Fig. 3.5, the work done by the normal force in the x direction is

[U~rxx+ ~O (UCrXX) Ax] A yAz - ucrxxAyAz

(1.15)

while the work done by the tangential forces in the x direction are respectively given by

o (Uryx) Ay] AxAz - U~y~AXAZ Uryx + ~

and

(A.16)

ur~ + O------U-

O (Urzx) Az] AxAy - Urz~AxAy.

(A.17)

The net rate of work done by these surface forces acting in the x direction divided by the control volume A x Ay A z is given by

o (uo~)
Ox

o (U~yx)
Oy

+ ~ .

o (u~)
Oz

(a.18)

Work done due to surface stress components in the y direction and z direction can also be similarly derived and these additional rates of work done on the fluid are: + + (A.19)

Ox
and

Oy

Oz

a (W~xz)
Ox

a (W~yz) a (WO~z)
Oy
+ ~ .

Oz

(A.20)

Appendix A / Full Derivation of Conservation Equations

9 413

For heat added, the net rate of heat transfer to the fluid due to the heat flow in the x direction is given by the difference between the heat input at surface x and heat loss at surface x + A x as depicted in Fig. 3.5:

+ ~Ax

AyAz - qxAyAz.

(A.21)

Similarly, the net rates of heat transfer in the y direction and z direction may also be expressed as

[qy+ ~ 0qy ] A y AxAz-qyAxAz

+ ~Az

(A.22)

and

] AxAy - qzAxAy.

(A.23)

The total rate of heat added to the fluid divided by the control volume A x A y A z results in: Oqx Oqy Oqz (A.24)

0--7 + T

+ 0--7

Combining Eqs. (A.18), (A.19), (A.20), and (A.24) with the time rate of change of energy for a given specific energy E of a fluid, the equation for the conservation of energy becomes:
DE PD[= 0 (Uaxr) 0 (Vayy) + 0 (Wazz) -~x + Oy -~z

O(lgTyx) "1- O(l,tTz,c) "Jv O(VTxy) "1" O(VSzy) "Jr-O(WTxz) -]-~O(WTyz)

+

Oqx Oqy Oqz

Ox Oy Oz "

Oy

Oz

Ox

uz

Ox

Oy

(A.25)

Thus far, we have not defined the specific energy E of a fluid. Often the energy of a fluid is defined as the sum of the internal energy, kinetic energy, and gravitational potential energy. We shall regard the gravitational force as a body force and include the effects of potential energy changes as a source term. In three dimensions, the specific energy E can be defined as

+
internalenergy

v2 + w2 ) kineticenergy

<A 6>

For compressible flows, Eq. (A.26) is often re-arranged to give an equation for the enthalpy. The specific enthalpy, hsp and the specific (total) enthalpy, h, of a fluid are defined as

hsp=e+ p

and

1 ( u2+ V2 + W2) . h=hsp+~

Combining these two definitions with the specific energy, E, we obtain h=e+P+ p 2

l(u2 + v2 + W2) = E + - .P

(A.27)