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N2O - nitrous oxide NO - nitric oxide NO2 - nitrogen dioxide N = 14, O2 =16, NO = 30, NO2= 46
DEFINITION OF NOX
NOX means the sum of NO and NO2 contents in flue gas recalculated on NO2
NOx = NO + NO2
(expressed in NO2)
UNITS OF NOX
NOX emission units which are in use in the power generation industry In Poland (and in EU) NOx is expressed as follows: [mg NO2/m3] for 6% O2 in dry flue gas at normal conditions
COMBUSTION AND FUELS
O + N2 NO + N, (4)
the N atoms liberated in this reaction quickly react with O2
N + O2 NO + O
also giving NO.
(5)
Equilibrium concentration of NO, [NO]r, and time to reach 0,5[NO]r versus the temperature
It shows that the Zeldovich mechanism becomes important when the temperature reaches the COMBUSTION AND FUELS range of 1600-1800 K.
Wd MJ/kg
Tcomb C
Gas
Heating oil 1 Heating oil 2 Heating oil 3
85 86,4 85,5 87
1 0,8 0,3
NF in different coals: Bituminous coal: Anthracite Lignite: 0.6 - 2.8% N (85% C) <1% N 0.6 - 2% N.
Coal particle
Gasification of char, releasing of: CO, CO2, N2, N2O, NO etc.; reduction of NO on the surface and in the pores of char
C(s) NO C(s) N2
NH3
nitrogen in char residue
N, czci lotne
N koks.
OH, O, O2
nitrogen in fuel
HCN
nitrogen in char residue
NO 2
N paliwowy N koks.
NO
N poz. koks.
nitrogen in char residue
O2
T < 800 C
NO2 undergoes destruction on tat higher temperatures:
T > 1200 C
COMBUSTION AND FUELS
NO + HO2 NO2 + OH
(where from HO2: H + O2 + M HO2 + M)
T < 1000 K
COMBUSTION AND FUELS
NO + RO2 NO2 + RO
(where from RO2: R + O2 + M ROO + M)
NO + O + M NO2 +M
NO2 also is generated, but the contribution of this reaction is not important. The temperature range: T < 800 K.
[NO2]/[NOx]100% 5%
More important contribution to the total production of NOx NO2 introduces during combustion in gas turbines:
[NO2]/[NOx]100% 10-15%
COMBUSTION AND FUELS
O + N 2 + M N 2O + M
The temperature range of the chemical reaction: T < 1500 C
N2O + O NO + NO
COMBUSTION AND FUELS
O al N m r the
volatile matter NO
OIL FLAMES
Heavy heating oil has much of fuel nitrogen NF > 0,5%. NOx emission from oil burners operating on heating oils nr 2 and 3 is in the range:
300-700 mg/m3
(mainly fuel NOx).
Fuel nitrogen NF is a dominating factor.
Light heating oil has less fuel nitrogen NF < 0,05% NOx emission form oil burners operating on light heating oil (nr 1) is in the range:
180-220 mg/m3
(mainly thermal NOx).
GAS FLAMES
No fuel nitrogen NF in gas. Industrial gas burners (flames). Range of NOx emission:
100-300 mg/m3
Dominating mechanism: thermal Small gas burners (flames): Range of NOx emission:
10-100 mg/m3