1.

The graph below shows how the volume of carbon dioxide formed varies with time when a
hydrochloric acid solution is added to excess calcium carbonate in a flask.

(i)

Explain the shape of the curve.

(3)

(ii)

Copy the above graph on your answer sheet and sketch the curve you would obtain if
double the volume of hydrochloric acid solution of half the concentration as in the
example above is used instead, with all other variables kept constant from the original.
Explain why the shape of the curve is different.
(4)

(iii)

Outline one other way in which the rate of this reaction can be studied in a school
laboratory. Sketch a graph to illustrate how the selected variable would change with time.
(2)

(iv)

Define the term activation energy and state one reason why the reaction between calcium
carbonate and hydrochloric acid takes place at a reasonably fast rate at room temperature.
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

IB Questionbank Chemistry

2.

The following data were obtained for the reaction between gases A and B.
Experiment

Initial [A] / mol dm3

Initial [B] / mol dm3

Initial rate / mol dm3 min1

1.0 103

1.0 103

2.0 104

2.0 103

1.0 103

2.0 104

2.0 103

2.0 103

4.0 104

Which relationship represents the rate expression for the reaction?

A.

rate = k[B]2

B.

rate = k[A]2

C.

rate = k[A]

D.

rate = k[B]
(Total 1 mark)

3.

Consider the following reactions.

Cu2O(s) +

1
O2(g) 2CuO(s)
2

Cu2O(s) Cu(s) + CuO(s)

2HO = 144 kJ
2HO = +11 kJ

What is the value of 2HO, in kJ, for this reaction?

Cu(s) +
A.

144 + 11

B.

+144 11

C.

144 11

D.

+144 + 11

1
O2(g) CuO(s)
2

(Total 1 mark)

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4.

The equilibrium between nitrogen dioxide, NO2, and dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, is shown
below.
2NO2(g)

N2O4(g)

Kc = 0.01

What happens when the volume of a mixture at equilibrium is decreased at a constant

temperature?
I.

The value of Kc increases

II.

More N2O4 is formed

III.

The ratio of

A.

I and II only

B.

I and III only

C.

II and III only

D.

I, II and III

[ NO 2 ]
decreases
[N 2 O 4 ]

(Total 1 mark)

IB Questionbank Chemistry

5.

Sodium thiosulfate solution, Na2S2O3(aq), and hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq), react spontaneously
to produce solid sulfur, S(s), according to the equation below.
S2O32(aq) + 2H+(aq) S(s) + SO2(aq) + H2O(l)
A student experimentally determined the rate expression to be:
rate = k[S2O32(aq)]2
Which graph is consistent with this information?

(Total 1 mark)

6.

Propene can be hydrogenated in the presence of a nickel catalyst to form propane.

Use the data below to answer the questions that follow.
Compound

Formula

HOf / kJ mol1

SO/ J K1 mol1

+ 131

hydrogen

H2(g)

propane

C3H8(g)

104

+ 270

propene

C3H6(g)

+ 20.4

+ 267

IB Questionbank Chemistry

(i)

Outline why the value for the standard enthalpy change of formation of hydrogen is zero.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the hydrogenation of propene.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Calculate the standard entropy change for the hydrogenation of propene.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(iv)

Determine the value of 2GO for the hydrogenation of propene at 298 K.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

IB Questionbank Chemistry

(v)

At 298 K the hydrogenation of propene is a spontaneous process. Determine the

temperature above which propane will spontaneously decompose into propene and
hydrogen.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

7.

Bromine and nitrogen(II) oxide react according to the following equation.

Br2(g) + 2NO(g) 2NOBr(g)
Which rate equation is consistent with the experimental data?
[Br2] / mol dm3

[NO] / mol dm3

Rate / mol dm3 s1

0.10

0.10

1.0 106

0.20

0.10

4.0 106

0.20

0.40

4.0 106

A.

rate = k[Br2]2 [NO]

B.

rate = k[Br2] [NO]2

C.

rate = k[Br2]2

D.

rate = k[NO]2
(Total 1 mark)

8.

Methanol may be produced by the exothermic reaction of carbon monoxide gas and hydrogen
gas.
CO(g) + 2H2(g)

IB Questionbank Chemistry

CH3OH(g)

2HO = 103 kJ

(a)

State the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for the production of methanol.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

State and explain the effect of changing the following conditions on the amount of
methanol present at equilibrium:
(i)

increasing the temperature of the reaction at constant pressure.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

increasing the pressure of the reaction at constant temperature.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

The conditions used in industry during the production of methanol are a temperature of
450 C and pressure of up to 220 atm. Explain why these conditions are used rather than
those that could give an even greater amount of methanol.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

IB Questionbank Chemistry

(d)

A catalyst of copper mixed with zinc oxide and alumina is used in industry for this
production of methanol. Explain the function of the catalyst.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

9.

If white anhydrous copper(II) sulfate powder is left in the atmosphere it slowly absorbs water
vapour giving the blue pentahydrated solid.
CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) CuSO45H2O(s)
(anhydrous)
(pentahydrated)
It is difficult to measure the enthalpy change for this reaction directly. However, it is possible
to measure the heat changes directly when both anhydrous and pentahydrated copper(II) sulfate
are separately dissolved in water, and then use an energy cycle to determine the required
enthalpy change value, 2Hx, indirectly.

IB Questionbank Chemistry

(a)

To determine 2H1 a student placed 50.0 g of water in a cup made of expanded

polystyrene and used a data logger to measure the temperature. After two minutes she
dissolved 3.99 g of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate in the water and continued to record the
temperature while continuously stirring. She obtained the following results.

(i)

Calculate the amount, in mol, of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate dissolved in the 50.0
g of water.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Determine what the temperature rise would have been, in C, if no heat had been
lost to the surroundings.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

IB Questionbank Chemistry

(iii)

Calculate the heat change, in kJ, when 3.99 g of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate is
dissolved in the water.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iv)

Determine the value of 2H1 in kJ mol1.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

To determine 2H2, 6.24 g of pentahydrated copper(II) sulfate was dissolved in 47.75 g of

water. It was observed that the temperature of the solution decreased by 1.10 C.
(i)

Calculate the amount, in mol, of water in 6.24 g of pentahydrated copper(II)

sulfate.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Determine the value of 2H2 in kJ mol1.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Using the values obtained for 2H1 in (a) (iv) and 2H2 in (b) (ii), determine the
value for 2Hx in kJ mol1.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

IB Questionbank Chemistry

10

(c)

The magnitude (the value without the + or sign) found in a data book for 2Hx is
78.0 kJ mol1.
(i)

Calculate the percentage error obtained in this experiment. (If you did not obtain
an answer for the experimental value of 2Hx then use the value 70.0 kJ mol1, but
this is not the true value.)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

The student recorded in her qualitative data that the anhydrous copper(II) sulfate
she used was pale blue rather than completely white. Suggest a reason why it
might have had this pale blue colour and deduce how this would have affected the
value she obtained for 2Hx.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

10.

In an experiment to measure the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol, a student heated a

copper calorimeter containing 100 cm3 of water with a spirit lamp and collected the following
data.
Initial temperature of water:
Final temperature of water:
Mass of ethanol burned:
Density of water:

(i)

20.0 C
55.0 C
1.78 g
1.00 g cm3

Use the data to calculate the heat evolved when the ethanol was combusted.
(2)

(ii)

Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion per mole of ethanol.

(2)

IB Questionbank Chemistry

11

(iii)

Suggest two reasons why the result is not the same as the value in the Data Booklet.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

11.

One important property of a rocket fuel mixture is the large volume of gaseous products formed
which provide thrust. Hydrazine, N2H4, is often used as a rocket fuel. The combustion of
hydrazine is represented by the equation below.
N2H4(g) + O2(g) N2(g) + 2H2O(g)

(a)

2HcO = 585 kJ mol1

Hydrazine reacts with fluorine to produce nitrogen and hydrogen fluoride, all in the
gaseous state. State an equation for the reaction.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Draw the Lewis structures for hydrazine and nitrogen.

(2)

IB Questionbank Chemistry

12

(c)

Use the average bond enthalpies given in Table 10 of the Data Booklet to determine the
enthalpy change for the reaction in part (a) above.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)

Based on your answers to parts (a) and (c), suggest whether a mixture of hydrazine and
fluorine is a better rocket fuel than a mixture of hydrazine and oxygen.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

12.

Which reaction has the most negative change in entropy?

A.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

B.

NH4Cl(s) NH3(g) + HCl(g)

C.

PbCl2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)

D.

C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)

(Total 1 mark)

IB Questionbank Chemistry

13

13.

A reaction has a standard enthalpy change, HO, of +10.00 kJ mol1 at 298 K. The standard
entropy change, SO, for the same reaction is +10.00 J K1 mol1. What is the value of GO for
the reaction in kJ mol1?
A.

+9.75

B.

+7.02

C.

240

D.

2970
(Total 1 mark)

14.

Consider the following reaction.

5Br(aq) + BrO3(aq) + 6H+(aq) 3Br2(aq) + 3H2O(l)
The rate expression for the reaction is found to be:
rate = k[Br] [BrO3][H+]2
Which statement is correct?
A.

The overall order is 12.

B.

Doubling the concentration of all of the reactants at the same time would increase the
rate of the reaction by a factor of 16.

C.

The units of the rate constant, k, are mol dm3 s1.

D.

A change in concentration of Br or BrO3 does not affect the rate of the reaction.
(Total 1 mark)

IB Questionbank Chemistry

14

15.

For the following reaction Kc = 1.0 105 at 30 C.

2NOCl(g)

2NO(g) + Cl2(g)

Which relationship is correct at equilibrium at this temperature?

A.

The concentration of NO equals the concentration of NOCl.

B.

The concentration of NOCl is double the concentration of Cl2.

C.

The concentration of NOCl is much greater than the concentration of Cl2.

D.

The concentration of NO is much greater than the concentration of NOCl.

(Total 1 mark)

16.

An example of a homogeneous reversible reaction is the reaction between hydrogen and iodine.
H2(g) + I2(g)
(i)

2HI(g)

Outline the characteristics of a homogeneous chemical system that is in a state of

equilibrium.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Deduce the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

IB Questionbank Chemistry

15

(iii)

Predict what would happen to the position of equilibrium and the value of Kc if the
pressure is increased from 1 atm to 2 atm.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(iv)

The value of Kc at 500 K is 160 and the value of Kc at 700 K is 54. Deduce what this
information tells us about the enthalpy change of the forward reaction.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(v)

The reaction can be catalysed by adding platinum metal. State and explain what effect
the addition of platinum would have on the value of the equilibrium constant.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

IB Questionbank Chemistry

16

17.

Curve X on the graph below shows the volume of oxygen formed during the catalytic
decomposition of a 1.0 mol dm3 solution of hydrogen peroxide.
2H2O2(aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l)

Which change would produce the curve Y?

A.

Adding water

B.

Adding some 0.1 mol dm3 hydrogen peroxide solution

C.

Using a different catalyst

D.

Lowering the temperature

(Total 1 mark)

18.

0.50 mol of I2(g) and 0.50 mol of Br2(g) are placed in a closed flask. The following equilibrium
is established.
I2(g) + Br2(g)

IBr(g)

The equilibrium mixture contains 0.80 mol of IBr(g). What is the value of Kc?
A.

0.64

B.

1.3

C.

2.6

D.

64
(Total 1 mark)

IB Questionbank Chemistry

17

19.

Consider the following equilibrium.

2SO2(g) + O2(g)

(i)

2SO3(g)

Ho = 198 kJ mol1

Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for the reaction.

(1)

(ii)

State and explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the yield of sulfur trioxide.
(2)

(iii)

State the effect of a catalyst on the value of Kc.

(1)

(iv)

State and explain the effect of a catalyst on the position of equilibrium.

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

20.

The Haber process enables the large-scale production of ammonia needed to make fertilizers.
The equation for the Haber process is given below.
N2(g) + 3H2

2NH3(g)

The percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture varies with temperature.

(i)

Use the graph to deduce whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic and
explain your choice.
(2)

IB Questionbank Chemistry

18

(ii)

State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the yield of ammonia.
(2)

(iii)

Explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the rate of reaction.

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

IB Questionbank Chemistry

19